...Coronary Artery Disease Mariela Faramelli HCS245 March 21, 2016 Dr. Seyra Hughes Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease. In the united states coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in both women and men. (Medline Plus, 2014). CAD is known to happen when the arteries that supply the blood to the heart can become hardened and narrow. The build up is due to cholesterol and plaque that gets caught on the inner walls and it is called atherosclerosis. This makes it hard for the blood to flow through the arteries. When this happen it a person can have chest pain or lead to a heart attack from a blood clot. (Medline Plus, 2014). CAD affects both men and women and it can be hereditary. This can also happen with certain age, people who smoke, who are overweight and obese, who have high blood pressure and high cholesterol. It also affects those who have a poor diet and inactivity (sedentary lifestyle), and who have other health problems. (Medline Plus, 2014). People with CAD try to deal with coping strategies towards their illness. Like they might start an exercise routine, stop smoking, or just try to eat healthier. People also start by seeing a doctor to help them control high blood pressure and checking their cholesterol levels. (Medline Plus, 2014). Their beliefs are also frequently influenced by family member and this helps them to maintain a behavioral change within themselves. When a person...
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...Coronary Heat Disease Health 11 LATTC 11/20/10 Coronary Heart Disease, chronic illness in which the coronary arteries, the vessels that supply oxygen-carrying blood to the heart, become narrowed and unable to carry a normal amount of blood. Most often, the coronary arteries become narrowed because of atherosclerosis, a process in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inside wall of an artery (see Arteriosclerosis). Plaque is made of oily molecules known as cholesterol, fibrous proteins, calcium deposits, tiny blood cells known as platelets, and debris from dead cells. Plaque formation often begins in adolescence and progresses very slowly over the course of decades. Gradually, the growing plaque thickens the wall of the artery, reducing the space for blood to flow through. According to the American Heart Association, in 2009 heart disease affected people as follows: • A person’s death occurs every 34 seconds due to heart disease in the United States. • In the US a person dies of heart attack every 20 seconds. • About 2,500 American die due to heart attacks. • Around 250,000 die due to heart attack before they reach a hospital in the US. • Those below the average level of education suffer from heart attacks more. • The following countries are known for higher death rates due to heart disease. Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and the Soviet Union. • About 6 million hospitalizations take place each year in the US on account of cardiovascular...
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...Coronary artery disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Cholesterol and other fatty substances accumulate on the inner wall of the arteries. This attracts fibrous tissue, blood components, and calcium, which harden into flow-obstructing plaques. If a blood clot suddenly forms on one of these plaques it can convert a partial obstruction to a total occlusion. When the blockage is temporary or partial, angina (chest pain or pressure) may occur. When the blockage completely and suddenly cuts off the flow of blood, the result is myocardial infarction. Congenital defects and spasms of a coronary artery may also block blood flow. There is evidence that infection from organisms such as chlamydia bacteria may be responsible for some cases of coronary artery disease. A number of major contributing factors increase...
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...Coronary angiography refers to the radiographic visualization of the coronary vessels after injection of radiopaque contrast media. It is used to visualize the anatomy of the coronary arteries and deduce the extent of blockage of lumen. [1] The use of percutaneous coronary intervention is, but not restricted to, to treat coronary artery diseases. [2] The American Heart Association uses Classes I, II, III to incorporate the indications and contraindications for the procedure. Class I incorporates conditions that prove the procedure is needed. Class II refers to findings challenge the efficiency of the procedure. Class III refers to all conditions which prove this procedure is not effective or harmful in some cases. [2] The American Board of Surgery describes Class I conditions (clinical indications for angiography) as acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarctions (STEMI), Non ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTE-ACS), stable angina, variant and unstable angina. Immediate coronary angiography is recommended upon finding a patient with STEMI. For patients with NSTE-ACS, effective preventive and management is recommended. [3] For Class II patients, objective evidence of a moderate to large area of viable myocardium or moderate ischemia on non-invasive testing is an indication for angiography. Class III comprise of all clinical contraindications. These include intolerance to long term antiplatelet therapy, old age, presence of any comorbid conditions that limit the lifespan of...
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...Introduction Coronary heart diseases (CHDs) are a common disease in the world. Coronary heart diseases are the most common disease in the United Kingdom. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 150,000 people were death from coronary heart disease in the United Kingdom per year (Martin et. al., 2011). The mortality rate of coronary heart disease is increased in Hong Kong. Heart disease is the third high mortality rate, special coronary heart disease (Anon, 2014d). Hypertension, diabetes and obesity are the high risk groups of coronary heart disease. Diet as a factor is affected the risk of coronary heart disease (Anon, 2014c). Coronary heart diseases are caused by fatty material, such as saturated fat and trans-fat. The fatty material is made the vessel lumen became narrow. The blood pressure of coronary vessel increased (David et. al., 2012). The aging of blood vessel is loss the elastic and became hard and thick. It is caused not enough blood supply to the heart. Omega-3 is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid. It is included alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). World Health Organization suggested that 1-2 servings of fish per week and a serving need to provide 200-500 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Anon, 2014b). Omega-3 can control many of...
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...Medina Kuljuhovic Condition Diet Coronary Disease Coronary disease is the number one killer in America. Coronary disease is basically dealing with the heart and its arteries. Coronary disease is a result of plaque (cholesterol) buildup in arteries, which blocks the blood flow and rises the risk for heart attack and or stroke. When the plaque builds up it may result in the heart being starved of oxygen and the nutrients that it needs. Without oxygen to the heart and without the vital nutrients that the heart needs, it is dangerous because without those things it won’t be able to pump properly and perform its duties. From a young age, cholesterol plaque can start to build up in the blood vessel walls. Starting early at age 10! As you are growing up the plaque builds up and up raising the risks of heart attacks and blood clots. Over time coronary disease can weaken the heart and result into heart failure.The consequences or controlled risk factors of having this disease is: high triglyceride levels and high blood cholesterol levels, high levels of sugar and sodium, high blood pressure, having an unhealthy diet, smoking and being overweight or obese. The uncontrolled risk factors/consequences are age, gender and family history. The dietary considerations for this disease, can help a person with coronary disease a lot, it can’t make it go away but it can help reduce the spread of it and help reduce the risk of heart attack, heart failure, blood clots and stroke. Some dietary...
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...British Journal of Nutrition (2006), 96, Suppl. 2, S61–S67 q The Authors 2006 DOI: 10.1017/BJN20061865 Nuts and coronary heart disease: an epidemiological perspective ´ John H. Kelly Jr and Joan Sabate* Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA The epidemiological evidence for the cardio-protective effect of nut consumption is presented and reviewed. Four large prospective epidemiological studies of primary prevention of coronary heart disease are reviewed and discussed (Adventist Health Study, Iowa Women’s Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study and the Physicians’ Health Study). Other studies of nuts and coronary heart disease risk are addressed. The combined evidence for a cardio-protective effect from nut consumption is summarized and presented graphically. The risk of coronary heart disease is 37 % lower for those consuming nuts more than four times per week compared to those who never or seldom consume nuts, with an average reduction of 8·3 % for each weekly serving of nuts. The evidence for a causal relationship between nut consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease is outlined using Hill’s criteria for causality and is found to support a causal cardio-protective relationship. Nuts: Cardiovascular: Coronary heart disease: Diabetes: Cohort studies: Causality: Hill’s criteria Nuts have constituted a part of mankind’s diet since pre-agricultural times (Eaton & Konner, 1985), providing a complex food...
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...Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease, is a condition in which plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis). The buildup of plaque occurs over many years. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. Figure B shows an artery with plaque buildup. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your coronary arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture (break open). This causes a blood clot to form on the surface of the plaque. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a coronary artery. TLC therapeutic lifestyle changes Health Information center: 301-592-8573 nhlbi.nih.gov Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels. This includes high LDL cholesterol (sometimes called “bad” cholesterol) and low HDL cholesterol (sometimes called “good” cholesterol). High blood pressure. Blood pressure is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is millimeters of mercury—the units used to measure blood pressure.) Smoking. Smoking can damage and tighten blood...
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...annually. More die of heart disease than AIDS and all cancers combined and by 2020, heart disease will be the leading cause of death worldwide. Types of heart disease include congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, angina, congestive heart failure just to name a few. The most common of all heart diseases is coronary heart disease also known as coronary artery disease. What is coronary artery disease? Coronary artery disease happens when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become hardened and narrowed. This is due to the buildup of salt, fat, cholesterol and other material, called plaque, on the inner walls. This condition is known as atherosclerosis which leads to blockages. This process leaves the heart with a lack of oxygen and blood forcing it to work harder (high blood pressure/hypertension). As the heart continues to do this, the wall of the arteries weakens and becomes very fragile. At this stage, one of the arteries may rupture and form a blood clot that clogs up in the artery and block the pathways for blood to flow through to the heart muscle resulting to a heart attack. There are various factors that may cause the damage to the coronary artery such as smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or an inactive lifestyle. What is the normal homeostasis of the cardiovascular system? The cardiovascular system is a very important organ system that helps maintain homeostasis. The cardiovascular system balances itself through an assortment...
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...A pharmacological overview of Statin as a treatment for hyperlipidemia Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the major cause of death in elderly above the age of 65 [1]. CHD risk associated with diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and elevated cholesterol blood level [2]. Hyperlipidemia is a main cause of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related conditions, like coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Hyperlipidemia (hypocholesteremia) is correlated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) [3]. Hyperlipidemia attributes to genetic disorder and sedentary life style (physical inactivity, and diets high in saturated fat...
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...| Biocompatibility of Coronary Stents | | By | Josh DeBoer | Prepared for Dr. Lim Term PaperAdvanced Biomaterials (Engm 491)4/27/11 | | Abstract Right now, endovascular stents have less than desirable biocompatibility, resulting in many unwanted complications. Plasma activated coatings (PAC) have shown great promise to make endothelial cell interactions more active by using recombinant human tropoelastin. These articles seek to alter the plasma vapor composition of these coating properties by adding oxygen, argon, nitrogen, or hydrogen. Each of these gases had pros and cons, and these articles seek to find the best combination for these coatings. Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the world, killing more than 15 million people according to the American Heart Association. It has many risk factors, including: * Diabetes * High blood pressure * High LDL "bad" cholesterol * Low HDL "good" cholesterol * Menopause * Not getting enough physical activity or exercise * Obesity * Radiotherapy to the chest, * Hypertension, * Hyperlipidemia. * Smoking Coronary heart disease is usually caused by a condition called atherosclerosis, which occurs when fatty material and a substance called plaque builds up on the walls of a person’s arteries. This causes the coronary arteries to narrow, blocking or slowing blood flow to the heart, causing chest pain (stable angina), shortness of breath...
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...diet – exercise – because - if you reduce bad fats in diet and increase good fats and you’re exercising – this helps with an increase in High Density lipoproteins (HDL’s)….which are a type of cholesterol which is good for you – prevents CHD…….seems to mop up Low Density lipoproteins (LDL’s) – which is the ‘bad’ cholesterol. If smoking – stop! (any smoking is bad for you) If drinking alcohol – cut down do government recommended levels (some studies have shown the occasional glass of red wine can ‘thin / clean’ the blood - and help prevent CHD) Try to reduce stress – eg work les hrs, take break from family chores etc – more sleep Medical Surgery – bypass surgery – remove good blood vessels (usually from leg) and ‘bypass’ the blockage in coronary arteries Surgery – angioplasty – stent –widen blocked passage with ‘balloon’ – keep ipen with stent (scaffold) – blood passes throught more freely. Anti-thrombotic drugs – prevents blood clots which can worsen any blockage – blood ‘thinning’ – warfarin drugs – rat poison Blood pressure...
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...Coronary artery disease is when the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become hard and narrow, causing the heart to be deprived of blood and oxygen. Managing coronary artery disease can be difficult and stressful for some patients. Research about this topic is commonly explored and has positive reviews when management interventions are implemented. There have been patients who have benefited from different behavioral and pharmacological techniques that produce healthy outcomes. However, patients do not have the knowledge or resources to obtain the correct information on their own. Nurses, as advocates, should educate patients on proper care of this illness. Annotated Bibliography Driscoll, A., Hare, D. L., & Toukhsati, S. R. (2015)....
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...Coronary Artery disease (CAD) is arguably the world’s most deadly disease. With upwards to 3 million new cases every year, the disease is still without a cure and has a death rate of nearly 25%. This disease is the number 1 cause of death in men and women with 615,000 men and women afflicted with this disease and another 735,000 men and women suffering from a heart attack caused by CAD. Coronary Artery Disease is a disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries. The buildup of plaque in the arteries causes a narrowing of the arteries. This results in the inability of the blood containing necessary oxygen to be transported to the heart and thus, to the rest of the body. The arteries are supposed to normally supply oxygen to the heart...
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...Cardiovascular disease also referred to as heart disease, is the narrowing or even blockage of the coronary arteries, which are blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. When the vessels are blocked, series of conditions may occur such as, heart attacks, strokes, chest pains, etc. However, coronary heart disease (CHD) happens slowly over time. Coronary heart disease is caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of cholesterol (usually LDL, or triglycerides) and plaque deposits on the inner walls of the arteries. The buildup of the two can constrain blood flow to the heart muscle by substantially clogging the artery, or it may even cause abnormal artery functioning. Cardiovascular disease actually starts very young, as a child. Blood vessel walls begin to display strips of fat. Over time and with age, the fat builds up, causing small damage to your blood vessel walls. The fat turns eventually turns into plaque, as time goes by, the inside of the arteries...
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