...Lecture Notes for 15.436 International Financial Markets Chapter 6 Why hedge exposure to exchange rates Fall 1999 Raman Uppal 6-2 International Finance: Chapter 6 – Why hedge Fall 1999 Road Map 1 Part A Part B 6 7 8 9 Part C Part D Part E Preliminaries: Conventions, notation, and basic concepts Currency markets and the behavior of the exchange rate Markets for exchange-rate derivatives and the hedging decision Why hedge exposure to exchange rates Measuring and managing exposure to exchange rates The market for currency futures The market for currency options Markets for fixed income securities and the financing decision Markets for equities and the portfolio investment decision Foreign direct investment Fall 1999 International Finance: Chapter 6 – Why hedge 6-3 Contents 6.1 Main issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Motivating problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Implications of empirical evidence on exchange rate behavior . 6.4 When is value of a firm independent of its hedging policy 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5 4 5 6 7 9 10 15 17 22 23 . . 6.5 How can hedging increase the value of a firm . . . . . . . . . Corporate hedging reduces costs of financial distress . . . . . . . . “Home-made” hedging is not an efficient substitute for corporate hedging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hedging reduces agency costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hedging...
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...Caso Dozier El caso trata del dilema que tiene el CFO de Dozier Industries, Richard Rothschild al momento de firmar un contrato para exportar desde Estados Unidos hasta Inglaterra un sistema de seguridad valorado en aproximadamente 594,000 libras. Richard estaba preocupado en que el tipo de cambio fluctuara de una forma tal que se llevara las ganancias de este contrato. Por ello recurrió al banco Southern National para que le aconsejara sobre de qué podría cobrir el riesgo de tipo de cambio. De estas conversaciones, salieron tres posibles opciones. 1. Asumir el riesgo de las fluctuaciones de la libra, esto es, no realizar cobertura. En esta opción hice los siguientes cálculos: El día 13 de Enero de 1986 se realizo un contrato de exportación con una importante empresa británica, pagando por clausula el 10% del importe total (£117.500) y el 90% restante a 90 días (£1.057.500), siempre en moneda extranjera. El caso se resume en la decisión del gerente de finanzas de Dozier de realizar o no una operación de cobertura frente al riesgo cambiario que implica tener un ingreso futuro en moneda extranjera, asumiendo el tipo de cambio existente en la fecha de pago. Para esto se consideraron 3 opciones: Fecha de compra: 13 de Enero de 1986 Tipo cambio: 1,4480 US$/£ 1. Opción 1: No realizar cobertura. Esta opción expone a Dozier a las fluctuaciones de la libra, causando pérdidas en caso de que la libra se aprecie y ganancias en caso contrario. Alternativa 1 | No hacer...
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...Dozier Industries Rupinder Kaur CCBMDO Mar23,2011 [Pick the date] A1 Dozier Industries was a U.S. manufacturer of electronic security systems. In 1986, it received a large order from the United Kingdom, which stipulated payment in British pounds. The company received a deposit, with the balance expected to be paid in 90 days. The contract provided a slim profit margin, which could be easily eliminated by an unfavorable change in exchange rates. The chief financial officer had to decide whether to accept the foreign exchange risk or to hedge the exposure. A2 i) Given that Dozier industries does nothing to hedge this risk, assuming that spot exchange rate remains the same as on Jan 14,1986 levels, Total contract amount= £1,175000 Profit =6% of £1,175000 =£ 70500 Exchange Rate as on Jan 14,1986, 1£ =$1.4370 So ,profits =70500*1.4370 =$101308.5 ii) IF Dozier Industries does nothing, they have no control over whether the project earns a profit or suffers from a loss. Using this strategy Dozier is hoping that the British pound will regain value against the dollar. Their hope is that the British pound will remain close to the spot rate it was bid at so when they receive payment of the original bid they can maintain or maximize profit potential. By following this strategy Dozier is taking the risk that the project works at a loss. Performing a break-even...
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...perspective. • Deposits are borrowing on the part of a bank, but lending from the perspective of a customer such as Dozier. • To reduce risk, Dozier will take the 10% initial deposit (pounds) and sell the pounds in the spot market on Jan 14. • Any dollars that Dozier receives on Jan 14 are deposited in the bank for 90 days. Questions: 1. If Dozier uses the forward contract to hedge, what is Dozier's profit in US dollars? (Hint: Since Dozier's motive is hedging, you first calculate the revenue in dollars that Dozier will receive for the Pound receivable. Then subtract Dozier's Costs given in exhibit 3.) A forward contract is normally entered into to hedge oneself against exchange risk, or the insecurity regarding the exchange rate movements or fluctuations. By entering into a forward contract Dozier Industries will be locking the exchange rate which they will buy or sell the currency. This method ensures Dozier can make a profit in this financial transaction and it reduces the risk of loss by entering in a 90 day forward contract. If the company does decide to go with the forward contract they will be receiving on the April 14th for their remaining receivable of £1,057,500, at the current 3-month forward rate of 1.4198 a total guarantee amount of $1,501,438.50 (1,057, 500* 1.4198). In addition, it is mentioned on the notes above that Dozier received a deposit of £117,500; which sold at the spot market on Jan 14th at the current spot rate of 1.437 for a total...
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...Dozier Industries Dozier industries specialized in electronic security systems, which experienced growth through military sales. After experiencing stiff competition, it branched to another market. This market was one of designing systems for the private sector, specifically homes and small businesses. This change led to decrease growth and decrease profits. Dozier then moved to serve larger corporations which then proved to be profitable and promoted growth. Dozier considered expanding their sales internationally. They hoped the contract they acquired would be profitable itself with opportunities for expanding the contract. The pound had dropped before the bid, and then the bid was accepted. Dozier wanted to find out ways it could minimize foreign exchange risk. The firm had to options to contemplate, either to hedge or do nothing. In matters of hedging it could engage in a forward contract or a spot transaction. Dozier would sell its pounds forward to secure a fixed rate. This would secure a fixed rate but it may end up as a loss, as the pound may increase as well and not decrease as expected. The spot transaction would work similarly, in that it would have to exchange the pounds in 90 days. This option would allow it to benefit from the transaction if the pound increases vs. dollars. Southeastern national bank would ease any decision made by Dozier since it gave Dozier a $3 million credit line. This loan would include a 1.05% above U.K prime rate. When it made the bid...
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...Dozier Industries Dozier Industries Rupinder Kaur CCBMDO Mar23,2011 [Pick the date] A1 Dozier Industries was a U.S. manufacturer of electronic security systems. In 1986, it received a large order from the United Kingdom, which stipulated payment in British pounds. The company received a deposit, with the balance expected to be paid in 90 days. The contract provided a slim profit margin, which could be easily eliminated by an unfavorable change in exchange rates. The chief financial officer had to decide whether to accept the foreign exchange risk or to hedge the exposure. A2 i) Given that Dozier industries does nothing to hedge this risk, assuming that spot exchange rate remains the same as on Jan 14,1986 levels, Total contract amount= £1,175000 Profit =6% of £1,175000 =£ 70500 Exchange Rate as on Jan 14,1986, 1£ =$1.4370 So ,profits =70500*1.4370 =$101308.5 ii) IF Dozier Industries does nothing, they have no control over whether the project earns a profit or suffers from a loss. Using this strategy Dozier is hoping that the British pound will regain value against the dollar. Their hope is that the British pound will remain close to the spot rate it was bid at so when they receive payment of the original bid they can maintain or maximize profit potential. By following this strategy Dozier is taking the risk that the project works at a loss. Performing a break-even analysis reveals the dollar can appreciate to the British pound to an exchange rate of $1.3893/£ before...
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...games have been postponed until this summer (“Makeup Dates Announced…”). This year is not the only year that games at Target Field have been forced to be postponed due to weather. There have been 20 games postponed in Target Field’s short history; Thirteen of those games have been in April. The MLB notices this, so the Twins have opened at home just twice since Target Field’s beginning (Shipley). Despite the late start, Brian Dozier set the club record for the longest hitting streak to start a season on April 22nd, 2018. Dozier has hit in 23 straight games dating back to September 22 of last season. Dozier also has a 33-game on-base streak which dates back to September 12 against the Padres. Currently, Dozier has a .445 on-base percentage (mlb.com). Dozier passed some great baseball players with his achievement. Brian Dozier has the longest active hitting streak in the Majors, and he passed Kirby Puckett (1994) and Josh Willingham (2012). Kirby Puckett and Josh Willingham each had 15-game hitting streaks to start a season (mlb.com). Even though Dozier has hit some milestones this year, the twins season has been off to a rough start....
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...CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Social media 2.1.1 Defining Social media The brand-new way of interactions that allows networking communication with instant feedback has been brought up via the social media, or online social networking sites (Lariscy, Avery, Sweetser & Howes 2009). We as the users are now capable in sharing content, opinions, experiences, and many more and it have been online practices with the use of technology of social media (Lariscy, et al 2009). A two-way proportioned communication between the partakers is encouraged by the social media sites (Lariscy, et al 2009). Social media enable two-ways communication rather than one-way. The term social media has a wide range of platform and it does not only include social networking sites as it consist of also forums, blogs, picture sharing, video sharing, message boards, RSS, podcasts, search engine marketing, other networking sites and microblogging sites (Wright and Hinson 2009). However people usually think of Facebook and Twitter when it comes to social media but there are many types of social media such as LinkedIn, Blogs, microblogging and online news. (Wright and Hinson 2009) 2.1.2 Social media impacts in PR practices Those who practice public relations have believed to have grown in terms of its precision and trustworthiness by using social media and other developing media (Gordon 2010). Furthermore, they agreed to a certain extend that these new media will turn to be an overseer for traditional...
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... Infants and toddlers in foster care are also much more likely to experience developmental delays in emotional, social, and cognitive development and much less-likely to receive early developmental screenings (Dozier et. al, 2006; Pears & Fisher, 2005). Additionally, infants and toddlers are more likely to face repeated exposure to maltreatment; nearly one third of infants that exist the foster care system end up re-entering at a later date (Administration for Children and Families 2009a and 2009b; Wulczyn, 2002). This information indicates that the child welfare system is not effectively reaching these families and resolving the initial areas of concern that lead to out of home placement. Issues surrounding child vulnerability and the ineffectiveness of child welfare to meet the needs of particularly young children continue when considering the issues of attachment and placement stability. Placement in...
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...Public Relations Journal Vol. 4, No. 4, Fall 2010 ISSN 1942-4604 © 2010 Public Relations Society of America Public Relations Management at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital: A Case Study Erika H. Powelson, and Kenneth D. Plowman, Ph.D., APR The healthcare industry in the United States is changing at record speed, especially in California. California has seen the emergence of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO's) and the drastic effects they have had on the hospital environment. These changes are occurring throughout the organization and affect everything from ordering of supplies to length of patient stay. It has also caused great changes in one particular area of the hospital—the public relations and marketing departments. The purpose of this case study was to explain communications management during a certain period of time to ensure no encroachment on the current state of public relations for the Community and Physician Relations Department (CPRD) at Lucile Salter Packard Children's hospital at Stanford (LPCH). The change in this department reflects the overall trend in healthcare marketing and the need for hospitals to promote themselves to stay profitable. The San Francisco Bay area is being hit particularly hard by all these changes and prediction that several hospitals may close in the near future. One goal of the CPRD is to educate the community about the hospital so they will use and pay for its services. Another goal is to encourage physicians...
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...conducting Interviews is not possible but ideally I believe interviews would provide the best information and answers. Since I am limited my best bet for this assignment will be the Document studies strategy. First I want to hit on the Interview approach. According to this week’s reading assignment, “Overview of Qualitative Methods and Analytic Techniques. Common Qualitative Methods”, There are two different types of interviews. There is a structured interview, in which a carefully worded questionnaire is administered and an in-depth interview, in which the interviewer does not follow a rigid form. I would choose an In-depth interview and if it was possible I would interview individuals that work at the US Open Source Center. Much like Kimberly Dozier did in her article “Social media a growing part of foreign intelligence”. This method would fit perfectly into my research strategy by allowing me to ask questions I have and receive answers from key individuals in the intelligence community that actually utilize the information online that individuals post and would be able to give me firsthand knowledge on the matter. Now obviously this scenario would be a perfect world where issues of classified information and having access to the individuals at the Open Source Center would not exist but we know that is not the case so the interview approach I will not be able to utilize for this assignment. My second choice would be the Document studies approach. In this approach you utilize existing...
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...Bias in Media Each and every day we are exposed to countless forms of media from books, magazines, internet, and television. Thanks to the ever evolving and fast paced technology world, our society is not only exposed to an ever increasing amount of media but the mediums in which we interact with it are evolving. Throughout our exposure, we are subjected in media to countless forms of bias delivered both directly and indirectly. Before we can examine how this bias effects our society, we must first define what bias is. “Bias is a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly (bias, 2014).” Recently, I watched an episode of Modern Family on the ABC channel. Modern family is essentially centered on three families and their interactions with one another. Although the modern family name would lead you to believe this show represents a new frontier free from bias and stereotypes, this show draws is comedic nature from these very bias representations. A broad spectrum of families are represented from a mixed marriage, to a gay or homosexual couple, and a traditional family. Despite the vast portrayal, Modern Family promotes traditional gender roles and stereotypes of women. I believe that Modern Family has a moderate level of media bias represented in its episodes. Although they attempt in many storylines to break away from the traditional roles, definition of acceptable age differences,...
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...It was lucky for her that her sister before her graduated from a new small high school called Dozier Libbey. Rebecca started Dozier in August 2013 with her friend she met at SPM in seventh grade, Asucena became one of her lifelong best friends and Asucena even introduced her to her two other friends, Angela and Kayli. Rebecca loved the school and it was with Mrs. Piper that she grew to love math even more. As a freshman she started Life Teen classes at her church where she made two amazing friends, Amanda and Laura. They both shared her love of anime and Doctor Who. In her junior year she went into Conformation classes with Amanda and Laura and had the best time ever. She felt her faith get stronger as well as her relationship with her friends and life teen...
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...most often uneven and crooked. However, at some point, pot decoration became essential to the Native Americans; many of the drawings on the ceramic ware were not understood by the white men (who shifted them around the continent) (LeBlanc 24). Furthermore, the American Indians were unwilling to disclose what the designs signified. The Indians found animals, humans, birds, nature and gods to be very important and valuable, hence, their use when decorating ceramic ware (Munsterberg 2). As the whites pushed the Native Americans around the continent, they were still able to take their ceramic ware with them. Apparently, many of the ethnic groups lost their works owing to being pushed farther and farther away from their homelands (Dozier 48). The Indians of the Southwestern United States are seemingly the ethnic group that has best been in a position to maintain the American Indian ceramic wares as they were (Peterson 11). According to researchers, American Indian inhabitants came from at least three different places; most of them were entirely descendants of one group of First American travelers that moved in via Beringia – an overpass between America and Asia that was existent back in the ice ages – over 15,000 years ago (Native American populations descended from three key migrations). It is probably the oldest and most versatile art form. For thousands of years, ceramics have been cherished both for their aesthetic beauty and their practical uses...
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...person’s mind, so in a recent research article titled “Constructing Gender Stereotypes Through Social Roles in Prime-Time Television,” written by Martha M. Lauzen, David M. Dozier, and Nora Horan, the three authors explore male and female roles on popular television shows on major broadcasting networks for the purpose of determining statistically whether or not normal male and female stereotypes are conveyed in prime-time television. Throughout this article, the authors make an argument they think is important, but in all reality, most readers would not find this information important enough to hold their full attention due to the complicated wording, biased examples, and the very repetitive information. The authors begin the article with a brief abstract which summarizes what it is the readers can expect from their article. The article is broken down into sections which separate the different topics that the authors are discussing. On the top of page 203 in the article, the authors clearly state, “Building on this previous research, the current study examines whether female and male characters continue to inhabit traditionally sex-typed roles. Such analysis is important in light of the fact that popular press accounts regularly boast about the rapid evolution of the portrayals of gender in prime-time” (Lauzen, Dozier, Horan p.203). When constructing their research, the authors used a variety of different sources to attempt to make their point clear to the reader including past and...
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