...Lab Report Name: ______Erica Donlon______ Section: ___________________ Electric Fields Questions: A. What generalizations can you make from this exploration? a. There should be an equal amount of positive and negative charge within the water. If the space was equal on both sides, then the potential lines should equal, but because there was more space between the upper charge and the wall of the container, the charges were more compact than the lower charge. The positive charge should have a higher amount of energy. B. Where would a positive test charge have the least potential energy? b. A positive test charge would have the least potential energy when it gets closer to the negative test charge because as it gets closer, the potential energy of the positive charge decreases. C. How much energy must you add to the system to move 1 electron 1 m in a direction along one of the equal potential lines? c. In order to move one electron one meter in a direction along one of the equal potential lines, you have to double the amount of energy in the electron just to get it to barely move. D. If lightning strikes a tree 20 m away would it be better to stand facing the tree, your back to the tree, or your side to the tree? Assume your feet are a comfortable shoulder width...
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...Partners: Joseph Dea Adrian Capinpin Plotting Electric Potential Lab Purpose: To understand and experiment with electric potentials and examine electric fields, from their directions to their strengths and their behavior. Also, to map electric equipotential lines and electric field lines for two-dimensional configurations. Procedure: Starting the first of two parts of our lab (part A), we began by setting up our equipment. We first set up our conducting paper and pushed two aluminum push pins into each of the two conducting metallic holes on the paper. We then followed by connecting the negative terminal of the power supply to the push pin on the left and the positive terminal to the opposite push pin on the right (see figure below). After everything was set up we turned the dial of the voltmeter to 20 Volts (V), and proceeded by pushing the tip of our probe in the middle of the conducting paper and adjusted the DC power supply until the voltmeter read 5.00 V. Once we got an accurate reading, we gently used the probe to find points on the conducting paper that also read 5.00 V, generally about 2 cm above the starting position. We proceeded with this technique until we reached the apex of the y coordinate, which was capped at 20.0 cm. Following completion of the superior part of the x-axis, we took our probe and repeated the same procedure for the inferior portion of the x-axis, which extended down to 0 cm. We continued this process for the y-axis as well...
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...12 IV. Question 3: 17 A. Cost of conducting Material 18 B. Mass of conducting Material 18 C. Volume of Conducting Material 19 V. Conclusion: 19 Abstract: The purpose of this project is to design a shielded room. The room should be built in a way so that high-frequency waves cannot penetrate into the room. The material that should be used are nonconducting, nonmagnetic material with a thin coating of conducting material on the outer surface. The conducting layers that can be used are made of aluminum, copper, mu-metal, or conducting polymer. Frequency=10 MHz ω=2∙π∙f=2∙π∙(10× 〖10〗^6 )=62.83×〖10〗^7 [rad⁄s] The shielded room must reduce the electric field intensity by a factor of 〖10〗^6 There are different cases other than the material we should consider, we should also consider the type of incidence the electric field is at, and for that we have a couple of different cases which include: Normal Incidence Oblique incidence (sub divided into) Parallel polarization. Perpendicular polarization Question 1 Using professional sources (the book) we obtained the conductivity, permeability, cost, and density of the following four materials Table 1: Table of values Material Conductivity [σ] Permeability [μ] Density [kg/m^3] Cost [Unit/Kg] Aluminum 3.6 × 〖10〗^7 µ0 2700 1.5 Copper 5.7 × 〖10〗^7 µ0 8960 1 Mu-metal 0.5 × 〖10〗^7 〖10〗^5 µ0 7800 100 Polymer 0.001 µ0 1200 0.01 We assumed that ɛ = 1 for conductive materials, Question 2 We now have to calculate the...
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...lines. Power lines are one of the cheapest was to deliver power across a distance. They are connected to tall posts which are convenient for the business and the power company. The heights at which they are located are far enough above ground that there is less noise and interference. Things such as builds or walls interfere with the electric and magnetic field that is being given off by the power lines. The problem really affects cities the most. In most major cities such as New York, there is no land to really build on so much business and homes build up. This is quite apparent because New York houses some of the world’s tallest buildings. One of which is the Empire State Building. Aside from this, the power companies still have to run and deliver power to the homes and businesses. The problem is the health problems that are caused by the electric and magnetic fields in children and the elderly. In order to investigate the problem, there is some basic information that needs to be analyzed. First, the definition of an electromagnetic field must be known. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are areas that contain energy due to the flow of electric current. EMF’s are present around devices such as household...
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...Chapter 17 Electric Potential Units of Chapter 17 • Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference •Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field •Equipotential Lines and surfaces •The Electron Volt, a Unit of Energy •Electric Potential Due to Point Charges •Potential Due to Electric Dipole; Dipole Moment •Capacitance, Dielectrics and Storage of Electric Energy Electrostatic Potential Energy and Potential Difference The electrostatic force is conservative – potential energy can be defined as ΔPE= -W Change in electric potential energy is negative of work done by electric force: W =Fd=qEd Electric potential is defined as potential energy per unit charge: Unit of electric potential: the volt (V). 1 V = I J/C. Only changes in potential can be measured, Electrostatic Potential Energy and relation between Electric potential and Electric field Analogy between gravitational and electrical potential energy: Work is charge multiplied by potential: Work is also force multiplied by distance: If the field is not uniform, it can be calculated at multiple points: Solving problems Example 17-2: suppose an electron in a picture tube of television set is acclerated from rest through a potential difference of Vb-Va = Vba = + 50000V. (a) What is the change in electric potential energy of the electron? (b) What is the speed of the electron as a result of this acceleration? Equipotential Lines Electric potential can be represented with diagram...
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...Electromagnetic fields are present everywhere around the atmosphere but are not visible. Electric fields are produced by the local build-up of electric charges in the atmosphere associated with thunderstorms. The earth's magnetic field causes a compass needle to orient in a North-South direction and is used by birds and fish for navigation.[ http://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/]. Now we will talk briefly about the atmospheric electromagnetic fields. There is always free electricity in the air and in the clouds, which acts by induction on the earth and electromagnetic devices. Experiments have shown that there is always free electricity in the atmosphere, which is sometimes negative and sometimes positive, but most generally positive, and the intensity of this free electricity is greater in the middle of the day than at morning or night and is greater in winter than in summer. In fine weather, the potential increases with altitude at about 30 volts per foot (100 V/m). The atmospheric medium, by which we are surrounded, contains not only combined electricity, like every other form of matter, but also a considerable quantity in a free and uncombined state; sometimes of one kind, sometimes of the other; but as a general rule it is always of an opposite kind to that of the Earth. Different layers, or strata, of the atmosphere, located at only small distances from each other, are frequently found to be in different electric states. The phenomena of atmospheric electricity...
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...completed a Multiclient Data Acquisition Program validating the newly developed Towed Streamer Electromagnetic System during October 2012. The Multiclient program was conducted in conjunction with pre-funded surveys. This is a significant milestone that marks the arrival of an effective, commercially viable and highly efficient new method for acquiring resistivity data to the market. See further details Electromagnetic Streamer development has been a major R&D focus within PGS since 2004, complemented by the acquisition of MTEM Ltd. in 2007. Successful field trials with prototype systems were completed over the Peon and Troll fields (North Sea) during 2009 and 2010. A further validation trial was conducted in 2011.The principle objective of this new approach to Controlled Source Electromagnetics (CSEM) is to provide: Resistivity Surveys to enhance subsurface understanding, discoveries are becoming less obvious and fewer large fields are being found. Adding electromagnetic data to seismic can highlight prospective areas that may have been overlooked. Information – Intelligence having an additional attribute to use in the delineation and characterization of potential reservoirs can reduce risk and improve drilling success. How it operates The new Electromagnetic Streamer can be deployed from a seismic vessel and can acquire data at similar speeds to seismic operations. Already proven to be effective in water depths between 50m and 400m, the future development program will aim...
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...NaTasha James February 19, 2016 Partners: Archeline Edouard, Jonique Miller Dr. Huisso Mapping Electric Potential Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to measure the electric potential at locations on a conducting surface resulting from various distributions of electric charge. We had to use Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and the electric potential data to generate 2-D and 3-D maps of electric equipotential. We had to analyze the maps of electric potential to sketch lines representing the electric field produced by electric charge. Finally, we had to describe how the field from lines of charge differs from that produced by point sources. The electric field is identified by a capital E and at a certain point it equals the force on a test charge divided by the amount of the charge (E=F/g). In other words, the electric field is the surrounding charges which create an electric field around a given point. Theory: Equipotential lines provide a quantitative way of viewing the electric potential in two dimensions. Every point on a given line is at the same potential. An equipotential region of a scalar potential in three-dimensional space is often an equipotential surface, but it can also be a three-dimensional region in space. The gradient of the scalar potential (and hence also its opposite, as in the case of a vector field with an associated potential field) is everywhere perpendicular to the equipotential surface, and zero inside a three-dimensional equipotential...
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...EM Fields and Waves Assignment 1 Energy and Potential In Electric Field it solution Contents Introduction: 3 Electric Field Intensity: 3 Electric Field Strength (First Formula): 3 Electric Field Strength (Second Formula): 4 Energy: 5 Potential Difference and Potential: 5 Electric Potential at a point due to Point charge: 6 Potential Gradient: 8 Conclusion: 10 Table of Figures: Figure 1: Field is radial 8 Introduction: As we know that every electrically charged particle exerts an equal and opposite force on other charged particle/object. These electrically charged particles are surrounded by a field known as electric field. Electric field helps in depicting the force which these particles exert on each other. It is a vector field and its SI unit is NC-1. We use coulombs’ law to find electric field of different charged particles. But as it is quite complicated because of its vector analysis and integration for each component, we try to find a much simple way to find it, in which single integration can give us the required scalar quantity, which can be used to find electric field. This scalar quantity is known as potential or potential field. Electric Field Intensity: The electric field of a charged particle explains the strength of a charged particle depending on its distance from that specific point. The charge also tends to change that field accordingly when any other particle tries to enter...
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... x B K F x x m m m By taking state variables x1 x and x2 x , and F as input variable, the state space equations are given by x1 x x2 x2 x B K F x2 x1 m m m The transfer function for the system when B is assumed to be zero: X ( s) 1 1 K /m 2 2 n 2 2 F ( s) ms K K s K / m s n 2 Thus, the resonant frequency can be calculated as follows, n and f n 1 2 K , m K 1 m 2 51 2.48 kHz 2.110 7 Question 2 Solution a) When V 0 kx0 mg , where x0 is the initial stretching distance of the spring. When V 0 , the spring stretches an additional displacement x x0 x due to an additional electric energy storage AV 2 . We have the following force 2x balance equation at equilibrium: k (x x0 ) mg AV 2 2x2 1 V2 A 2 k ( x0 x) 2 x for 0 x x0 2kx2 ( x0 x) V . A Alternatively, this voltage can be obtained from the co-energy W A 2x V 2 and the net force: F F k ( x0 x) W A k ( x0 x) 2 V 2 k ( x0 x) . x 2x At equilibrium F 0 which yields V 2kx2 ( x0 x) A The plot V(x) is shown as following: b) At x 2 x0 2 x 2kx0 , we have a maximum Vm 0 . That is also the...
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...Electrostatics Problem Purpose The purpose of this problem is to compute the value of electric field and of electric potential for points around and inside two capacitors (one cillindrical and one parallel plate) and to see their interaction (influence). The problem proposed is solved in FEMM 4.2. The problem: Consider the following figure: a = 1 cm b = 2 cm c = 2 cm d = 3 cm d c b a r = 4 cm R=5 cm There will be two cases. In the second case the Water is heated from 20 to 50 degrees and the Polyamide is replaced by Ethanol. The boundary edges are 50cm long. The model has a depth of 20cm. Used materials: Case 1 | Case 2 | Material | εr | Material | εr | Air | 1 | Air | 1 | Water@20 degrees Celsius | 80.4 | Water@50 degrees Celsius | 78.5 | Marble | 8 | Marble | 8 | Paper | 3 | Paper | 3 | Polyamide | 2.5 | Ethanol | 25 | I. Mesh Test We will test three different sizes of mesh on the initial case. Figure 1: 1246 nodes Figure 2: 12315 nodes Figure 3: 73090 nodes Cylindrical capacitor charge: 0.01 C Parallel plate capacitor charge: 0.0001 C Point | Mesh1: 1246 nodes | Mesh2: 12315 nodes | Mesh3: 73090 nodes | x | y | E | U | E | U | E | U | -1.5 | 1.2 | 1.75678 e+008 V/m | 3.45802 e+006 V | 1.80388 e+008 V/m | 3.6626 e+006 V | 1.81842 e+008 V/m | 3.65247 e+006 V | 1 | 1.2 | 1.37116 e+008 V/m | 3.57244 e+006 V | 1.39523 e+008 V/m | 3.78466 e+006 V | 1.40461 e+008 V/m | 3.77762 e+006 V | 1 | -0.2 | 1.28582 e+008...
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...distribution of charge and map the electric field by identifying the equipotential surfaces/lines around the charges. Four templates are investigated, such as parallel strips of metallic paint, concentric rings. In the lab, we confirm that the electric field line is orthogonal to the equipotential line. We can also demonstrate that as one gets closer to an electrode, the equipotential contours approach the shape of the electrodes. For the concentric template in the lab, we use additionally analytical calculation to demonstrate. We plot the graph of n vs ln(r/9.2) and we get the slope of the graph. It shows the linear relationship between n and ln(r/9.2). R2 = 0.99184 for the plot suggests a strong linear relation. Equal potential lines are closer when electric field is strong. Theory In this lab, we map the electric field between two charges electrodes by finding lines of equal potential. Once these are found, we construct the field map using the knowledge that the electric field lines are orthogonal to the lines of equipotential. Ideally, we are supposed to place on the electrodes by a direct current source such as a battery. Then, the two electrodes would form a charged capacitor whose field line geometry we should like to determine; however, this implementation is difficult. Therefore, in the lab, we allow a small current to flow from one electrode to the other by painting the electrodes on a plastics surface. In the theory, the electric field line is orthogonal to the equipotential...
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...particles is integral to the understanding of electrical forces. The lesson begins with traditional activities of charging objects by friction and comparing electrostatic forces to magnetostatic forces. The traditional experiments are explained in terms of the model of an atom, and the “attract and repel force rules” are explored and expanded. Devices to create, store, and measure charge are utilized in experiments. The formal theory of Coulomb’s law is introduced, and problems are assigned utilizing that theory. Elements of the historical development of electrostatics and planetary model of the atom are researched, and students have an assignment describing contributions of historically important scientists. Additional concepts of electric fields, potential difference, and properties of conductors and insulators are developed through experiment, demonstration, and discussion. TEKS: |P.5 |The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to: | |P.5A |Research and describe the historical development of the concepts of gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear | | |forces. Supporting Standard | |P.5C |Describe and calculate how the magnitude of the electrical force between two objects depends on their charges and the distance | |...
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... ELECTRIC FIELDS Laboratory No. 6 Written By: Ali Al-Qubbej Lab Section: 04 Lab Partner: Braden Jople Date Performed 09/03/14 Instructor: Dr. Huh ABSTRACT The main objective of this experiment was to map lines like those of the electric filed around charged objects, each having a different shape ranging from 1 V, 1.5V, 2V, 2.5V, 3V, 3.5V, and 4V. Positive charge means that the electric field is going away, while the negative charge means that the electric field is going in to the other side of the map. The apparatus provided during the experiment was, field mapping apparatus, special coated paper, “Energy One” variable power supply (model XP-4), digital multimeter (DMM), probes and graph paper. The theory behind this experiment is described in the form of: Es = - ΔV / Δs, where Es is the electric field related to the potential V, ΔV is the difference in potential between two adjacent lines of equipotential, and Δs is the distance between the same two equipotential lines. DATA ANALYSIS This experiment was to record the values and record them on the special coated paper to determine the electric field direction and the strength of the charge. Figure 1 shows the first section of the laboratory experiment, there were two circles both on the negative and positive coordinate; those circles have a charge of 0V and 5V respectively. The maximum and minimum electric field in figure 1 was 62...
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...Conor Glettenberg English 101 Professor Turner 23 July 2014 Lightning Rod Attraction: Blunt Tip vs. Pointed Tip Abstract: This paper explores the effects that lightning rod tip geometry has on lightning. To determine the most effective tip geometry various types of rods including pointed, concave, blunt, flat, and conical were tested with electric pulses in a lab and in real lightning situations. It was observed that the blunt shaped rod was the most efficient shape for creating a path for lightning to the ground. In real lightning situations a smaller surface area generates far more corona emissions than a larger area. The increased corona emission almost prevents lightning from traveling the directed path. In the case of the blunt rod, the lesser emissions provided a desired path for the lightning to travel down. A lot of research was put in to find the ideal tip shape for lightning rods, and it was determined that the increased surface area directly correlates to how strong the electric field is at the tip of the lightning air terminal (LAT). Introduction: It is a beautiful and deadly natural occurrences. With a shock of several million volts per strike, and the capability to reach temperatures between fifteen-thousand and sixty-thousand degrees, lighting is one of the most powerful forces known to man. With all of that power lightning can cause a lot of damage. In North America lightning damage to equipment results in losses exceeding twenty-six billion dollars...
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