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Study About Consciousness

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Estudo sobre a consciência
A neurociência apresenta uma visão na qual “consciência” pode ser entendida como uma estrutura biocomputacional que possibilita a experiencia fenomenológica do agente do processamento biocomputacional, em outras palavras, ela pode ser entendida como a estrutura que nos possibilita a percepção da experiência em si. Porém, não há nenhuma explicação totalmente satisfatória para a estrutura de formação da consciência, muitas teorias surgiram como por exemplo e a ideia proposta por René Descartes no século XVII. A teoria do Dualismo Mente-Corpo, na qual o filósofo afirma que a mente e a realidade externa são dois planos separados, autônomos e independentes. Descartes advoga que mente é uma entidade, que caracteriza-se pelo fato de ter consciência , enquanto a realidade externa é material e os vários estados de consciência (sentimento,pensamento, sensação, etc) são intangíveis no mundo material e assim é a mente e tudo que se relaciona a ela, independe de materialidade, e que a consciência interage com o corpo através da glândula cerebral pineal. O Filósofo Daniel Dennett é um grande crítico da teoria cartesiana, ele denomina o modelo tradicional de “teatro cartesiano”, o qual pode ser definido como uma figura metafórica de como a experiência consciente deve estar no cérebro, e surge quando o dualismo cartesiano é parcialmente rejeitado, dando origem ao que o autor chama de “materialismo cartesiano”, esse seria um limiar cerebral no qual os inputs recebidos se igualariam aos outputs resultantes na experiência, pois tudo o que ocorre é sinal de que o indivíduo esta consciente. Para Dennett, quando se subtrai o dualismo cartesiano do quadro, o que nos resta é um modelo para imaginar um teatro no cérebro, onde há um homúnculo que realiza a tarefa de observar todos os dados sensoriais captados e projetados numa tela e desse modo tomar decisões e enviar comandos para o corpo. Com o passar do tempo as ideias para explicar a consciência foram tornando-se mais sofisticadas, nesse estudo iremos abordar entre todas as teorias da mente aquelas que apresentam maior destaque em relação às outras.Entre essas a Global Work Theory, proposta por Bernard Barrs, trata-se de uma arquitetura cognitiva que trabalha com ideia de memória de trabalho e disputa atencional de eventos, ou seja, assim que determinadas informações “vencem” outras informações no campo atencional elas são inseridas no plano de memória de trabalho. Onde coabitaram com outras memórias de trabalho, podendo estabelecer amarras e forma uma rede de conhecimento, que será utilizada por exemplo para a tomada de decisão na resolução de um problema. A Global Work Theory, advoga uma arquitetura cognitiva simples, a qual tem sido desenvolvida para explicar qualitativamente um grande conjunto de processos conscientes e inconscientes assemelha-se ao conceito de memória de trabalho e o proposto é que corresponda a um evento “momentaneamente ativo e subjetivamente experiente” da memória de trabalho. O modelo de Baars é proposto para corresponder ao que somos conscientes, e são transmitidos infinitos processos cognitivos inconscientes cerebrais, o quais podem ser processos receptores ao mesmo tempo outros processos inconscientes, operando em paralelo podem formar coalizões, as quais podem agir como processos de entrada para o espaço de trabalho global.

Desde que as mensagens transmitidas globalmente pode invocar ações de recebimento de processos por todo o cérebro, o espaço de trabalho global pode ser usado para exercer o controle executivo para realizar ações voluntárias. Processos individuais, bem como processos aliados podem concorrer para o acesso ao espaço de trabalho global, que se esforça para difundir as suas mensagens para todos os outros processos, em um esforço para difundir-se por uma maior área e assim recrutar mais grupos atencionais e, assim, aumentar a probabilidade de alcançar seus objetivos. Para Baars o trabalho global esta relacionado com a experiência consciente, embora não idêntico a ela, entretanto a teoria do trabalho geral pode modelar com sucesso uma série de características da consciência, como o seu papel em lidar com situações novas, a sua capacidade limitada, a sua natureza sequencial, e sua capacidade de desencadear uma vasta gama de processos cerebrais inconscientes. Essa teoria ainda conta com a metáfora do Teatro da Mente, para explicar de uma maneira simplificada como a consciência é formada, nessa sala de teatro, encontramos um ponto brilhante no palco da memória imediata,ou memória de trabalho, dirigido por um holofote de atenção dirigida por orientação executiva, somente o que ocorre sob a luz do holofote é consciente. Os componentes conscientes ativam diversas regiões cerebrais inconscientes, entre eles, interpretadores, memórias, capacidades linguísticas e automatismos. Desse modo podemos relacionar cognições cognitivas como produto de contextos inconscientes e funções executivas como um conjuntos de contextos. A consciência tem a propriedade fundamental de permitir via a uma larga rede de processos especializados a integração, acesso e coordenação desse teatro mental. Uma grande crítica da teoria global é a psicóloga Susan Blackmore, que sugere a ideia de que consciência na verdade é um grande ilusão, ou seja, ela não é o que parece ser, sua principal crítica é o fluxo consciente, um fluxo contínuo de experiencias ricas e detalhadas sucessivas, essa seria a grande ilusão. O próprio Baars concorda com algumas das críticas realizadas por Blackmore, especialmente nas que tangem o “fluxo de consciência”, pois esse pode ser tão ilusório quanto é a continuidade de um filme. Para Blackmore admitir a existência dessa ilusão claramente não resolve o problema de definir e explicar a consciência, porém muda completamente o quadro, pois ao invés de perguntarmos como os impulsos neurais se transforma em experiências conscientes, devemos perguntar como essa ilusão é construída, quem são seus agentes, onde se iniciou perguntas como essas não são tarefas simples, mas são elas que possibilitariam resolver o quebra-cabeças da consciência. Outra teoria interessante é a de Crick e Koch, que em seus estudos fizeram grandes descobertas e propuseram a Teoria Neurobiológica da Consciência, a qual baseia-se em oscilações neurais de cerca de 35-75 hertz no córtex cerebral, os autores propuseram que essas oscilações são as bases da consciência, pois elas parecem relacionar-se com a sensibilização, o estar são, como por exemplo no sistema visual e olfativo e também que elas seriam uma espécie de elo de associação de peças de informações individuais. Desse modo, quando dois ou mais elementos relevantes devem ser ativados, os grupos neurais relacionados oscilarão na mesma frequência, essa integração informativa possibilita a experiência perceptual do mundo externo, e isso seria o início de uma possível explicação da natureza da consciência, ainda é

proposto que as oscilações podem ativar mecanismos de memória, porém não terminaram de desenvolver essa última possibilidade. Já Gerald Edelman, propôs a Teoria do Darwinismo Neural, na qual o autor defende a ideia de que o cérebro é resultado de processos originários diferentes. Primeiro surgiriam grupos de neurônios estruturais para a formação anatômica cerebral, após observaríamos a interação dessas conexões formadas com o organismo e o meio ambiente, essas interações provocariam mudanças nessas redes neurais, o que chamamos de seleção de experiência que pode gerar aumento ou diminuição das sinapses neurais. Outro tópico fundamental dessa teoria é a reentrância, a capacidade dos grupos de neurônios desempenhar diversos papeis, como por exemplo o grupo que reconhece a cor vermelha das pétalas de uma tulipa, também será acionado para reconhecer um vestido vermelho de uma bela mulher e o último fundamento da teoria é que a perda de neurônios na representa necessariamente a perda da capacidade cerebral, exceto se for motivada pela doença de Alzheimer. Com esses fundamentos Edelman estabeleceu que a consciência primaria é a capacidade de formar uma imagem integrada e que o comportamento é um conjunto de combinações dessas cenas. Essa consciência não necessita de símbolos, pois as interações de reentrância neurológicas constroem correlações de curto prazo entre os mapeamentos neurais, fundamentais para permitir a criação de categorias perceptuais sensitivas, ou seja, uma primeira compilação dos estímulos ambientais que possibilita ao cérebro criar conceitos, como por exemplo, ficar em pé ou caminhar para frente ou para trás. Essa capacidade de originar agrupamentos de cenas e conceitos permite o dinamismo entre as sinapses e a existência de um segundo nível consciente capaz de processar símbolos e grupos informativos como valores. È fundamental compreender que Edelman defende o darwinismo neurobiológico, ou seja, ele leva em consideração uma evolução do sistemas cerebrais entre as espécies conhecidas, o que significa que o autor defende que as conexões de reentrância foram originadas há tempos atrás na transição entre répteis,aves e mamíferos e veem sendo aperfeiçoadas com o tempo. E o filósofo David John Chalmers, o qual é notabilizado por seus estudos no campo mental, defende que qualquer tentativa de explicar a consciência em termos puramente físicos é falha, pois segundo esse autor a experiência pode emergir de uma estrutura física, mas não é consequência dessa, para ele a teoria correta deve abordar méritos psicofísicos, os quais não contradizem a ciência ou a filosofia. Sua proposta baseia-se em uma teoria não-reducionista da experiência consciente e compatível com o dualismo naturalista, logo, ela não deve conflitar os resultados das teorias. Desse modo Chalmers postula três princípios em sua teoria, o primeiro estabelece que toda experiência consciente é cognitivamente representada, em outras palavras, assume a forma de um processo cognitivo. Mesmo que nem tudo que seja representável seja consciente, o primeiro princípio trata-se de uma forte relação ou até mesmo isomorfismo entre a estrutura da consciência e a estrutura do conhecimento e isso permite que teorias cognitivas e neurofisiológicas sirvam de base para uma teoria da experiência consciente, a qual tentaria explicar a base física ou os correlatos neurofisiológicos sobre os quais a experiência consciente provém.

O segundo princípio, relata que dois sistemas de organização funcional idênticos terão as mesmas experiencias, logo se construirmos um modelo do cérebro humano mantendo o mesmo padrão organizacional neural, o modelo poderá sofrer as mesmas experiencias que o cérebro original humano. E o terceiro princípio, do duplo aspecto da informação é o princípio básico e fundamental da teoria da consciência de Chalmers, esse principio inicia-se com a noção de informação e sustenta que esta tem um duplo aspecto: um físico e outro fenomenológico, sendo o último que origina a experiencia consciente. A teoria de Chalmers, ainda não esta totalmente concluída, o autor vem ao longo dos anos trabalhando para aperfeiçoá-la. Enfim como podemos observar, existem diversas tentativas de explicar o que é consciência e como surge a experiencia, bem como críticas a essas teorias. O fato é que a mente é um campo muito novo de estudo e pesquisa, analisando cientificamente tudo o que foi exposto, é possível observar que as teorias sejam reducionistas ou naturalistas é possível observar similaridades em todas as argumentações, logo podemos entender que essa pluralidade ideológica pode no futuro ser interligada, nos fornecendo uma explicação satisfatória e com várias demonstrações empíricas que poderão ser ofertadas pelo avanços da neurociência.

Bibliografia: David Kelly, The Evidence of the Senses: A Realist Theory of Perception Lucia Leão, InterLab: labirintos do pensamento contemporâneo Baars, Bernard J, In the Theater of Consciousness Baars, Bernard J, A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness Alva Noe,Is the Visual World a Grand Illusion? Gerald Edelman, Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection David Chalmers,The conscious mind Crick & Koch, Toward a neurobiological theory of consciousness Daniel Dennett,Consciousness Explained

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