...Your Full Name: UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 4: Enzymes INSTRUCTIONS: * On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus). * To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions. * Save your Lab 4 Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab4 (e.g., Smith_Lab4). * You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility. Pre-Lab Questions 1. How could you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated during an experiment? - Add more substrate and record the rate. If the rate of the reaction is constant, all the enzymes are saturated. 2. List three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with your explanation. * Temperature – Cold temperature will cause the enzyme to work slow, hot temperature will cause the enzyme to increase the movement making it less stable. * PH – Difference in range in the PH scale can alter the shape of the enzyme’s active site * Concentration Of Substrate – Less or more of enzymes to substrates ratio will affect the rate of collisions between the two affecting the number of reactions. ...
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...Post-Lab Questions 1. What were your controls for this experiment? What did they demonstrate? Why was saliva included in this experiment? This experiment is looking for amylase in-particular. The first control was a negative control, Water ,this would show there is no Amylase present. The second control would be a Positive control ,the starch solution this would show the presence of the enzyme amylase. The negative control water does not contain starch. Saliva contains Amylase this is why it is included in the experiment. The saliva is a positive because it turned yellow, this shows no starch left because the amylase broke it all down. 2. What is the function of amylase? What does amylase do to starch? The function of amylase is to start the digestion proses. Amylase function is to break down starch to sugar. 3. Which of the foods that you tested contained amylase? Which did not? What experimental evidence supports your claim? The cooked rice contained Amylase and the starch solution contained amylase. The water the Apple contained no starch. 4. Saliva does not contain amylase until babies are two months old. How could this affect an infant’s digestive requirements? Usual babies do not start eating food until three months. The reason there saliva does not contain amylase is because there bodies have not started producing it yet. For there digestion it means they will not break down any starch foods and just pass them trough there body...
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...Pre-Lab Questions 1. Nitrogen fixation is a natural process by which inert or unreactive forms of nitrogen are transformed into usable nitrogen. Why is this process important to life? The useable nitrogen created, is extremely important since it is used to form DNA, enzymes, and other biological processes. Nitrogen fixation is also important because when it is inert, it is useless for organisms. 2. Given when you have learned about the hydrogen bonding shared between nucleic acids in DNA, which pair is more stable under increasing heat: adenine and thymine, or cytosine and guanine? Explain why. Adenine and thymine are more stable because, the additional carbon bonds make their nucleotides more stable. 3. Which of the following is not an...
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...LAB6_AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC GROWTH As humans, we are accustomed to thinking that oxygen is essential to life. Microorganisms, however, are quite adaptable and diverse and vary considerably in their oxygen requirements. Some bacteria require oxygen; some can grow with or without it and some are actually killed by oxygen. Bacteria are generally classified into three main groups with respect to oxygen: 1. Obligate aerobes: Like humans, these organisms have an absolute requirement for oxygen. Because aerobic metabolism generates the toxic byproduct hydrogen peroxide, obligate aerobes must produce the enzyme catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas. 2. Obligate anaerobes: Not only do these organisms not require oxygen, they are often killed in its presence. Because anaerobic metabolism does not generate hydrogen peroxide, obligate anaerobes generally do not produce catalase. The causative agent of botulism, Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe. Since the canning process removes the air, Clostridium botulinum can grow in inadequately sterilized canned foods. This isn't normally a problem in fresh foods since they are exposed to air. 3. Facultative anaerobes: These organisms will use oxygen in their metabolism if it is available, but can also grow without oxygen. Again, since aerobic metabolism generates hydrogen peroxide, they produce catalase. E. coli, which is normal flora of the intestine, is an example of a facultative...
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...Lactaid caplets versus CVS pharmacy brand caplets. 100 % whole milk, amount of milk and temperature were used for control variables. Materials necessary for this experiment were a glucose sensing device not to be confused with a diabetic glucometer, glucose liquid test strips, wall thermometer, three oral thermometers, original strength Lactaid-120 caplets-3000 FCC lactase units, original strength CVS Dairy relief-120 caplets, 3000 FCC lactase units and three 200 ml beakers. Some items were borrowed from the school laboratory and others were purchased from a “CVS” pharmacy. The milk was kept refrigerated prior to testing. Three beakers contained 150 mL of 100 % whole pasteurized milk. Prior to adding the store brand lactase and Lactaid enzymes, the milk was allowed to reach room temperature by setting the milk on a table for thirty minutes. Room temperature was approximately 70 degrees Fahrenheit and the air did not feel hot nor cold. The temperature was taken at the time the milk was poured and again at the 30 minute mark. Thermometers were cleaned using dish soap and tap water between temperature readings. After the second temperature reading, a “Lactaid” caplet was placed in one beaker labeled “A”, one “CVS” store name brand caplet was placed in beaker “B” and nothing was added to beaker C. The tester dropped each caplet into the milk samples at the same time and a timer was started at the thirty minute mark. Fifteen minutes after the medication was...
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...Key Organs and Enzymes of the Digestive System 1) The salivary glands produce salivary amylase to digest starch. 2) The stomach produces pepsin, which is a protease to digest protein. 3) The pancreas produces: Proteases, to digest protein within the small intestine Pancreatic amylase to digest starch within the small intestine Pancreatic lipase to digest fats the small intestine Part 1: Testing for Macromolecules Hypotheses Food 1 (Junk):maruchan instant soup Food 2 (Junk): Frito chips Food 3 (Junk): Waffle Grahams Food 4 (Healthy): Dried oatmeal’s Food 5 (Healthy): sweet n salty mix Food 6 (Healthy): Banana Directions for Testing 1) Why is it important to use a negative and positive control? It is important to have negative and positive...
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...chain. One step in the TCA cycle is the enzyme-catalyzed conversion of succinate to fumarate in a redox reaction. In intact cells succinate loses hydrogen ions and electrons to FAD to form fumarate. This step in the TCA cycle will be used to study the rate of cellular respiration under different conditions. (Patriquin, M. Rand, T. 2012). Since DPIP is a reducing dye it will absorb the hydrogen ions and electrons from the redox reaction of the TCA cycle between succinate and fumarate producing a discoloration of the dye. The discoloration is measured in percent transmittance of light over 30minutes at 5 minute intervals. The change in dye color is the associated with cellular respiration activity, and will be used to record the cellular respiration rate in mitochondria isolated from pulverized lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) and subsequent effects of different substrate concentration, pH, and metabolic inhibitors . If the difference of light percent transmission produced by (DPIP) can be recorded over time associated with the cellular respiration rate then the rate of cellular respiration of mitochondrion in varying substrate concentrations, pH , and metabolic inhibitor solutions can be tested. The results from these experiments can be generalized and applied to other organisms with similar reactions to such substances. Materials and Methods The procedures employed in this laboratory are described in Cell Physiology and Metabolism Lab...
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...Unit 5: Hepatic/Pancreatic Dysfunction * Functions of the liver * Metabolism of carbohydrates * Glucose energy * Dysfunction = fatigue * Metabolism of proteins * Proteins muscle * Dysfunction: weak, tired, fatigue, lethargic * Metabolism of fats * Dysfunction: atherosclerosis/ N&V * Production of bile: helps metabolize fats * Synthesis of blood clotting factors * Dysfunction: increased risk for bleeding * Blood storage: holds 400 ml – loss of blood and will put into system * Filters blood: decrease infections – remove bacteria from system * Metabolism of medications * Dysfunction: can’t metabolize and get hepatotoxicity * Hepatitis A * Transmission: Fecal-oral route * Wash veggies b/c migrant workers use fields as bathrooms * Occurrence * Poor hygiene * Improper handling of food * Poor sanitation * Foods or water in third world country * Risk Factors * Close personal contact/ handling feces contaminated waste * Animal workers/handlers from endemic areas * Handling food * Day care center workers * Seafood – clams & muscles * Natural Course * Does not progress to chronic state * Symptoms resolve...
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...Student Sheet Name: Cheryl R Logsdon Date: September 4, 2015 Instructor’s Name: Christopher Haines Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 2 Lab Report Title: Animal and Plant Cell Structures Instructions: Your lab report will consist of the completed tables. Label each structure of the plant and animal cell with its description and function in the provided tables. When your lab report is complete, submit this document to your instructor in your assignment box. 1. Animal cell: Observe the diagram that shows the components of an animal cell. Using the textbook and virtual library resources, fill in the following table: Animal Cell Number Cell Structure Description and Function 1 Chromatin (DNA) The primary functions are to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit the cell, to enforce DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis, to prevent DNA damage, and to control gene expression and DNA replications 2 Nucleolus The largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells where it primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly. 3 Nucleus The nucleus is basically the command center of the cell, it controls eating, movement, and reproduction. 4 Nuclear Pore Are large protein complexes that serve as the pathways for exchange of the materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm 5 Nuclear Envelope A highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. 6 Centrioles Self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles...
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...is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs and the left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to the body. When there is an increase in blood pressure to either the lungs or body, overtime the ventricle thickens, resulting in hypertrophy. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, dizziness or fainting Doctors use electrodiagrams which records electrical signals as they travel through a patient’s heart. Patterns of these signals are observed for indication of abnormal heart muscle. Echocardiogram and EKGs are also used in diagnosing cardiac hypertrophy. Depending on the underlying cause of the condition will determine whether surgery or medication is needed. Medications include: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), Thiazide diuretics Beta blockers and/or Calcium channel blockers If cardiac hypertrophy is not treated heart failure, arrhythmia,...
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...Nursing is a profession that involves the identification and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. According to Florence Nightingale, nursing is defined as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist in their recovery.” The American Nursing Association (ANA) describes nursing as “direct, goal-oriented to the needs of the individuals, the family, and community during health and illness. (American Nursing Association, 1973, p. 2). Nurses are required to complete certain continuing education courses to be proficient as well as maintain their knowledge base in their areas of profession. There are two common levels of nursing education with their competencies written to guide them to meet approved criteria established by the Board of Nursing. These competencies also ensure the programs prepare graduates who are able to provide safe and complete care to the patients’ and community as a whole. Associate Degree Nursing (ADN) is a two year program which is normally obtained from a community, junior or technical school. The focus is on biology and social sciences and these graduates possess a core of nursing knowledge common to all nursing education routes. The Bachelorette degree (BSN) is offered at colleges and universities for a total of four years. It provides a much broader perspective in the areas of study, focusing more on liberal arts, sciences and nursing theories. (Hill, 2009). Nurses at this level are able to obtain higher...
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...Drug Classifications Sarah Castle Marion Technical College Many people in the United States suffer from some form of anxiety. Anxiety is a natural reaction to stress, but when anxiety starts to get out of control in response to minimal or no stress, an anxiety disorder is often diagnosed (Fortinash & Holoday Worret, 2012). Anti-anxiety medications are then prescribed to help the treat anxiety disorder. The most common anti-anxiety medications are benzodiazepines. They work by increasing the effect gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), a chemical found in the brain, has on controlling the way the neurons in the brain react to each other, decreasing the activity, which then helps to decrease the feeling of anxiety (Manning & Rayfield, 2011). Clonazepam (Klonopin) is classified as a benzodiazepine, as well as an anticonvulsant. It works directly on GABA to suppress neurotransmitter activity. Some common side effects that occur when taking this medication are drowsiness, sedation, ataxia (the lack of coordination of the muscles), dry mouth, nausea, diarrhea, and constipation. If a patient were on this medication the nurse caring for them would want to monitor for signs of suicidal thoughts or ideas in depressed individuals. Patients on long-term therapy may experience physical and psychological dependence. Some signs and symptoms of overdose include confusion, irritability, muscle and abdominal cramps, and diminished reflexes (Shannon, Sheilds, & Wilson, 2012)...
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...3.2.4 Investigating Enzyme Action The effect of catalase concentration on reaction rate with Hydrogen Peroxide 3 March 2016 Nazka Nurbyek Abstract The purpose for this reaction was to study the effect of catalase concentration on reaction rate with Hydrogen Peroxide. Baker’s yeast in the amounts of 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g, 0.4 g, and 0.5 g were used as a source of catalase. Yeast was suspended in 1.5% Hydrogen Peroxide solution (H2O2) and reaction rate with catalase was measured using a gas pressure sensor to monitor oxygen gas produced in kPa/sec. Data was collected using Vernier Logger Pro® software. Results showed that a clear correlation between the concentration of catalase and rate of reaction was not demonstrated. Data from experimentation...
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...Debridement Biological debridement is a procedure where a doctor suggest the use of living organisms to remove dead tissue so the healing process of the wound can begin. The living organisms are live blow fly larvae (maggots). The maggots are sterile and have been disinfected in a controlled lab. Biological debridement has been around for many years. William Baer was one of the first in the northern hemisphere to deliberately administer larvae to a patients wound. In the 1920s he discovered this specific organism while working at the John Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He then went on to treat many children with osteomyelitis and soft tissue infections. During the 1930s maggot therapy was effectively...
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...Methyl Red Voges-Proskauer Test Lab Tetia Richardson Microbiology DL3: Instructor Newton 3/29/2015 PURPOSE This experiment is designed to become familiar with and perform the MR-VP biochemical test, learn variations in how different organisms metabolize glucose, and to become familiar with and perform the catalase biochemical test. Materials Used 10% bleach solution Hydrogen peroxide Paper towels Saved E. coli culture Stock culture: S. epidermidis Gloves Candle used for a flame source Test Tube Test Tube rack Pipet Slide-Box-MBK with blank slides 2 Broth, MR-VP - 5 mL 1 Barritt’s A Reagent - 3 mL in Pipet 1 Barritt’s B Reagent - 3 mL in Pipet Methyl Red Reagent, 0.1% - 1 mL in Pipet 1 Inoculation Loop, Plastic 1 Mask with Earloops PROCEDURE Exercise 1 Procedural Steps The saved E. coli culture and S. epidermidis stock culture was incubated 12-24 hours prior to the start of the experiment. The work area was disinfected with 10% bleach solution. The MR-VP tubes were labeled: one E coli and the other S epidermidis. Each MR-VP broth tube was inoculated with the corresponding organism using aseptic techniques. The tubes were incubated for 48 hours at 35oC-37oC The reagents were allowed to warm to room temperature Two test tubes were labeled E. coli and two test tubes were labeled S. Epidermidis Half (2.5 mL) of the incubated MR-VP broth labeled E. coli was transferred into the two corresponding test tubes. This was repeated for the...
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