...Evaluating a Historical Argument 1. The main purpose of this article is the debate over whether the United States should annex the Philippines to the US territories or not. 2. The key question that the author is addressing is: why did the US decide to establish an overseas empire? 3. The most important evidence in this article is: a) “The [decision] for annexing the Philippines empire provides a powerful case study—for some, a cautionary tale—regarding the unintended consequences of intervening in foreign lands” (Hollitz Thinking through The Past, ch.4, pg. 79, paragraph 3). In that case, the consequence happened to be a bloody military bath on both sides. b) “…some scholars argue that democratic or popular influences play an important role in shaping policy” (Hollitz Thinking through The Past, ch.4, pg. 79, paragraph 4). Popular influences did play an important role in deciding on whether annexing Philippines were a wise decision or not. However, it didn’t necessarily mean the government had to listen to it. c) “…by the 1960s, the Vietnam War had created doubts among many Americans about popular influence on government policy and the motives of elite policy makers” (Hollitz Thinking through The Past, ch.4, pg. 80, paragraph 8). Here, they realized that just because something is popular doesn’t mean it is good for the public as a whole. d) “…American leaders realized the economic benefits of overseas expansion and led the nation to war with Spain to build...
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...Title | Investigating a Problem and Refining a Solution | Assessment Part A: Investigating and Rating Sources of Information | Is the website from Kathleen credible? | The website from Kathleen is credible. | The website from Kathleen is not credible. | | Is the website from Kathleen relevant? | The website from Kathleen is not relevant. | The website from Kathleen is somewhat relevant. | The website from Kathleen is highly relevant. | | Is the survey from Martine credible? | The survey from Martine is credible. | The survey from Martine is not credible. | | Is the survey from Martine relevant? | The survey from Martine is not relevant. | The survey from Martine is somewhat relevant. | The survey from Martine is highly relevant. | | Is Naureen's story credible? | Naureen's story is credible. | Naureen's story is not credible. | | Is Naureen's story relevant? | Naureen's story is not relevant. | Naureen's story is somewhat relevant. | Naureen's story is highly relevant. | | Is the American Medicine article credible? | The American Medicine article is credible. | The American Medicine article is not credible. | | Is the American Medicine article relevant? | The American Medicine article is not relevant. | The American Medicine article is somewhat relevant. | The American Medicine article is highly relevant. | | Is the article from Deanne credible? | The article...
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...Problem Solving Process Raul Montenegro HUM 114 October 30, 2013 Lilia Rosales Problem Solving Process Problem solving can be used when a problem or issue arises. I have currently been going through a behavioral issue with my son that has been distressing me. I am separated from my son's mother and ordered by the attorney general to see him every other weekend with the exception of holidays. The shared parenting has made it harder for me to help my son with his behavior issues that he has developed at home with his mother. In this paper I will cover the problem solving process that I have taken to improve my son's bad behavior at home and at school. I was able to distinguish between the problems and issues from my son's behavior. The situation is an issue because it also involves partisan involvement from school staff and future involvement of professionals. How can I find an effective treatment to fix my son's behavioral issues that he is experiencing at home and at school? I have begun to research effective therapies that I have learned through the completed courses from my human services field of study. An effective treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy or also known as CBT. I am also taking tips from my girlfriend who is an early childhood graduate. In addition, I am also using strategies that I learned from working at a behavioral treatment center. The solution to my son's behavioral issue is to effectively combine the cognitive behavioral therapy...
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... Another example of Reasoning You count 19 people in a group; which originally had 20 people in it; and you infer that someone is missing (input) (input) (deduce) (output) The Basic Idea Logic evaluates reasoning in terms of arguments. What is an argument? • The word “argument” can mean many different things depending on the context. • But for the purposes of logic, the term “argument” means something very specific: What is an argument? • an argument is a collection of statements, one of which is designated as the conclusion, and the remainder of which are designated as the premises. • Important note: premises are always intended to provide support or evidence for the conclusion, but they don't always succeed. (It’s still an argument either way.) What is a statement? • A statement is a declarative sentence, • i.e., a sentence that is capable of being true or false. • For example: The door is closed. • Other kinds of sentence are not capable of being true or false: • Interrogative sentences are inquiries for information: Is the door closed? • Imperative sentences make a command: Shut the #*&@% door! • Performative sentences make a declaration: I hereby pronounce the door closed! Some Examples of Arguments P1. Everyone believes that it's wrong to eat salty food. P2. If everyone believes that it's wrong to eat salty food, then it's wrong to eat pickles. C. Therefore, it's wrong to eat pickles. P1. The Bible says...
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...process - specifically in evaluating arguments. In your answer draw on a range of relevant SSK19 unit texts. Using relevant SSK19 readings, in particular the four dimensions of reflective practice presented in Pavlovich (2007, 283), discuss the fundamental role that critical thinking plays in evaluating arguments at university. Each of us make thousands of decisions in a lifetime and would like to believe that the decisions we make are ample however, only a few of us practice the tool of critical thinking in order to improve our thinking process and make well reasoned decisions. As a university student, thinking critically is an essential tool as without it you are only looking at the surface. In this essay we will explore the critical thinking process using the different dimensional levels of the reflective processes when evaluating arguments. Critical thinking and reflection methodologies are considered by many to be used interchangeably and being able to understand and possess these skills are essential for students engaged in evaluating arguments at university. Embracing such skills facilitates a student to formulate the right questions, assess the possible answers, scrutinize the credibility of information and sources, and make solid judgments based on the evidence provided. Critical thinking plays a fundamental role in evaluating arguments as it allows students to skilfully analyse any given subject, content or argument, evaluate the material...
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...The Four Steps to Evaluating an Argument Sonya Walls PHL/458 January 19, 2015 Lance Principe The Four Steps to Evaluating an Argument An argument can have many sides to it, depending on time and location. It can be used as a statement or simply a rebuttal. Although an argument is usually viewed as a negative connotation, it does have some positive aspects. The four steps to evaluating an argument are: state your argument fully and as clearly as can be, examine each part of your argument for errors that are affecting the truth, examine an argument for validity errors, and if any errors are found eliminate them(Ruggiero, 2012). Each step helps to spring forth the next steps. This allows the user to have a way to make a legitimate argument which makes using them easier and convenient for anyone. In this paper, each step is explained and used in the eyes of an attorney presenting new evidence in a case. Each requires different actions but if used properly, will create a positive outcome. The first step in an argument is to state your argument fully and as clearly as can be ( Ruggiero, 2012). This situation proves that clarification is important. In the instance of an attorney in the courtroom, while he is defending his client, he has to understand the importance of making sense, and he also has to make sure that his message is being conveyed to the judge in a manner that will represent his client in the best way possible. This sets a platform that shows validity. The...
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...about the ideas and information presented in the text and; to comment thoughtfully by engaging in a process of evaluating or; making judgements about the validity or relevance of the text to your research or field of study. Part of the process of being critical is to use the information gathered from questioning to understand the topic from different perspectives and in relation to relevant theoretical frameworks in the field. Furthermore, asking the right questions will help you to make links with previous information, develop a position and arguments to support it. What is meant by evaluation? Evaluation is the process that encourages you to show an understanding of the text content by analysing the purpose and the structure of the text, assessing and making judgements about its appropriateness according to various academic criteria. What is meant by analysis? To approach a topic analytically is to examine carefully the content, issues and structure, by separating them into component parts and explaining how they interrelate. The ability to summarise is another skill that is essential to writing a critical review. To summarise means to express the main points of an idea or topic in fewer words and without including examples or details. Criteria For Evaluating Academic Texts Critical evaluation necessitates understanding and analysing the text and then evaluating according to various criteria. The following is a list of criteria that can be referred to when reviewing...
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...Evaluating truth and validity for arguments is important. I will choose arguments from the Applications list 12.2(a-y) that is at the end of Chapter 2 in The Art of Thinking to evaluate for truth and validity. The first argument will be exercise j and the statement is, “power must be evil because it can corrupt people (Ruggiero, 2012)”. The first step of the evaluation process involves evaluating to look for any hidden premises, and ensuring that it is stated in a clear way and fully. This argument passes the first the step. The next step involves checking whether the statement has errors that affect truth. To begin with, the first part of the statement that says that power corrupts all people-in this case, all is inferred- is untrue. This is because throughout history, there are several examples of people who had power that was not corrupted. To make the argument more valid, it would be rewritten as, “power can be evil since it can corrupt some people (Ruggiero, 2012).” The next step entails evaluating the argument to check for validity of errors, and also determining the reasoning that connects conclusions to premises. The aim of this is to check whether the conclusion is legitimate or illegitimate. In this case, the argument fails on several points. On top of revising it, the argument has several questions that required answers. One of the main questions is: how corrupt should people be before they are considered “evil”? Several people are corrupt but they would not be considered...
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...Collaborative Writing Bianca Rogers, Steven Rhodes, Danny Russ, William Lindsey Eng/215 April 21, 2011 Margaret Fletcher Collaborative Writing Collaborative writing is a concept design to bring a group of people together to collaborate on a specific topic or idea. The process of collaborative writing: research, rough draft, final draft is just as an individual paper; however, the workload is divided amongst the team. The importance of collaborative writing is to have a group of individuals successfully working together to builds character in the team members. The complexity of a group dynamic is in the team member themselves; with many personalities and different behavior patterns, group work can be undeniably difficult. For a successful paper, the group must demonstrate ethical working habits by dividing the workload evenly, communicating effectively, and demonstrating keen promptness. A divided workload can be very difficult to accommodate; team members generally do not share the same opinion, so common grounds must be settled on to start the paper. Writing collaboratively acknowledges ethos as, “collaborative practices involving distributed participation and collaboration, where rules and procedures are flexible and open to change” (Kittle & Hicks, p.2). This essay will break down the fundamentals of collaboratively writing, using different facts and ideas to describe its practices. A cliché most often used is, “there is no “i” in team.” People used this...
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...Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory JoinSearchBrowseSaved Papers Home Page » Philosophy and Psychology Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise In: Philosophy and Psychology Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise Evaluating Truth and Validity Exercise The arguments I will choose to evaluate for truth and validity will be taken from the Applications list 12.2 (a.-y.) at the end of Ch. 12 in The Art of Thinking. I will start with exercise j and the premise that “power must be evil because it can corrupt people”. First of all, I would check the argument for any hidden premises making sure that it was stated fully and in a clear way. This argument seems to pass the first hurdle, however when it comes checking for errors affecting truth, the argument seems to not hold water. To start with, the part of the argument that says power corrupts all people (the all is inferred) is not true since there are many examples throughout history of people with power that were not corrupted. A more valid argument would be to state that “power may be evil because it can corrupt some people”. When it comes to step three in the evaluation process, checking the argument for validity errors and considering the reasoning that links conclusions to premises to determine whether your conclusion is legitimate or illegitimate, the argument fails on more than one point. Even with the revised statement, there are some questions that need answering, such as how corrupt do you...
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...Transcript of Evaluating Career Choice Arguments Presentation Evaluating Career Choice Arguments Presentation Identify the two most compelling arguments that were presented. List one that had a logical error in it but which you still thought was important. Your best friend: “You should consider a career in information technology. No other degree concentration is as innovative.” Your grandmother: “You need to select a career you love and enjoy no matter the pay scale. If you love your work you will be happy.” ( Continued on the next slide) Continued..... I felt as if the one that had an logical error was the statement my friend made simply because their are a lot of jobs that are innovative.But I do feel that he/she had a point because jobs in technology are steadily increasing because of the new changes. Were there any errors in truth with the arguments you selected? Describe what those errors were and what made them errors. Well I Felt as if the argument made by my best friend was incorrect because their are a lot of jobs that aren't in technology that sparks creativity. Were there any errors in validity with the arguments you selected? Describe what those errors were and what made them errors. Yes because you can see that technology based jobs aren't at the top of the top jobs to have, although it among the top it isn't at the very top. Also schools wouldn't allow other career choices if they didn't think that it was valid. Revise the arguments to remove all errors...
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...of learning, particularly at an undergraduate level. With a well-written essay comes the power to change minds, to influence thinking and create new perspectives. When evaluating the claims presented by a source in an academic essay, a critical and reflective thinker does not simply accept arguments as ‘fact’. Nor do they create arguments based on innuendo and bias. This essay will contend that for students at university level to be taken seriously they must use critical and reflective thinking to write an effective academic essay. The following points will be addressed; what constitutes a credible essay, what is critical thinking and reflective practice, what is the importance of these skills in developing arguments, the benefits of thinking critically and reflectively, the use of critical reflective thinking in evaluating sources and the importance of recognizing those sources correctly for the work to be considered credible. So what constitutes a credible essay? The purpose of the essay is to forward knowledge, to tackle an already existing argument and build on it using sound evidence and research. “Essays are a document of your learning; they show proof of your understanding of the topic and your ability to communicate that understanding convincingly” (Germov 2011, 2). An essay must put forth an argument then break it down to prove or disprove the thesis. The statement needs to be dissected and the main points need to be analysed. What are the key concepts, what needs...
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...constantly having to adapt to different situation without letting the pressure get to me. I know that because I am a leader other soldiers are going to trust that I am using my expertise and experiences to make the right decisions. The survey also pointed out certain values that I can improve on like researching, strategizing and innovating. By knowing and acknowledging the results of my competencies survey It will help me improve on with my critical thinking skills and evaluating arguments. I know now that I need to invest more time and effort into the categories I did not do so well in. I know that researching information, coming up with a strategic plan, and having an innovative way of presenting my argument will help me persuade others to my conclusion. These three values are all at the beginning process of critical thinking and evaluating an argument, so I feel the need to really take my time and make sure I have a strong understanding of these values before I began critical thinking or evaluating an...
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... Critical thinking is the ability of evaluating and assessing thoughts with the aim of making them better by reasoning to discern their validity and truth. This is achieved by the use of critical thinking skills that include analyzing, reasoning, evaluating decision-making and problem-solving (Wood, 2002). Concerning how humans think, two main activities are involved and include: gathering information from the environment around us and drawing conclusions from the data collected. It is during drawing of conclusions that critical thinkers are separated from noncritical thinkers, as noncritical thinkers collect information from their surrounding and draw conclusions without logical evaluations of the same. On the other hand, critical thinkers collect information, evaluate it, draw conclusions using logic and evaluate the logical conclusion. Elements of reasoning seek to break down the problem at hand into articulate components used to find accurate solutions, which include assessment of clarity, accuracy, relevance, logicalness, breadth, precision, significance, fairness, and depth. Thus, it is through application of the above factors to decision-making that critical thinkers can develop intellectual traits. Moreover, to evaluate facts there is the need to question the relevance of the information provided to draw a logical conclusion. Importance and Benefits Critical thinking is necessary in the academic field to understand arguments made by others...
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...Examining Different Arguments Related to the Choice of a Career Assessment Part A: Critically Evaluating an Argument Build your mindmap. Arts and Sciences (Advantage): Lots of flexibility in career choices: Overgeneralization Arts and Sciences (Disadvantage): Leads to a career in food service –“Do you want fries with that?”: irrational appeal Education (Advantage): The best way to make a difference in the world: overgeneralization Education (Disadvantage): Guaranteed low paying job: either/ or thinking Nursing (Advantage): People always will need nurses: logically sound Nursing (Disadvantage): Too much schooling (according to Theo, the Law student): double standard Information Systems and Technology (Advantage): No other degree concentration is as innovative (according to Grace): irrational appeal Information Systems and Technology (Disadvantage): Too limited in scope for much advancement in business situation (according to Ritesh): Logically Sound Business (Advantage): Infinite career options (according to Ritesh): Logically Sound Business (Disadvantage): Boring work, stuck behind a desk all day: oversimplifying Health and Human Services (Advantage): All the benefits of Arts and Sciences, but vastly more focused and relevant: Logically Sound Health and Human Services (Disadvantage): Job options are all in very un-creative fields.: Irrational Appeal Assessment Part B: Articulating the Steps Involved in Evaluating an Argument Write out the two...
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