...Gender Identity Disorder Gender Identity Disorder Gender identity disorder is when a person has the desire to become a member of the opposite sex. Females want to become males and males want to become females. This type of disorder generally develops in childhood and either diminishes in adulthood or goes as far as having sexual reassignment surgery. Someone that suffers from this disorder tends to be uncomfortable with the gender in which they were born. Males are often chastised for their femininity and females for being so masculine. People with gender identity disorder find themselves dressing in the opposite sexes’ clothes and taking on their personality traits. These people can be considered transsexuals. When they take the form of the opposite sex as in taking hormones and having a mastectomy, they can or rather be called transgendered. In order for someone to be diagnosed with a gender identity disorder they must have this feeling for at least two years. A history and psychiatric evaluation can validate the person's undeniable desire to be the opposite sex. Athealth.com describes diagnosing this disorder by, “A mental health professional makes a diagnosis of gender identity disorder by taking a careful personal history from the client/patient. No laboratory tests are required to make a diagnosis of gender identity disorder. However, it is very important not to overlook a physical illness that might mimic or contribute to a psychological disorder. If there...
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...Gender Identity Disorder Chelsie Davis Abnormal Psychology Psyc 4153 01 April 2011 Abstract Gender identity disorder is a disorder in which people suffer from relentless feelings that an error has been made in which gender they have been born. Sufferers of this disorder are extremely confused and agitated on a constant basis in their everyday lives. Most people with gender identity disorder will live pretending to be the sex or gender that they believe they should have been. These people are many times disgusted with their own bodies and feel a disconnect with who they feel that they are and who they see when they look in the mirror; this causes them to question their own identity, depression, sadness, among others. Several people that suffer from gender identity disorder become suicidal. The unhappiness and depression from the confusion that they feel every day many times becomes so unrelenting and unbearable that they feel suicide is the only way to put a stop to all of the pain and confusion that they feel. Many people argue that this disorder should not be classified as a psychological disorder, but instead, a medical condition. They believe that this is a condition that simply causes unhappiness like many other medical conditions and should be classified they same way. This view point on gender identity disorder could possibly be a more valid way to diagnose and treat the disorder, however, psychologists stand firm in the belief that this disorder is psychological...
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...world; we have male, female, and now transgender. We cannot consider a transgender male a female because it goes against the natural order of biology. Think about any other species. We have sexual and asexual species. What separates these species is biology. Sexual species rely on a mate, but asexual species can rely on themselves to reproduce. The idea however is whether sexual or asexual the species can reproduce. Sexual According to the U.S. Unborn Child Pain Awareness Act of 2005 it is stated, “The term `woman’ means a female human being who is capable of becoming pregnant, whether or not she has reached the age of majority.”(Lauren) One may argue the fact that there are females and males who are born in-fertile. The fact however remains that amongst that group they were biologically born with the reproductive traits of either a male or female. In a press release by Stanford University on 03/10/1995 it was stated that DNA research has identified the general location of at least “one gay” gene. The gene was said to be inherited from the mother. However, the research does not indicate any biological reason for a person to want to be the opposite sex, and to my point suggests the want to be the opposite sex is purely psychological. Consider trans-genders who go through operations to have male/female sex changes; yes they have the sexual functions of a male or female, but they are for stimulation purposes only, and not for reproduction purposes. Male transgender would...
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...that covers a plethora of disorders and syndromes that result in a person being born with a sex anatomy does not match or define that of a male or female. These syndromes are congenital whether the defect is present at the time of birth or not. One may be born perfectly fine, but when puberty stage comes that is when the disorder is the most recognizable, or it can obvious the moment the child is born. From a chromosome defect, to a faulty gene, all of these disorders can alter a person’s life more than just physically. According to Genetics Home Reference, androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a condition that affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. Genetically, these individuals are males with one X and one Y chromosome. It is a mutation in the AR gene that causes AIS (Androgen insensitivity syndrome , 2008), AR gene is responsible for providing instructions for making a protein called androgen receptor. But due to their bodies being...
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...Sex and Gender are Different: Sexual Identity and Gender Identity are Different Milton Diamond, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology Pacific Center for Sex and Society Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry - Special Issue In Press for July 2002 Special Editors: Bernadette Wren, Portman Clinic Fiona Tasker, University of London | | | | | | | |Sex and Gender are Different: | |Sexual Identity and Gender Identity | |are Different | | | |Abstract: | |This paper attempts to enhance understanding and communication about different sexual issues. It starts by offering definitions to| |common...
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...treatments for aggression, anxiety, hyperactivity, and poor attention, which are common characteristics of Fragile X. Syndrome. There is no cure for Fragile X Syndrome. Treatment Fragile X Syndrome is a sex-linked inheritance of mental retardation. Although it can be found in all ethnic groups, it is predominantly found in males. There are physical and behavioral symptoms of Fragile X. There is no cure for this disorder, however there are many treatments in which a patient suffering from Fragile X can participate. Key Facts Praesent congue sapien sit amet justo. Fragile X Syndrome = Frequency of Fragile X Fragile X Syndrome can occur in all types of ethnic groups. However, it differs in the prominence in different genders. Because it is a sex-linked dominant gene, more males will be affected by this disorder. An estimated 1 in 4000 males are affected and 1 in 6000 females. One in 100/250 women are carriers for the gene. These female carriers often suffer from infertility and early menopause. Fragile X Syndrome is one of the most common forms of inherited mental retardation. Fragile X Syndrome is a sex-linked dominant disorder caused by a change or mutation in the DNA on an X-chromosome. This disorder is a tri-nucleotide repeat disorder. This means that the X chromosome carrying this trait has an overabundance of DNA, specifically CGG repeat. Typically, CGG is repeated 5 to 40 times. However in Fragile X individuals, it can be repeated over 200...
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...Genetically Transmitted Disorders Introduction Genetics originated in the mid-19th century when Gregor Mendel discovered over a ten year period of experimenting with pea plants that certain traits are inherited. His discoveries provided the foundation for the science of genetics. Mendel's findings continue to spur the work and hopes of scientists to uncover the mystery behind how our genes work and what they can reveal to us about the possibility of having certain diseases and conditions. The scientific field of genetics can help families affected by genetic disorders to have a better understanding about heredity, what causes various genetic disorders to occur, and what possible prevention strategies can be used to decrease the incidence of genetic disorders (Pitman, 2002). What is Heredity? Why do children look like their parents? Why do brothers and sisters resemble each other? This is because we “inherent” traits from our parents. The passing of traits from parents to child is the basis of heredity. Traits are physical characteristics. Eye color, nose shape, and many other physical features are some of the traits that are inherited from parents (Kristine & Stewart, 2007). What is genetics? Genetics is the science that studies the mechanics of heredity, or the means by which traits are passed from parents to offspring. Through genetics a number of specific disorders have been identified as being genetically caused (ibid, 2007). Dominant Inheritance ...
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...Definition: Gender Dysphoria Disorder was formerly understood by the term Gender Identity Disorder (GID). In this type of disorder, an individual’s biological gender and emotional gender do not accord. This means that an individual of one gender feels at ease with the opposite gender and is at odds with people of his own gender. For instance, an individual who is a male feels that he is more secure and confident with the female gender rather than in the company of males. In other words, confusion over identity or trans-sexualism (as it was formerly called) or transgender (as it is often referred to in current terminology) is a disorder that is felt by individuals who belong to one gender yet identify themselves with the opposite gender, while at the same time being uncomfortable in the company or interaction of the same gender. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) identifies gender dysphoria as “people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with” (Zucker et al, 2013). The person may be an adult, a child or an adolescent. Although the clinical term still refers to the condition as a disorder, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) states that it should not be called a disorder as such since it is not a mental illness. The intolerable situation for the individual suffering from the gender identity confusion or mismatch actually occurs due to stress and emotional disturbances associated with what the...
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...Gender Identity Disorder Defined To be diagnosis with Gender Identity Disorder (GID) the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) says “There are two components of Gender Identity Disorder, both of which must be present too make the diagnosis. There must be evidence of a strong and persistent cross- gender identification, which is the desire to be, or the insistence that one is, of the other sex. There must also be evidence of persistent discomfort about one's assigned sex or sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex. To make the diagnosis, there must be evidence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). There are several diagnosis mentioned in the DSM. Transvestic Fetishism is when heterosexual men cross dress for sexual excitement. These people don't necessarily have childhood cross gender behaviors. Schizophrenia patients may demonstrate Gender Identity Disorder behaviors. The DSM is used by many mental health workers to officially diagnosis a patient, most insurance companies won't pay for treatment if proper diagnosis hasn't been made. Kenneth Zucker PH.D. is a well known psychologist and sexologist, and head of the child and adolescent gender identity clinic at Toronto's Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Zucker supports GID being listed as a disorder in the DSM. He has also been chosen to by the APA to...
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...Inheritance Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is a rare sex linked disorder that can be passed down to male offsprings. That being said, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder, as it regards to the X chromosome. The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes that is used to code for the gender of an offspring. With that being said Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome deals with the sex chromosome. That means to inherit this disorder depends on the female carrier. Females have two X chromosomes and if one of the two chromosomes had a mutated copy of the responsible gene, this can result in a 25% chance of an affected male offspring. Female carriers do not inherit the disorder because they have another normal X chromosome, but female offsprings can...
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...______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Genes on the X and Y chromosome are said to be ___________________ - _______________ _____________ 7. Which sex chromosome carries more genes? X or Y ( circle one) 8. Colorblindness is the inability to distinguish certain color. What is the most common form of this disorder? __________________________________________________________ 9. Males have just one __________ chromosome. So, all X-linked alleles are expressed in ____________ even if they are ______________________. 10. ________________________ is another example of a sex-linked disorder in which two genes on the X chromosome help control ___________________ ____________________________. 11. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a sex-linked disorder that results in ___________________ ________________ and ________________________________________________________. 12. In the U.S. one out of every _____________ males is born with Duchenne M.D. 13. Females have two X chromosomes, males have only one. How does the cell “adjust” to the extra X chromosome in female cells?______________________________________________________________________________ 14....
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...condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Usually, males are more severely affected by this disorder than females. Affected individuals usually have delayed development of speech and language by age 2. Most males with fragile X syndrome have mild to moderate intellectual disability, while about one-third of affected females are intellectually disabled. Children with fragile X syndrome may also have anxiety and hyperactive behavior such as fidgeting or impulsive actions. They may have attention deficit disorder (ADD), which includes an impaired ability to maintain attention and difficulty focusing on specific tasks. About one-third of individuals with fragile X syndrome have features of autism spectrum disorders that affect communication and social interaction. Seizures occur in about 15 percent of males and about 5 percent of females with fragile X syndrome. Most males and about half of females with fragile X syndrome have characteristic physical features that become more apparent with age. These features include a long and narrow face, large ears, a prominent jaw and forehead, unusually flexible fingers, flat feet, and in males, enlarged testicles (macroorchidism) after puberty. How common is fragile X syndrome? Fragile X syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 8,000 females. What genes are related to fragile X syndrome? Mutations in the FMR1 gene cause fragile X syndrome. The FMR1 gene...
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...The Sexual Response Cycle PSY 210 August 6, 2012 The Sexual Response Cycle The sexual response cycle is a term referencing the changes that occur within the body as it is becoming aroused (Nevid & Rathus, 2010). This cycle, the sexual response cycle, consists of four phases. Phase one is excitement. Phase two is plateau. Phase three is orgasm. Phase four is resolution. Even though the changes that occur in men’s and women’s bodies differ in each phase, they do have some things in common. So that we may learn and better understand what makes us different and the same, we must first learn the components that make up the sexual response cycle. There are two components and they are vasocongestion and myotonia (Nevid & Rathus, 2010). Vasocongestion is the swelling of the breasts, the genitals, and even the earlobes (Nevid & Rathus, 2010). This event happens in both men and women. Myotonia is the tensing of the muscles, which causes spasms in many different areas including the hands, feet, face, and finally, the spasms in orgasms (Nevid & Rathus, 2010). In the next section we will go over the four phases of the sexual response cycle. Phase 1, excitement. This is the beginning phase and leads in or serves as a primer to the following three phases. It occurs in both men and women, and it’s when the genitals become ready for intercourse. When the man is aroused, his penis experiences a surge in blood flow and becomes erect, his scrotal skin thickens, and...
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...DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 29:320–327 (2012) Klein Award Winner CHILDHOOD SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER AND ADULT ONSET PANIC ATTACKS SHARE A COMMON GENETIC DIATHESIS Roxann Roberson-Nay, Ph.D.,1 ∗ Lindon J. Eaves, Ph.D.,1,2 John M. Hettema, M.D.,1 Kenneth S. Kendler, M.D.,1,2 and Judy L. Silberg, Ph.D.1,2 Background: Childhood separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is hypothesized to share etiologic roots with panic disorder. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic and environmental sources of covariance between childhood SAD and adult onset panic attacks (AOPA), with the primary goal to determine whether these two phenotypes share a common genetic diathesis. Methods: Participants included parents and their monozygotic or dizygotic twins (n = 1,437 twin pairs) participating in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development and those twins who later completed the Young Adult Follow-Up (YAFU). The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment was completed at three waves during childhood/adolescence followed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IIIR at the YAFU. Two separate, bivariate Cholesky models were fit to childhood diagnoses of SAD and overanxious disorder (OAD), respectively, and their relation with AOPA; a trivariate Cholesky model also examined the collective influence of childhood SAD and OAD on AOPA. Results: In the best-fitting bivariate model, the covariation between SAD and AOPA was accounted for by genetic and unique environmental...
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...perception of oneself as male or female", ( Feldman, 2011). Gender is established by the time a child reaches his or her preschool years. "By the age of two, children consistently label themselves and those around them as male or female" (Feldman, 2011). Preschoolers are very rigid in their beliefs about gender-appropriate behavior. These beliefs become more pronounced by the age of five years. By age seven years the beliefs are still there, although less rigid. Preschooler's ideas of stereotypical behavior are compared to those of traditional adults. Preschoolers develop a gender schema, "a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender"(Feldman, 2011). For example, a preschool boy may refuse to wear makeup in a school play because he knows that makeup is for girls only. In 1966, Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a cognitive-developmental theory, which explains the rigidity of preschoolers as their understanding of gender, and gender appropriate behavior (Feldman, 2011). Shuvo Ghosh states that the development of gender identity "clearly begins in the intrauterine stage". He attributes this to hormone production and surges during the development of the fetus. Initially, all human fetuses appear to be female. During the eighth week of development, fetuses with the testes determining factor (TDF), begin to develop testicles. This is in part due to the surge of testosterone that takes place. "Further progression toward the eventual male phenotype occurs as...
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