...On September 17, 1789, the U.S. Constitution was ratified and made law. In this essay we are going to take a look at the Bill of Rights and the amendments. We will be reviewing how and why the amendments become part of the Constitution, what problems the original document motivated the adoption of the Bill of Rights, what are the effects of the Bill of Rights, what problems with the original document, or changes in society led to later amendments. All of these are very necessary and fun topics to address. Now let’s take a look. There are multiple ways for trying to add an amendment to the U.S Constitution, creating it into law. One way is to propose the amendment in the U.S. Congress who is the law-making body of the United States. Congress is composed of two houses, the House of Representative and the Senate. The amendment must be approved by at least two-thirds of both houses. If they then approve the amendment it is sent to the legislatures of each state of the union. Then all state legislatures must approve the amendment by three-fourths vote. After all is approved, the amendment then becomes law. If vote was not passed in any of the houses the amendment will fail to become law. An amendment is made to the constitution when it is necessary for change while still preserving what the constitution represents. The original document called for a stronger and centralized American government. Antifederalists believed this centralized government would be tyrannical. They believed...
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...Orleans, who upheld the law. The law later challenged by the Supreme Court on the grounds that it conflicted within the thirteenth and fourteenth amendment. The court later said that the law did not conflict with the Thirteenth amendment. The Court avoided discussion of the protection granted by the clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids the states to make laws depriving citizens of their “privileges or...
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...The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, basically known as the Civil War Amendments, were designed to ensure equality for recently emancipated slaves. The 13th Amendment banned slavery and all involuntary servitude, except in the case of punishment for a crime. The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution officially abolished slavery in America, and was ratified on December 6, 1865, after the conclusion of the American Civil War. The 13th Amendment was important because it created a constitutional amendment that banned slavery in all of the American states. The Emancipation Proclamation, although frequently credited for abolishing slavery in the United States, only declared slavery illegal in "rebelling" parts of America - so basically within the Confederacy. States fighting for the Union who had slavery systems (Maryland, West Virginia, East Tennessee) were not required to free their slaves. The passage of the 13th Amendment addressed this issue and formally outlawed slavery in the territorial us. In 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and...
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...In five succinct paragraphs the authors of the 14th Amendment decided on the terms for the reconstruction of the U.S. Section one states the states cannot abridge certain national rights, privileges and immunities. Sections two, three and four discuss the conditions for confederate states to re-enter the union. Section five confers the power that the federal government has to enforce the amendments.Sections one and five have the most significant roles on impacting today the middle three sections show the meaning and context of the amendment as a whole (Lash). The amendment was not just a spontaneous idea but the effort from several mind, evolving and developing over time. To fully understand the impact of the amendment, it is important...
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...Eighinger 10/6/15 The Civil Rights Cases 109 U.S. 3 (1883) Procedural Posture: In 1883, five cases were brought before separate lower courts where Black Americans had sued theaters, hotels and transit companies for refusing them admittance or otherwise excluding them from institutions that had been deemed as “white only”: United States v. Stanley, United States v. Ryan, United States v. Nichols, United States v. Singleton, and Robinson v. Memphis & Charleston Railroad. The plaintiffs were individually seeking writs of error for being denied access to these facilities as it violated their Constitutional rights as citizens under the Equal Protection clause in the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The decision was made that the Supreme Court would rule on all 5 cases as one Supreme Court case for efficiency and consistency....
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...needed due to a changing society, or unfair legal practices that overstep human and or civil rights. Article Five of the Constitution made way for amendments such as the Bill of Rights, amendments thirteen through fifteen, among so many others that have made the United States the place it is today. An amendment to the Constitution is a change that can be added to the Constitution or a change to an older part. Amendments are necessary due to changing a society and or some parts of government over steps its boundaries, unless prohibited by the Constitution the overstepping could happen again. There are two ways to amend the Constitution, The first being to get a bill passed by both the house and the senate with at two thirds majority in each. If passed it then has to go to the states. The second way which has never been used is for a constitutional convention to be called by two thirds of the legislatures of the States, and then the amendment has to be sent to the States with approval from three fourths of convention or legislatures. This process was put into the constitution by the framers. According to the “US Constitution” (The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified...
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...Bill of Rights and Amendments Paper HIS/301 United States Constitution January 26, 2012 The US Constitution is a living document which was designed to be ratified when needed due to a changing society, or unfair legal practices that overstep human and or civil rights. Article Five of the Constitution made way for amendments such as the Bill of Rights, amendments thirteen through fifteen, among so many others that have made the United States the place it is today. An amendment to the Constitution is a change that can be added to the Constitution or a change to an older part. Amendments are necessary due to changing a society and or some parts of government over steps its boundaries, unless prohibited by the Constitution the overstepping could happen again. There are two ways to amend the Constitution, The first being to get a bill passed by both the house and the senate with at two thirds majority in each. If passed it then has to go to the states. The second way which has never been used is for a constitutional convention to be called by two thirds of the legislatures of the States, and then the amendment has to be sent to the States with approval from three fourths of convention or legislatures. This process was put into the constitution by the framers. According to the “US Constitution” (The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the...
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...Final Project: Time Capsule Jack B. Gilmore Kaplan University Final Project: Time Capsule 4/18/2325—I received a phone call this morning, requesting my presence at the site of an archeological dig. I was informed that what appeared to be an intact “time capsule” with a “1/1/1970” date-stamp was found in the rubble of Old Washington D.C. America was a different place then—people were free to eat red meat, the internal combustion engine was everywhere, and procreation was not regulated, to name just a few of the now seemingly barbaric practices that were commonplace in that America. Knowing this, the contents of this capsule should hopefully shed some light on our ancestors, and the information contained within will most certainly be invaluable to historians studying the era of the 1960’s. Item #1: An intact and remarkably well preserved newspaper dated August 8, 1964 with the headline “Johnson Declares War!” The paper is of course referring to President Lyndon B. Johnson and his declaration of war on Vietnam with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution (Chambers, 2000). While the United States had been gradually entering into war with Vietnam for approximately a decade by this point (Britannica.com, 2013), it was the incidents in the Tonkin Gulf and Johnson’s resolution immediately following that solidified the war in America’s psyche. Before this, the Vietnam conflict was simply just that—a “minor conflict” to the majority of America, and as this was a far more preferable way...
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... Such intolerance can be seen across the country with recently occurring events such as the EEOC v. Yellow Transportation case, the EEOC v. DHL Express case and the current top position hiring conflict in the NFL. To fully understand the issue of discrimination in the U.S. today, we must understand the long-standing history our nation has with intolerance. As unfortunate as it seems, our country was built with this notion of inequality. Slaves were brought over from Africa to work fields for wealthy or soon-to-be wealthy Americans. At the time it seemed like a way of life, though the reality is that it was extremely oppressive and today such an inferior take on differences in cultural background is considered unethical. In 1865 the 13th Amendment was passed abolishing slavery, although the Civil Rights Movement did not occur until the 1950’s lasting through the 1960’s. The Civil Rights Movement officially ended only 45 years ago. The oppression seen throughout America’s history is slow to change and the aftermath is still present, though great strides are being made toward equality. Today one of the most commonly occurring forms of partiality is seen in the workplace and geared toward race, color, religion, sex, sexual preference, national origin, age, disabilities or genetic...
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...and join unions, to bargain collectively, and to actively pursue their objectives whatever they may be. The problem with the law at first was that many people were ignoring this as a law all together. Many of the initial appellate courts agreed that this law was unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable. It took many years and many court cases that were won because of the NLRA that it became an enforceable law that could be upheld in court. The Wagner Act requires that employees bargain in good faith with the union when it comes too wages, hours and terms and conditions of employment. In accordance with the NLRA the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) was created. This board consists of five members that are appointed by the President of the United States and the senate and are given five year terms. They are given the responsibility for determining appropriate bargaining units, conducting elections to determine union representation, and preventing or correcting employer actions that can lead to unfair...
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...Reconstruction: A Success Only After the Fact Teresa Gil Reconstruction, the act of putting the country back together after the divisive and bloody Civil War, is the era from the end of the Civil War until 1877. Because so much was at stake and there were so many variations about how Reconstruction should be accomplished, this was a period of enormous conflict. In the South, the primary battle was between the Planters who dominated the South economically, politically, and socially, and former slaves, who wanted legal and political equality and the ability to own land. In the federal government, the Republican Party was dominant, and the most outspoken group within the Republican Party was known as the Radical Republicans. They were the northerners who were most bitter toward the planters and the most dedicated to winning equality for former slaves. In 1865, the Radicals nevertheless came to dominate Congress with their calls for significant political and legal change in the South. One of the central conflicts within the government concerned President Johnson’s unwavering conviction that his methods were the only methods and his refusal to change any of his laws. He tried to take charge of Reconstruction, offering a plan by which the southern states would write new constitutions and re-enter the Union without having to allow political rights to the freedmen. When Johnson’s plan was put into effect, many northerners were disgusted by the results. Former Confederate leaders...
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...THE COMPETITION ACT, 2002 No. 12 OF 2003 as amended by The Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007 2007 THE COMPETITION ACT, 2002 1 No. 12 OF 2003 [13th January, 2003.] An Act to provide, keeping in view of the economic development of the country, for the establishment of a Commission to prevent practices having adverse effect on competition, to promote and sustain competition in markets, to protect the interests of consumers and to ensure freedom of trade carried on by other participants in markets, in India, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. BE it enacted by Parliament in the Fifty-third Year of the Republic of India as follows:— CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY Short title, extent and commencement 1. (1) This Act may be called the Competition Act, 2002. (2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. (3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint: Provided that different dates may be appointed for different provisions of this Act and any reference in any such provision to the commencement of this Act shall be construed as a reference to the coming into force of that provision. Definitions 2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,— (a) "acquisition" means, directly or indirectly, acquiring or agreeing to acquire— (i) (ii) 1 shares, voting rights or assets of any enterprise; or control over management or control over assets...
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...The American Civil War, simply know as the Civil War throughout the United States was fought from 1861 to 1865. It was a fight between the north and the south, formally referred to as the Confederacy and the Union. The origin of the war revolved around the pressing issue of slavery, especially the expansion of slavery into the western territories. In 1865, after four years of bloodshed that left over 600,000 Confederate and Union soldiers dead, the Confederacy collapsed and much of the south’s infrastructure had been destroyed. The Civil War had come to an end. Slavery was abolished and the difficult process of restoring national unity and guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves began. This period is noted in history as the Reconstruction Era. Working towards a progressive tomorrow, the American Civil War marked the start of a dramatic shift in America’s thinking. At the start of the Reconstruction Era (post Civil War), the South was left torn apart. Roads and houses needed to be rebuilt and the people needed assistance. From 1863 to 1865, presidents Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln took adequate steps designed solely for the purpose of bringing the South back to a level of economic stability. Radical Republicans consisted of American politicians within the Republican Party. They supported the rights of African Americans to vote, hold political office, and have the same economic and legal freedoms and opportunities as the whites. During the whole of the Reconstruction...
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...Sectional Issues in American Society (1844-1860) Sectional issues in America have been deep rooted, even extending into the colonial era, where various colonies tried to outsmart one another in regards to survival, and more importantly, profit. However, in the era of 1844-1860, larger issues were at stake in the nation. The key issue that separated Americans was the concept of equality. Specifically, who exactly was meant to be equal to whom. The Northern Americans thought that everyone was meant to be free and disagreed that slavery was a perfectly ethical institution. Contrary to that, the Southern Americans thought that slavery was a normal practice that would not only benefitting society but benefitting southern economy. The two sections...
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...to take this opportunity to thank Dr. J. UMA and Dr. SAVITA PHARNIS for their invaluable support, guidance and advice. I would also like to thank my friends who have always been there to support me and the library staffs for working long hours to facilitate me with required materials going a long way in quenching my thirst for education. Last but not the least, my parents, who made me able to be here and complete my work. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Aims and Objectives: The aim of the project is to present a detailed study of “TADA AND POTA ACTS IN INDIA” through decisions, statutes, amendments, suggestions and different writings and articles. Scope and Limitations: Though this is an immense project and pages can be written over the topic but because of certain restrictions and limitations I was not able to deal with the topic in great detail. Sources of Data: DOCTRINAL RESEARCH The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project- 1. Articles 2. Books 3. Websites...
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