...ISBN 978-92-64-04632-0 OECD Employment Outlook © OECD 2008 Chapter 3 The Price of Prejudice: Labour Market Discrimination on the Grounds of Gender and Ethnicity Despite some progress, there is still evidence of discrimination on the grounds of gender and ethnic or racial origins in OECD labour markets. Field experiments show pervasive ethnic discrimination in many countries. Indirect evidence shows that on average at least 8% of the gender employment gap and a larger proportion of the gender wage gap can be attributed to discrimination. Virtually all OECD countries have enacted anti-discrimination laws in recent decades, and evaluations as well as cross-country analysis suggest that, if well-designed, these laws can be effective in reducing disparities in labour market outcomes. However, enforcement of antidiscrimination legislation is essentially based on victims’ willingness to claim their rights. Thus, public awareness of legal rules and their expected consequences (notably, victims’ costs and benefits of lodging complaints) is a crucial element of an effective policy strategy to establish a culture of equal treatment. Moreover, legal rules are likely to have more impact if the enforcement is not exclusively dependent on individuals. In this respect, specific agencies may play a key role. 139 3. THE PRICE OF PREJUDICE: LABOUR MARKET DISCRIMINATION ON THE GROUNDS OF GENDER AND ETHNICITY Introduction Employment outcomes are far from being evenly distributed...
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...Introduction This cross-societal report will discuss the comparisons between the Italian family structure and the Australian family structure in regards to the gender division of household labor, family authority and paid employment and education. This report looks at literature about the two cultures from a Euro/Western point of view and does not touch on the indigenous cultures of their countries. 1. Household labor division 1.1 The Italian household’s, labor division. It is generally deemed that Italians have large families with many children. In Italy when a child is born the mother or woman of the home will re-organise her life to accommodate the new arrival. Palomba and Sabbadini (1994, as cited in Hennon & Wilson, 2008) calculated that the arrival of each child will add an extra hour a day to the responsibilities of the mother. The more children an Italian family has the less time the mother has for her own basic needs. It is customary that the Italian woman reduces her hours of paid work to accommodate the needs of the family and the tasks of running a home. Instead of sharing the workload the Italian family man will increase his work commitments to accommodate the growth of the family and the loss of income (ibid). The young Italian male is raised in an environment where there are real differences in what each gender is expected to do to contribute to the home. The Italian male would not be expected to help out with * caring for the children * household cleaning ...
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...Unpaid care work and its correlation to other social, political, and economic forces Gender inequality in unpaid care work is the missing link in the analysis of related to gender gaps in labor outcomes in three areas: gender gaps in labor force participation rates, quality of employment, and wages [Esquivel, 2013]. Unpaid care work and female labor force participation Firstly, the amount of time devoted to unpaid care work is negatively correlated with female labor force participation. In countries where women spend an average of five hours on unpaid care activities, 50% of women in the working age-population are active, i.e. employed or looking for a job [Esquivel, 2013]. However, in countries where women spend three hours on unpaid care...
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...Essay: Distinguish between sex and gender and explain its implications for feminist theory Click here and here for two recent articles on contemporary Feminism from the New Statesman Magazine and here for a recent Observer article on biology, culture and gender. Click here for Varieties of Feminism In many past societies men and women have performed significantly different social roles and despite a range of economic, political and social changes such differences persist to a considerable extent in the contemporary world. For example in the case of the UK women are still more likely than men to take disproportionate responsibility for childcare and housework; their employment opportunities, although improving, are still worse than men’s and although they finally gained the right to vote in 1928 they are still much less likely than men to become local councillors, MPs or government ministers. There has been great controversy surrounding the extent to which these differences in social roles are explicable by biological sexual differences or by gender differences which are socially constructed rather than biologically determined. Sexual differences refer to biological differences between males and females such that there are variations between males and females in their chromosomes, their reproductive organs and their relative production of different hormones which in turn result in a range of physical differences. Males are on average hairier, have deeper voices and...
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...HRM531 Chapter Presentation prepares 1) Ch3 is talk about equal employment opportunity, it tell us how to use law to protect woman, disable person and other protected category’s legal job right, such as equal employment, and equal pay. This chapter is also introducing what’s sexual harassment, and what we can do, when sexual harassment happened. 2) Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) * All individuals should have equal treatment in all employment-related actions. Discrimination * “Recognizing differences among items or people.” Protected Category * A group identified for protection under EEO laws and regulations. •Race, color • gender • Age •Disability • Religion • Sexual orientation 3) Illegal employment discrimination: Protect category: Disparate treatment: Occurs when members of group are treated differently from others. * Occurs in employment-related situations when either: * Different standards are used to judge different individuals, or the same standard is used, but it is not related to the individuals’ jobs. Disparate impact: occurs when members of a protected category are substantially underrepresented as a result of employment decision work to their disadvantage. 4) EEO Concepts: Business necessity is a practice necessary for safe and efficient organizational operations. Job relatedness is employers are expected to use job- related employment practice BFOQs is characteristic providing a legitimate reason...
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...Influence of gender, race and socioeconomic differences on depression Introduction According to Link and Phelan (1995), socioeconomic resources are a major determinant of differences in wellbeing of people. This paper draws heavily on the work of Roxburgh (2009) to extend on the fundamental cause perspective by expanding of the definition of resources, examining how race and gender influence the differences in relations between resources and mental health and modeling the relation between social status, gender and race while taking into account any differences in effect of resources across race and gender. While Roxburgh (2009) used a 2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) dataset, this study used the 2011 NHIS dataset. According to fundamental cause perspective, socioeconomic resources (education, income and wealth) enables one to access resources which leads to better health outcomes through its influences on attitudes and behavior. According to role theory, the relation between role occupancy and health stems from access to resources, for example, social support which is derived from occupying socially value roles (Simon, 1995). For example, the primary social roles of marriage and employment confer one psychosocial support, social support and economic resources which lead to differences in welfare of individuals. For the case of employment, economic benefit in terms of income and co-worker social support plus the structured working routines encourage healthy...
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...Gender, equality, poverty and economic growth Gender equality in third world countries still remains poor in comparison to other well-developed countries. Third World Countries with religious subjectivity, rural factors and civic liberties are contributing to a gender gap in education and income possibilities of women in these countries (Sen, 2009). What these countries must realize is that women are the key to the global economic recovery of their countries. Unlocking the potential of women by narrowing the gender gap is the key to developing a Third World Countries economic efficiency. More and more women in third world countries are realizing that education is a key development in their lives, households and economies. Many of the women feel that gender equality when it comes to education is important in its own right (Sen, 2009). One of those women who advocate this education equality principle is Nobel Peace Prize winner and Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sir Leaf who strongly believes that education should be a right for both men and women. When asked about public resources in Liberia she went onto explain that her country is learning that changes in educational policies must occur in order to facilitate economic growth in their country. She stated that, “policies reflect equal opportunity, equity and allocation of public resources is not directed toward an elitist group and favorite few.” She claims that education should be a right of passage for everyone...
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...Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”. Yet, it is still legal in 29 states to be fired for just being gay. In 33 of the 50 states of the United States of America, one can be fired for being transgendered. These states do not have legal protections for members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Community (Solmonese, 2009). So does the “American Dream” only apply to “first class citizens”? This paper explores if the Employee Non Discrimination Act (ENDA) would protect employment decisions, which should be based upon a person's qualifications and job performance, not sexual orientation or gender identity (Solmonese, 2009). For over 50 years when there has been a case of an American being denied employment or promotions for reasons that were unrelated to their skills in the workplace, Congress responded by passing laws which were aimed at designing a system based solely on employee- merit and guaranteeing that subjective considerations do not govern access to employment (Herman, 2009). A specific act that has been brought to legislation, although has not passed, is the Employee Non Discrimination Act. ENDA is modeled after Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids employers from discriminating with regard to hiring, termination,...
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...Discrimination, no matter what kind is a shame to us as human beings. Why do we discriminate? Must we discriminate? Is there a need to classify one another and put them at a certain level? Discrimination is the practice of unfairly treating a person or group of people differently from other people or groups of people. The act of discriminating is the process by which two stimuli differing in some aspect are responded to differently. It is also the act, practice or an instance of discriminating categorically rather than individually, which becomes prejudicial. Discrimination has many categories of which includes, racial, religious and gender discrimination. For the first main point of my speech, I will be talking about racial discrimination. Racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favourably than another person because of their race, colour, Descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status. I don’t see the need for us to see one another as different colours. So what if we were born with different skin colours? We still have the same colour of blood don’t we? Racial discrimination is divided into two groups, which is direct and indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination is when a real estate agent refuses to rent a house to a person because of their particular racial background or skin colour. An indirect discrimination is when there is a rule or policy regarding equal rights but has an unfair effect on people of particular race, colour, Descent...
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...BUSI 600 - Literature Review Tony Hinds Liberty University Dr. Janet Jones October 11, 2013 Abstract The purpose of this literature review is to identify, discuss, and address gender discrimination in the workplace. Due to the broad spectrum of research regarding gender discrimination, this paper will primarily focus on women and pregnancy discrimination. This paper will attempt to uncover the obstacles and challenges experienced by women as they are subjected to the employment process and, if accepted for employment, what could await them within their workplace once they begin working. The statistical data collected and compiled within this literature review will attempt to support and prove that discrimination still exists today. The laws and regulations enacted within the United States to protect employees from the discriminatory practices of employers and whether they are adequately enforced will be discussed at length. Introduction There are thousands of discriminatory cases each year brought against corporations and employers by their employees and/or formal employees. The discrimination against individuals on the basis of gender is most prominent within the employment process, but also exists in the workplace after the acceptance of employment. Gender has been the subject of workplace discrimination and litigation for many years and recent data indicates that this trend is continuing. These types of discrimination are spread widely to include the assignment...
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...sources have been specifically acknowledged by referencing to author, work and page(s). Name: Li Fangchen Signature: Date: 30th August 2013 Content 1. Introduction 1 2. Current situation and problems of gender inequality in the workforce in China 1 2.1 General situation in gender discrimination 1 2.2 Discrimination against young women 2 2.3 Discrimination against migrant female workers 3 3. Compare with the situation in Europe 3 4. What measures should be taken 4 4.1 Recruitment and selection 4 4.2 Personal development 4 4.3 New organization of work 5 Reference 6 1. Introduction Gender inequality is a problem among the workplace globally, female employees tend to be paid fifteen to fifty percent less than male employees when they are working the same job. (Burnett,2010) In terms of the situation in China, although the Constitution in 1982 has reinforced laws and regulations to protect women's rights, the level of unemployment rate of women is still far higher than male employees (ibid). The development of Human Resource Management implicates a potential progress for gender equality(Sisson,1994). However, the gender equality assumption in HRM model is more like the rhetoric rather than the reality (Dikens,1998). Besides, HRM has received little attention in...
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...Women’s Changing Roles in the Context of Economic Reform and Globalization Shahra Razavi United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Palais des Nations 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland razavi @unrisd.org May 2003 (first draft: not to be quoted or cited without permission of author) Background Paper for the UNESCO Education for All Monitoring Report 2003: Gender and Education for All Introduction The 1980s and 1990s are frequently referred to as the era of globalization. While there is no consensus on what the term “globalization” means, for the purposes of this paper we use the term to refer to the greater openness of economies to international trade and finance, or external liberalization. The question that this paper will be tackling is how globalization has impacted on the growth of real economies in diverse regional contexts (Section One), their capacity to create employment (Section Two), and specifically how the new policy agenda has impacted on women’s labour force participation in diverse regional contexts and their enjoyment of social rights (Sections Three and Four). In addition to the available global data sets, the paper will be drawing on in-depth case studies from around the world in order to support the arguments that are being put forward. 1. International Economic Integration and Economic Growth The purpose of this section is to look at the growth implications...
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...Women Empowerment in Bangladesh: Effect of WTO Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) Introduction The negotiations on Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) are expected to lead Bangladesh to substantial increase in ReadyMade Garments (RMG) export in world market. The NAMA negotiations are aimed to reduce or eliminate tariffs, including tariff peaks, high tariffs, tariff escalation and nontariff barriers for non-agricultural goods, in particular on products of export interest to developing countries. Non-agricultural products include industrial goods, manufactured goods, textiles, fuels and mining products, footwear, jewellery, forestry products, fish and fisheries, and chemicals. Collectively, they represent almost 90% of world merchandise exports. WTO has decided to take Special and Differential treatment for developing and least developed Members like Bangladesh, including through less than full reciprocity in the reduction measures to assist LDCs to participate effectively in the negotiations. NAMA negotiations are likely to have important positive implications for the LDCs like Bangladesh in the form of increased export. As the structure of Bangladesh export is heavily titled towards labor-intensive sectors as apparels and textiles, increase in export will likely to have consequent positive implications on new job creations in RMG sector. In Bangladesh nearly 3 million workers are with RMG sector of which 80% is female workers. The...
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...economic consequences which perpetuate poverty and inequality while worsening social tensions. Lessening discrimination could help the world dramatically decrease poverty and promote decent work for all. Unions can play a crucial role in fighting discrimination nationally and internationally through political action and collective bargaining. But, their leaders and members are themselves subject to discrimination as workers are penalized for joining unions or participating in union activities. However, by better understanding discrimination in its many forms and devising strategies to combat it, unions could help eliminate discrimination and, at the same time, strengthen their organizations. What is discrimination? Discrimination in employment and occupation takes many forms, and occurs in all kinds of work settings. It entails treating people differently because of certain characteristics, such as race, colour or sex, which results in the impairment of equality of opportunity and treatment. In other words, discrimination results in, and reinforces, inequalities. With discrimination the freedom of human beings to develop their capabilities and to choose and pursue their professional and personal aspirations is restricted without regard for ability. Because of discrimination, skills and competencies cannot be developed, rewards to work are denied, and a sense of humiliation, frustration and powerlessness takes over. The International Labour Organization - the United Nations...
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...Unit 7 Case Analysis Certain types of employment require specific genders or qualifications from its employees. Although these types of requirements and discretionary procedures are not well favored by all and could be seen as discriminating, certain jobs and job-related situations would make the employers justified in their practices. Under Title VII and other various acts, employers are prohibited from discriminating against employees on the basis of gender. Discrimination in employment based on gender occurs when employers classify jobs as male or female, advertise in help-wanted columns designated male or female, or make separate lists of male and female seniority (Miller & Jentz, 2008, pg. 481). The plaintiff attempting to file suit must prove that gender was a determining factor in the employer’s decision to hire, fire or promote him or her while the employer must prove that the gender of the employee or applicant is essential to the job (Miller & Jentz, 2008, pg. 481). The Equal Pay Act of 1963 was passed to prohibit employers in engaging in gender-based wage discrimination. For this act’s rule to apply, the female and male employees must work at the same establishment doing similar work. This doesn’t mean that the particular jobs have to be identical in nature. The jobs do need to have substantial similarities in the equality of required skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions for them to qualify. When courts decide if the Equal Pay Act has been violated...
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