...The HPV immunization program implemented since 2008 in British Columbia school has been facing low acceptance by the public. Moral and ethical principles have been questioned by parents that present resistance HPV vaccine in children, even though important benefits are promoted by HPV vaccine. The public health authorities should promote the vaccination of school-aged girls against HPV, because the benefits and positive aspects are stronger than negative points once it is program ethically justified. The school-based HPV Vaccination Program is a program that adheres to the principle of beneficence. Due high efficiency, the HPV vaccine prevents HPV infections and malign disease that requires previous HPV infections to occur in young girls. Thus, the incidence of some type of cancer such as cervical cancer will decrease and...
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...Health Ethical Issues Research Paper NURS 318P Women’s Health Care A controversial topic that is currently being considered is the application of an early HPV vaccination in younger girls and boys. This sensitive subject has ethical implications and valid points can be argued both for and against the concept. Individuals that are for early vaccination hold that the vaccine prevents transmission of HPV, decreases chances of developing future complications, and is more cost effective in the long run. Individuals that take a stand against early vaccination will say the vaccine promotes risky sexual behavior, is not safe, takes away from parent’s autonomy, and is not cost effective in the immediate period. The following information will give insight to both sides of the argument and a personal stance on the issue. The first example in support of early vaccination is the prevention of transmission of human papilloma virus (HPV). There are symptoms that can occur as a result of having an HPV infection. Gardasil is found to be successful in preventing HPV infections from types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (Donahou, 2013). A benefit of the HPV vaccine is the provision that there is use of accepted medical technology that will prevent serious diseases when possible and minimize pain and suffering (Donahou, 2013). Vaccinating both young girls and boys is found to reduce HPV transmission (Chen, Shepherd, & Becker, 2012). White states “this vaccination may help prevent the spread...
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...Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Carmen Holder NUR/408 Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease found in the young, sexually active population. It is presenting itself as a growing concern among the most vulnerable population; teenagers. Usually, there are no signs or symptoms associated with HPV so most people do not realize they are infected or that they are exposing a sex partner to the virus. There are more than 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital area, but the two most common types are HPV 16 and 18. These two types are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). This paper will define epidemiology and describe the epidemiology triangle as it relates to HPV. A specific type of epidemiology, descriptive, will be explained in addition to various levels of prevention. “The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi (upon), demos (people), and logos (thought), and it originally referred to the spread of diseases of infectious origin (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 255). It was not until the twentieth century that the field of epidemiology was recognized as a discipline. The focus of epidemiology is on evidence-based practice and the outcomes are used to guide a change in practice. Due to the many manifestations of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, and other circumstances related...
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...the purpose of this paper, I purposely stayed away from life and death issues. I have a strong moral and ethical stance on allowing patients to die with dignity. Keeping patients alive or giving treatments to prolong life without quality is so against my morals. If the patient chooses to become a DNR or refuses "recommended" life sustaining treatments, they should have the autonomy to do so. A recent example in the news is the death of Steve Jobs. Now that he has passed away, everyone and their brother are saying that he was a difficult patient. They say he refused lifesaving treatments and surgeries. This is easy to say now that he has passed. We cannot go back now and do a Whipple on him to compare how much longer he would have lived. Whipples are extremely involved procedures and can lead to many complications, with no guarantee of prolonged life. Monday morning quarterbacks are a dime a dozen. The ethical issue that I choose to use for my paper is the recent dilemma of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for boys. Vaccinations in general have always been on the list of ethical topics in healthcare. From parents of newborns who believe in the false link between vaccinations and autism, to pediatricians who refuse to continue to provide care to their patients whose parents refuse to vaccinate, to the newest dilemma of the HPV vaccination. This dilemma includes the recent comment made by Republican presidential candidate Michele Bachmann about HPV vaccine causing mental...
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...Cover Letter Women Empowering Women Health Center Po Box 7234 Lexington, SC 29073 December 6, 2011 Arnold School of Public Health Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior Columbia, SC 29210 re: HPV & Cervical Cancer: A Health Promotion Plan to Promote Awareness and Prevention of HPV & Cervical Cancer Dear Dr. Brandt: I am writing to request funding for a program that is designed to bring awareness and prevention to Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer and genital warts, while encouraging a healthier lifestyle among young minority girls ages 10-18 in the state of South Carolina. Many young girls are at risk of getting the HPV virus due to lack of education and awareness about the virus. The program that we are launching is relatively simple. WEWHC is a non-profit organization that prides itself on educating the public about sexually transmitted infections/diseases. We are dedicated to empowering the public and proving them with the necessary tools and resources to make sound and educated judgments. Our staff is compiled of volunteers to include nurses, social workers, administrative assistants, health care physicians, and psychologists. Our motto is, “It takes a village.” With this concept in mind, the staff at WEWHC knows and understands the importance of having more than one person involved in helping the community. After one year the program will be evaluated by an independent source to determine...
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...Discussion Paper on Age of First Invitation for Cervical Screening and Frequency of Invitation of Cervical Screening for Women aged 50 to 64 years Authors: Dr Sharon Hillier, Miss Helen Beer, Dr Shantini Paranjothy, Dr Rosemary Fox, Mr Bryan Rose and Professor Hilary Fielder. Screening Division Public Health Wales NHS Trust Based on papers prepared by Professor Hilary Fielder and Mr Huw Brunt Date: May 2011 Version: 1 Publication/ Distribution: Public Health Wales (Intranet) Welsh Assembly Government Review Date: Review in May 2012 or sooner if new information or evidence is available. Purpose and Summary of Document: The current policy for Wales is that women aged between 20 and 64 years are invited for cervical screening every three years. Scotland invite women aged between 20-60 years every three years. England and Northern Ireland invite women from 25 years of age and reduce the frequency of invitations to every 5 years for those aged between 50 and 64 years. The purpose of this document is to review the evidence on which the age of Cervical Screening Wales, Screening Division, Public Health Wales Discussion paper on age of first invitation and frequency of invitation invitation and frequency of invitation is based and to discuss the implications of changes for the female population of Wales, for Cervical Screening Wales and for NHS Wales. Work Plan reference: Cervical Screening Wales, Screening Division. Date: May 2011 Version 1 Page: 2 of 50 Cervical Screening...
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...population and disease that will be discussed in relation to epidemiology in this paper with be teens and pregnancy. This paper will explore the role of epidemiology in HPV and teenagers and the contributing factors. This paper will also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle, and levels of preventions that is related with HPV and teenagers. Epidemiology is importance to public health in relation to disease prevention and health promotion. According to Stanhope & Lancaster (2008), epidemiology has been defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified population and the application of this study to control health problems. Epidemiology is not just “the study of” health in a population; it also involves applying the knowledge gained by the studies to community-based practice (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, n.d.). Epidemiology and its findings in relation to prevalence of diseases among certain populations is a vital ingredient to public health and the overall health of communities. The purpose of epidemiology is to find the cause of diseases that affect certain populations. The findings allow public health officials, leaders, and nurses to assess and evaluate current conditions, identify vulnerable populations, and plan for change. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that causes cervical and other anogenital cancers...
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...Prevalence of Oral human papillomavirus Infection in the United States, 2009-2010 Protection of Human Participants Gillison et al., (2012), used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to establish the widespread of oral Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the United States. There was a sample of 5571 participants used to conduct the study. NHANES explains the benefits of participating in the research study are that the participants receive free examinations in which there are measurements and tests that are not a part of a routine exam done in the physician office. Participants benefited by having many important tests performed free of charge while they also gain new insight into their health. They receive a preliminary report of findings from the test performed after their examinations are completed. To maintain confidentiality, the participants are given a password and number to call for their results when they were tested for sexually transmitted diseases. Regardless of age, every participant receives a cash payment as a "thank-you" for their time and effort. NHANES will also reimburse participants for transportation and baby and elder care (NHANES 2009-2010). According to NHANES, the participants are selected through a complex statistical process using the most current census information. NHANES 2009-2010 divides the United States into communities. The communities are divided into neighborhoods. The neighborhoods are selected at random. From...
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...Child Vaccinations Mandatory Law or Personal Choice By: Courtney Boyd Childhood vaccinations, a personal choice or mandatory law? The anti-vaccine movement created by parent complaints have made many parents and guardians question the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations. I will discuss the history of vaccines, how vaccinations work, the effects of not receiving vaccines, the exemptions of states, as well as a guide to the age a child should receive each vaccination and the vaccine required. History of the vaccine Do you know how long it usually takes for a new vaccine to become available to the public? Scientists and researchers spend many years (10-15) in science laboratories during the first stage of this extensive process. Once this process has been completed, the United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. F.D.A.) has a series of trials that are conducted on human volunteers. These series are used to test vaccine efficiency, to determine appropriate dosage, and to monitor adverse side effects. That’s not the end though, after these series of tests, the FDA still monitors the vaccine reactions for many years. The first vaccine was not discovered until 1798 by Edward Jenner and was used for vaccination against the smallpox virus. Later on, over a 100 years, Louis Pasteur proved that a disease could be prevented by infecting a person with the weakened germs. Dr. Pasteur used a vaccine on a boy in 1885 to prevent rabies as...
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...Health disparities of the LGBT community Darlene Poer Grand Canyon University Minerva Gonzales May 15, 2016 Health disparities of the LGBT community Many factors contribute to a person’s health status. Among them are, limited access to care, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “the social determinants of health as well as race are ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, age, and disability” (Myers, Yoon, & Kaufman, 2013). The Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community falls into this category. The individuals that belong to this group come from all ethnicities, races, economic and social statuses throughout the United States and the world. The Institute of Medicines report in 2011 states, “lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals have unique health experiences, but as a nation, we do not know exactly what these experiences and needs are ("LGBT health report," 2011, p. 4).For this reason their needs and health care inequities and inequalities should be addressed. The health promotion goal of the LGBT community is to “improve the health, safety, and well-being of lesbian, gay, and transgender individuals” ("," 2014). To understand the current health status of the LGBT community, one must understand some basic definitions. 1. Gender identity-A person’s basic sense of being male or female. 2. Gender expression- Manifestations that are defined as masculine or feminine. 3. Gender role...
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...infections. They are merely portions of the infection or a weakened form of the infection. These vaccines train the body to fight off the infection if exposed for real. This enables to body to produce antibodies against an infection it has never seen. These antibodies prevent deadly infections such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, influenza, rotavirus, HPV, and tetanus. Vaccines have been so powerful that they have completely eradicated smallpox. Smallpox is a notable disease for its high mortality rate during the 1800s. It was also the first vaccine invented by Edward Jenner in the mid-1800s. The world began vaccinating everyone against smallpox in the early 20th century. By the mid 20th century, the disease was completely eliminated. In fact, the global health community is so adamant that the disease is gone that countries stopped vaccinating against smallpox. Despite this, the disease has not made a return. It exists only in research laboratories today. The first question about vaccine arose in relation to autism. A research paper came out of the United Kingdom claiming that there was a link between vaccines and autism. This paper has since been completely debunked. The claims were unfounded. The author has lost his medical license. Many subsequent studies failed to demonstrate any link whatsoever. Furthermore, virtually every parent would rather have a child with autism than a child with a deadly disease that was vaccine preventable. The next question concerned the use of Thimerosal...
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...STD’s In America Jessica Ferguson Park University STD’s In America What you don’t know can’t hurt you right? Wrong. The purpose of this paper is to discuss sexually transmitted diseases and just how harmful and deadly they can be. Many people do not know that they are even at risk of catching an STD and even if they are already infected with one they may not have any symptoms leading them to believe that they have anything wrong with them and this can lead to passing the diseases on to their partners....
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...Being forced to eliminate or introduce clinical services within any health care facility because of a budget cut can be extremely difficult and stressful. The appropriate decision-making steps need to be implemented to ensure success to the final outcome. This paper will discuss how one can use the Informed Decision Toolbox to effectively determine which clinical services can be introduced or eliminated in a county clinic with a budget cut of 15%. The best tool used for the decision as well as how the toolbox affects accountability and knowledge transfer will also be discussed. As a manager in a county clinic that provides health care to Medicaid patients, clinical services can become expensive for the facility. Within the clinic, numerous services are offered including: blood pressure screenings, blood sugar testing, pregnancy tests, flu/shingles/HPV vaccinations, yearly examinations for women, free antibiotics for patients, and affordable prescription drugs. Multiple services are offered at the clinic to alleviate the community traveling to different health care facilities for their health care needs. “It is believed that integration of care leads to greater public access, including more equitable access for people from different communities and socio-economic backgrounds, a more convenient and satisfying service, and better health overall” (Dudley & Garner, 2011, para. 2). It is difficult for one to eliminate any of these services because of the budget cut, so Rundall’s...
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...Community Health 260 - Introduction to Medical Ethics – Spring 2014 Stephen J. Notaro, Ph.D. Julie Kumar Carrie Conlisk snotaro@illinois.edu jakumar@illinois.edu conlisk2@illinois.edu Huff Hall, Room 2005 Huff Hall, Room 95A Office hours by appointment Office hours by appointment Office hours by appointment Lecture: Mondays & Wednesdays, 10:00-10:50 AM in 112 Huff Hall Discussion: Mondays 9:00-9:50 AM in 429 Armory Tuesdays 9:00-9:50 AM in 1002 Huff Hall Wednesdays 12:00-12:50 PM in 429 Armory Thursday 1:00-1:50 PM in 1002 Huff Hall Course Description This course will take a community health perspective in introducing students to a wide range of issues in modern medical ethics. It will address research ethics and ethical issues in clinical practice. This course will inform issues of practical, philosophical importance for all members of our society. The Department of Community Health, which is involved in professional preparation and research in areas of health education, health behavior, health administration, and epidemiology, is uniquely equipped to present these issues from a biopsychosocial perspective. The rapid pace of change in clinical practice, basic and applied research, policy development, health law, and other related fields of medical ethics ensure a constant supply of new subject matter. All of us will participate in medical decision making in our lifetimes, as...
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...There are some issues that affect the health care industry negatively and positively. There issues with the pharmaceutical companies, the drugs pricing in America, the impact of different medical career trends, why has the numbers for health care professionals decline over the years, the effect of the different health care policy and what kind of development need to help fix this already crumbling health care industry. There have out cried from the public to congress and health care professionals to help elevate this issue from the American people suffering. There have been little or no definite and concrete solution on their part and the American people are suffering the consequences of high health care bills. This has led to stress on the pharmaceuticals companies all across the United States. The pharmaceutical market is looking forward to the by the year 2020 the United Sates pharmaceutical sales will double fifth globally. The issue with increase of chronic disease will increase in the develop world as it is the under develop world, if there is no effort to improve the health care system. Some of the example is the rising cost of drugs on the American people. The United States people pay a high cost on drugs than any other develop country. This one of the injustice in the health Care industry has must be taken care of in the future to come. The United States forbid the selling of drugs or important it in the United Sates even if that drug has met the FDA requirement...
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