...The Transtheoretical Model I. Introduction A. History of TTM B. Why the TTM is used for health promotion Thesis - The Transtheoretical Model is and will continue to be one of the most popular in the behavior change field due to its uniqueness and effectiveness. II. Transtheoretical Model A. Overview of the TTM B. Constructs of TTM III. Journal Article w| Transtheoretical Model A. How constructs are applied B. Critique on the model Shaquia Lewis UIN: 00965263 CRN: 29315 I pledge to support the Honor System of Old Dominion University. I will refrain from any form of academic dishonesty or deception, such as cheating or plagiarism. I am aware that as a member of the academic community it is my responsibility to turn in all suspected violations of the Honor Code. I will report to a hearing if summoned. The Transtheoretical Model The Transtheoretical Model has tremendously helped the health field progress to more inclusive approaches to research and other practices [2]. In the 1970s, James Prochaska laid the foundations for this model. In the 1990s, two scales were developed using the model [2]. This model is used for health promotion because it enables people to make behavioral changes and improve their health. The Transtheoretical Model is and will continue to be one of the most popular in the behavior change field due to its uniqueness and effectiveness. The Transtheoretical Model has six constructs with two being broken...
Words: 1013 - Pages: 5
...Week 1 Assignment HCA 331: Introduction to Health Care Education Instructor: Debra Storlie September 23, 2013 In order for health education to be successful, it is imperative to fully understand how behavior can change in an instant. Health education depends on using the proper theories and models. This paper will address the theories and models used in health education, the importance of the theories, as well as real world examples and information from models used in health education. To understand why it is important to use theories, one must first understand the difference between theories and models. While theories are a set of interrelated concepts and definitions and propositions used to present a systematic view of events or situations, models are composites of mixtures and ideas taken from a number of theories and used together (Cottrell, Girvan, & McKenzie, 2012). Theories and models are intertwined in health education. Theories are important in health education because they influence how evidence is collected, analyzed, understood, and utilized. When theories are implicit, they have the power to clarify and reveal new ideas and insights. Overall, theories influence health education by providing focus on implementation processes to continually improve and make the required adjustments. The socio-ecological approach is important in health education because it examines how one’s physical, social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions influence their...
Words: 959 - Pages: 4
...Behavioural change theories are attempts to explain why behaviours change. These theories cite environmental, personal, and behavioural characteristics as the major factors in behavioural determination. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the application of these theories in the areas of health, education, criminology, energy and international development with the hope that understanding behavioural change will improve the services offered in these areas. Contents • 1 General theories and models o 1.1 Self-efficacy o 1.2 Learning theories/behaviour analytic theories of change o 1.3 Social learning/social cognitive theory o 1.4 Theory of reasoned action o 1.5 Theory of planned behaviour o 1.6 Transtheoretical/stages of change model o 1.7 Health action process approach o 1.8 Education o 1.9 Criminology o 1.10 Energy • 2 Objections General theories and models Each behavioural change theory or model focuses on different factors in attempting to explain behavioural change. Of the many that exist, the most prevalent are the learning theories, Social Cognitive Theory, Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behaviour, Transtheoretical Model and the Health Action Process Approach. Research has also been conducted regarding specific elements of these theories, especially elements like self-efficacy that are common to several of the theories. Self-efficacy Self-efficacy is an individual's impression of their own ability to perform a demanding or challenging...
Words: 1596 - Pages: 7
...Physical activity is generally unplanned whereas exercise is structured and consists of repetitive bodily movements, for example going for a run. To gain the large amounts of health benefits associated with being physically fit excessive exercise is not required. The National Health Service and the Department of Health both state that adults should be completing a minimum of 150 minutes of physical activity per week. The physical activity should be moderate to vigorous intensity. Alternately 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity across the week such as running, football or swimming. All adults should also aim to improve muscle strength on at least two days a week and minimise sedentary activities. There are many health benefits associated with physical activity, there are also implications on health of inactivity and large prolonged periods of sedentary behaviour. Sedentary behaviour is not the absence of physical activity as many believed it is periods of doing very little so that energy expenditure is very low, for example sitting or lying down. People can be sedentary when sitting at work or reading a book, this is due to the very low energy expenditure. Guidelines As of current there are no universally accepted guidelines for the limit on the amount of sedentary time. The Department of health produced a report in March 2010 showing how different countries...
Words: 2397 - Pages: 10
...In a quest to reduce my carbonated caloric intake, I will embarked on an effort to change some parts of my lifestyle. I will apply each of the core constructs Transtheoretical Model Stages of Change to my health behavior. In addition, I will describe the processes of change that enable each of the stages as well as the preferred intervention. Finally, I will discuss my overall confidence in my ability to change this behavior. As individuals progress through the Transtheoretical Model Stages of change, decisional balance shifts in crucial ways. In the Pre-contemplation stage, the pros in favor of behavior change are outweighed by the relative cons for change and in favor of maintaining the existing behavior. In the Contemplation stage, the pros and cons tend to carry equal weight, leaving the individual ambivalent toward change. If life’s scale is tipped, in favor for change, outweighing cons for maintaining an unhealthy lifestyle or behavior; the next...
Words: 1475 - Pages: 6
...define who is overweight or obese. For adults a BMI of 25-29.9 is considered over weight, anything above 30 is considered obese (CDC info at cdc.gov). Obesity is one of the most discussed current health issue, because it is a precursor to hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, gall stone, breathing problems and certain cancers. Preventing over weight and obesity will in effect reduce or eliminate these conditions from the population. Obesity is the second leading cause of preventable death in United States. Obesity affects 97 million Americans that are over 30% of the population. It cost about $100 billion a year to manage obesity related disease. (NIH publication 98-4083). Overweight and obesity is very common in minority groups, but affects people of all ages, but the number rises with age, and has a particular relationship to socio-economic status. The lower the socio-economic status the greater the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Rational: We chose this health indicator because as nursing students, we think it is important to live a healthy lifestyle and also educate the public about healthy eating to prevent overweight and obesity. We believe obesity is a preventable disease. Too much time is spent by Americans sitting in a couch and watching television and playing video games than in the gym. Objectives: Since overweight and obesity is a “lifestyle” health issue, it is preventable. Obesity among Africa American is higher in relation...
Words: 1294 - Pages: 6
...Personal Health Assessment and Health Promotion Plan Abstract The purpose of this assignment is to gain a greater understanding of the health promotion concepts through self reflection. I plan to do this by identifying three self-assessment tools; a food journal, exercise log and sleep log, along with providing rationale for the chosen instruments. I will also address the Transtheoretical Model (TM), which stages I have gone through and which stage I am currently in. These tools and stages along with a wellness diagnosis will help me to develop a personal health plan. The outcomes of the interventions will be discussed and will include personal achievements and success. Personal Health Assessment and Health Promotion Plan The definition of health is very subjective; it can vary from person to person. What one person might consider healthy another might consider being average. I define good health as a complete circle of one’s physical, emotional, spiritual and mental well-bring. Personal health assessment is a key building block in understanding your own health. Once there is an understanding one can make plans for improvement. According to Pender “a thorough assessment of health and health behaviors is the foundation for tailoring a health promotion-prevention plan” (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2011, p. 89). Once my definition of health was clearly defined, I took a closer look at my personal health beliefs by completing the Health Beliefs Survey (Appendix A)...
Words: 3454 - Pages: 14
...Health Promotion Plan Linda Nowlin Western Kentucky University Teaching Health Promotions N340 Dr. Deborah Williams March 14, 2012 NURS 340: Health Promotion Plan Health Promotion Plan: Diet, Nurtrition (The Purpose of this Plan is to assist an individual to improve diet and nutrition through better food choices) Assessment Name: Linda Nowlin Describe a typical day, including eating times and places, activities, etc. Since I work nights, my typical eating times and places are not on a schedule like most people. When I’m at work, I eat around 10 pm to 1 am. Sometimes it is just grab something while standing or sometimes sitting. Sometimes, it is in front of a computer while charting. On my days off, I try to have a scheduled time to eat, such as breakfast around 8 am, lunch around 12 pm and dinner around 5-6 pm. My activity level has really dropped this winter. I did exercise at the YMCA 3-4 times per week, lately, I haven’t been at all, but I do want to get back to it. What vitamins or other supplements do you take? Include dosages. I currently don’t take any vitamins or supplements. What kind of dietary restrictions do you have? Are they self-imposed or medically imposed? Discuss how these impact your daily routine. I currently have no dietary restrictions either medically or self-imposed. Have you had any weight gain/loss within the last month? Please discuss. Over the past 6 months, I’ve had a slow weight loss and in the past month, I’ve probably...
Words: 1870 - Pages: 8
...Discussion on how theory and research in health psychology has been helpful or unhelpful in addressing human problems. Areas important in health psychology involve studies of behaviour which courses illness and also a way to try motivate individuals to leave healthy with the influence from hospitals and care professionals in the society. ‘Health psychology is the aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional contribution of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illnesses’ Matarazzo (1980). As health psychology is widely related to health the definition of healthy is by the World Health Organization (WHO) 1948 saying that health is ‘the state of complete physical, social and spiritual well-being, not simply the absences of illnesses’. As psychology is the science of behaviour and change; psychologists have helped to influence change in people’s life. As health psychology is interested mainly in health and health maintenance rather than on diseases and disease prevention. It was found in the 1970s when many countries (western) began to suffer from diseases and death in result to declining expenditures, to resolve the situation health promotion strategies were introduced. As there are many factors that courses diseases for example smoking which leads to diseases like cardiovascular disease, to investigate the relationship between health behaviours, health and disease outcomes studies would be...
Words: 1854 - Pages: 8
...Hypertension is word that is used to describe high blood pressure .Blood pressure is the force the blood produces against the arterial wall as your heart pumps. The heart pumps the blood though the artery as it flows it pushes the blood against the walls of the arteries creating pressure. The higher the pressure is against the wall the higher the blood pressure will be. The pressure is related to the size of the artery which the blood passes through the smaller the artery is the higher the pressure will be. The pressure is measured in milliliters of mercury Blood pressure is at the highest when the heart contracts or pumps the blood through the arteries this measurement is called the Systolic pressure. The blood pressure is at the lowest when the heart is at rest or filling up with blood this measurement is called the Diastolic pressure. Blood pressure is measured by two numbers which is the Systolic number or the top number and the Diastolic number or the bottom number. For example the pressure is usually written as 120/90 mm Hg. According to the American Heart Association defines hypertension as any of the following “Having an untreated systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher. Having a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher .Taking antihypertensive, being told at least twice by a physician or other healthcare professional that you have hypertension" ( The American Heart Association 2011). Hypertension is referred to as the silent killer as there are little symptoms...
Words: 1155 - Pages: 5
...weaknesses and ethical issues. This work will evaluate nurse’s role in providing care and treatment including health education and promotion by helping patients/client’s motivation for change. Through reflection on practise, the writer’s clinical placement practise experiences of working with alcohol dependent clients in the community shall be use for illustration. Name and place will not be mentioned due to patient’s confidentiality (NMC, 2008). In conclusion, recommendations will be made to improve practice. The aim of this work is to critically evaluate the effectiveness of MI as a psychosocial intervention in alcohol dependence. The rational and motivation for choosing to explore this topic is because of a particular interest in substance misuse nursing and experiences from using MI in the care and treatment of alcohol dependent clients. Alcohol dependence represents a major burden to the National Health Service (NHS) and the wider health and social care systems (alcohol concern, 2009, Cabinet Office, 2003). The Department of Health (2004) estimates that nationally, six percent of men and two percent of women can be classified as alcohol dependent. It is estimated that between 15,000 and 22,000 deaths occur each year resulting from alcohol related illness like stroke, cancer, liver disease (Cirrhosis or Hepatitis) and accidental injury or suicide (RCP, 2001). The World Health Organisation (2001) defined alcohol dependent individuals as those exhibiting a range of...
Words: 2888 - Pages: 12
...cluster random sampling. Data were collected from January to March 2010 using a self-administered questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify the factors related to the Pap smear practice. Results: The rate for participants who ever had Pap test was only 38% and poor practice of was significantly higher among: those with aged less than 35 years; those practicing hormonal contraceptive method; and individuals perceiving barriers to the Pap smear screening test. In contrast, the findings were significantly lower in women with longer duration of teaching service; higher income groups; ever pregnant; having chronic diseases; health insurance coverage; and who had perceived benefit of Pap smear screening. Conclusion: Barriers towards practicing Pap smear exist even among educated career women. Tailor-made health promotion and education on cervical cancer and the benefit of Pap smear screening are essential to change the behavior of the study population. Keywords: Pap smear practice - related factors - cervical cancer prevention - Malaysia Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 12, 1347-1352 Introduction Cervical cancer has emerged as a major global...
Words: 1280 - Pages: 6
...the information, I investigated my own problematic explanatory style and related negative results. I hope to identify my own behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and changes in both psychological and neurological perspectives. As my graduation-time comes closer, I had to make a big decision of my life. It was my life changing decision of whether I stay in the United States or go back in my home country. Frankly, I have already made a decision to go back to South Korea a while ago. Yet, I was often confused and nervous about the decision that I have made because of my explanatory style. Since I do not have a plan other than preparing for a graduate school from the moment I leave the school, I know it would be better for me to have optimistic beliefs constantly reminding myself, “I will be okay and I will do just fine.” However, it was surprisingly challenging because I tended to have pessimistic thoughts about my forthcoming uncertain future. Erikson’s theory with varying degrees of skepticism explains my pessimistic ways of perceiving the situation and self-doubt habits. According to Erikson’s approach called a theory of psychosocial stage, I must have developed mistrust or...
Words: 1444 - Pages: 6
...Communication in the Health Care Context The World Health Organizations’ first International Congress for health promotion produced the Ottawa charter (1986) and stated health promotion as being “the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health”. The promotional poster in this report has been developed for the physical activity health area, with a segmented target audience of women aged 40 to 60 years. The poster aims to communicate and reinforce the benefits of physical fitness. Whilst evaluating the poster approach to health communication, other forms of health communication, and their effectiveness, are also discussed. The Wanless report (2004) described the “Fully Engaged Scenario” whereby unless there is substantial support of the public in pursuit of their health and well-being, the cost of treatment of chronic conditions by the National Health Service will become untenable. Current Welsh Government policy promotes physical activity in line with the report of the 2004 White paper. The recommended level of physical activity should be 30 minutes of moderate activity on at least 5 or more days per week. Research conducted by Sport Wales (2012), in their “state of the nation” paper, indicate that by age 45, only 36% of women are physically active and continue to be 14 percentage points lower than men until after age 65. Therefore, based on a needs assessment developed from the respective reports, the promotional poster for this assignment...
Words: 2681 - Pages: 11
...ORIGINAL REPORTS: CANCER INTEREST, AWARENESS, AND PERCEPTIONS OF GENETIC TESTING AMONG HISPANIC FAMILY MEMBERS OF BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS Objective: To provide a preliminary description of the interest, awareness, and perceptions of genetic testing among Hispanics with a family history of breast cancer Design: This cross-sectional pilot study used interpersonal structured interviews for data collection. Participants: We interviewed 48 Hispanics without breast cancer but who had a family member with breast cancer; participants lived in San Antonio and the surrounding area. Main Outcome: The outcomes were interest in breast cancer genetic testing, awareness about genetic testing, perceived risk of carrying a breast cancer susceptibility gene, and the perceived benefits and risks associated with a genetic test. Measures: Items previously used in research regarding interest and perceived genetic risk and a previously validated benefits and riskslimitations scale for genetic testing commonly used by other researchers were used to measure the outcomes. Results: Awareness of genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility was very low, yet most (82%) participants were interested in a genetic test for breast cancer susceptibility. Participants were more likely to identify with the benefits than the potential risks of genetic testing. The most highly endorsed benefits were to know to take better care of one’s self and to undergo more frequent screening. Conclusions: Hispanics seem to...
Words: 4990 - Pages: 20
