...Cons One of the biggest cons that is used against Physician assisted suicide is the Hippocratic Oath to do no harm, Doctors must take to become a doctor. The oath states that a doctor is to never give a deadly drug to anyone that asks and to never make that suggestion. If we want to get technical evetime a doctor prescribes a drug they are giving that person a deadly drug. All drugs have horrific side effects that can-do harm to one’s body, that is why we have follow up appointments to test and retest that our organs are not being damage by the prescribed medication. If a patient that is terminally ill wants to die they could save up their pain medication that had been prescribed by their physician and take their own life. How can it truly be harming a person if by administrating a drug to a terminally ill patient to end their life when they have already been given a terminal diagnosis? The Hippocratic Oath has been changed before with the changes in the medical field, it should be changed again to allow for physician assisted suicide....
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...strongly influenced by cultural elements. BREIF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON WESTERN ETHICAL CODES The influence of culture on ethical professional practice could be traced back to the time of the development of some selected code of ethics. Professional codes in the West typically follow the Hippocratic tradition (Veatch, 19997) which is often acknowledged by both physicians and lay people as the foundation of medical ethics for physicians in the west. Among the Christian cultures, a new version of the Hippocratic oath called the oath According to Hippocrates insofar as a Christian may swear it (Jones, 1924), emerged for Christian physicians with some changes to reflect the culture of the Christian Kingdom. These includes removal of references to the Greek gods and goddesses, the dropping of the prohibition against surgery whilst strengthening the prohibition on abortion (Veatch, 19997). Similarly, the Percival’s medical ethics which become the foundation of modern Anglo-American professional physicians’ ethics also show some variation with the Hippocratic Oath. The religious virtue of purity and holiness of the Hippocratic Oath are replaced with virtues of gentleman: Physicians should “unite tenderness with steadiness and condescension with authority” (Percival, 1927). ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL LIFE IN...
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...that rather than to see herself and her quality of life deteriorate, or be a burden to others, to forego physician-assisted suicide. While death with dignity has made its seem as if it is helping people, there are some questions that come into play. What about the family of the disabled? What are you telling people who are disabled or stricken with sickness that will eventually lead to their death? With the death with dignity act, it is telling people they should give up, not only on life, but on themselves and allows further people’s right to take away the life of the most defenseless. It...
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...bills with the same goals: House Bill No. 4244 or An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health, and Population and Development, and For Other Purposes introduced by Albay 1st district Representative Edcel Lagman, and Senate Bill No. 2378 or An Act Providing For a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development introduced by Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago. THESIS OR CONVICTION: Yes, COUNTER ARGUMENT: No, because SUPPORTING ARGUMENTS 1. No, because Philip Nitschke, MD, Director and Founder of Exit International, commented in his June 5, 2009 interview with Kathryn Jean Lopez titled "Euthanasia Sets Sail" that appeared in the National Review Online: "Over time the Hippocratic Oath has been modified on a number of occasions as some of its tenets became less and less acceptable. References to women not studying medicine and doctors not breaking the skin have been deleted. The much-quoted reference to 'do no harm' is also in need of explanation. Does not doing harm mean that we should prolong a life that the patient sees as a painful burden? Surely, the 'harm' in this instance is done when we prolong the life, and 'doing no harm' means that we should help the patient die. Killing the patient--technically, yes. Is it a good thing--sometimes, yes. Is it consistent with good medical end-of-life care: absolutely yes." 2. No, because Sherwin Nuland,...
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...Business Research Ethics RES/351 University of Phoenix Business Research Ethics Unethical medical business research has occurred throughout time, and is particularly punctuated by the experiments conducted by at least 23 Nazi physicians on Jews, political prisoners, and the physically and mentally handicapped during World War II. Unethical medical procedures were performed without the knowledge, consent, or protection of the subjects (University of Phoenix, 2011, Week One Reading). Advancement in medicine requires testing on humans and animals; however, medical research is considered unethical if the testing is performed against the will of the subjects. During World War II, Nazi doctors performed up to 30 different experiments on concentration camp prisoners that caused the victims intense pain, mutilation, permanent disability, and at worst, death (Tyson, 2000). Many of the experiments were conducted to improve the performance of the German military personnel, to multiply the Aryan race, and to develop vaccines for diseases. Some of the experiments included studying the effects of high altitude on the brain, monitoring bodily reactions to freezing temperatures, infecting victims with bacteria or gas gangrene in inflicted battlefield-type wounds, and injecting poisons. Others included amputation to attempt bone, muscle, and joint transplantation, sterilization, and artificial insemination (Tyson, 2000). The sum of concentration camp victims...
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...protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well-being. Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence. The term "beneficence" is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation. In this document, beneficence is understood in a stronger sense, as an obligation. Two general rules have been formulated as complementary expressions of beneficent actions in this sense: (1) do not harm and (2) maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms. The Hippocratic maxim "do no harm" has long been a fundamental principle of medical ethics. Claude Bernard extended it to the realm of research, saying that one should not injure one person regardless of the benefits that might come to others. However, even avoiding harm requires learning what is harmful; and, in the process of obtaining this information, persons may be exposed to risk of harm. Further, the Hippocratic Oath requires physicians to benefit their patients "according to their best judgment." Learning what will in fact benefit may require exposing persons to risk. The problem posed by these imperatives is to decide when it is justifiable to seek certain benefits despite the risks involved, and when the benefits should be foregone because of the risks. The obligations of beneficence affect both individual investigators and society at large, because they extend both to particular research projects and to the entire enterprise of research. In the case...
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...Homer ca. 8th century BC Homer is best known for the two epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad is generally considered the oldest work of Western literature. Even the Greeks themselves recognized Homer for his influence and did not consider themselves educated unless they had read his works. It’s disputed whether Homer actually is a historic person. Absolutely nothing is known about him or his life and some scholars believe that the Iliad and the Odyssey are the works of multiple authors rather than just one. No matter who wrote them, both the Iliad and the Odyssey have had a huge influence on literature. In fact, even Shakespeare based one of his plays on the Iliad. Sophocles ca. 496 – 406 BC Sophocles was a tragedian who wrote 123 plays during his life. Only seven have survived in entity, but they include classics such as Antigone, Oedipus the King and Electra. He developed theater by adding a third actor, reducing the importance of the chorus, and introducing scenography. Sophocles also abolished the traditional trilogic form of tragedies and made each play complete in itself – this added dramatic value to the plays. Herodotus ca. 484 – 425 BC Herodotus is considered the father of history in Western culture. He approached history as a science by collecting his material systematically and testing its accuracy. Herodotus was also a gifted narrator. The word history itself comes from Herodotus’ book The Histories, which means “inquiries” in Greek....
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...However, not every human being is capable of self-determination. The capacity for self-determination matures during an individual's life, and some individuals lose this capacity wholly or in part because of illness, mental disability, or circumstances that severely restrict liberty. Respect for the immature and the incapacitated may require protecting them as they mature or while they are incapacitated. Some persons are in need of extensive protection, even to the point of excluding them from activities which may harm them; other persons require little protection beyond making sure they undertake activities freely and with awareness of possible adverse consequence. The extent of protection afforded should depend upon the risk of harm and the likelihood of benefit. The judgment that any individual lacks autonomy should be periodically reevaluated and will vary in different situations. In most cases of research involving human subjects, respect for persons demands that subjects enter into the research voluntarily and with adequate information. In some situations, however, application of the principle is not obvious. The involvement of prisoners as subjects of research provides an instructive example. On the one hand, it would seem that the principle of respect for persons requires that prisoners not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research. On the other hand, under prison conditions they may be subtly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in research activities...
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...not only tolerated, but accepted. Many ancient Greeks, Romans and Pagan Physicians performed frequent abortions as well as both voluntary and involuntary mercy killings. During these early times, it made more sense to support voluntary death rather than prolonged agony, and physicians complied by giving their patients the poisons they requested. The ancients stressed the deliberate intent to die, provided that it was done for the right reasons; for example, to end the affliction caused by a terminal illness. Indeed, in classical Athens, the city judges kept a supply of toxic for anyone who wished to end there suffering. So how has this affected our society today? Should this act be tolerated? Should this offense be legal? During the Holocaust, assisted suicide played an immense role which later demonstrated the apparent danger of following such a sequence. Unfortunately Americans are prone to short term memory and thus the debate has risen again. With the legalization of assisted suicide, must come an abundant amount of restrictions. Restrictions need to include an age limit on the patient, time passed after being diagnosed that the request will be considered, mandatory health screenings, physically and mentally, screening of the physician that will be administering the lethal dosage. A background check needs to be performed on the family and close friends to prevent retaliation on the administering physician. Law enforcement and superior hospital administration should be required...
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...Running head: MAINTAINING PATIENT CONFIDENCE: AN OVERVIEW Maintaining Patient Confidence: An Overview of Nursing Aspects Glenn E. Reihing RN CEN Grand Canyon University NRS – 437V Ethical Decision Making in Healthcare Professor Terri Bond November 10, 2013 Maintaining Patient Confidence: An Overview of Nursing Aspects Maintaining a confidence with another person has always been a sacred trust and duty within the medical community. It was important enough that it is in both the Hippocratic Oath and the Nightingale Pledge. The nursing oath not only looked at the patient’s privacy but the family unit as well. The foundation of trust and respect is built upon the notion that the patient can tell their medical provider whether it is a nurse or doctor anything and it will be kept private. Patients expect the medical community to maintain that duty. There are situations when confidentiality may conflict with other ethical ideals. A breach of confidentiality occurs when a medical professional discloses information that the patient reasonably expects to be private. When a confidence is divulged, it then is reasonable for the patient to assume that anything they have disclosed revealed. It is a sign of disrespect to the patient that the nurse would make known medical information that they would reasonably expect to be consider private. This type of breach can destroy a bond of trust developed between the patient and their clinician. If the patient does not believe their...
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...bills with the same goals: House Bill No. 4244 or An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health, and Population and Development, and For Other Purposes introduced by Albay 1st district Representative Edcel Lagman, and Senate Bill No. 2378 or An Act Providing For a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development introduced by Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago. THESIS OR CONVICTION: Yes, COUNTER ARGUMENT: No, because SUPPORTING ARGUMENTS 1. No, because Philip Nitschke, MD, Director and Founder of Exit International, commented in his June 5, 2009 interview with Kathryn Jean Lopez titled "Euthanasia Sets Sail" that appeared in the National Review Online: "Over time the Hippocratic Oath has been modified on a number of occasions as some of its tenets became less and less acceptable. References to women not studying medicine and doctors not breaking the skin have been deleted. The much-quoted reference to 'do no harm' is also in need of explanation. Does not doing harm mean that we should prolong a life that the patient sees as a painful burden? Surely, the 'harm' in this instance is done when we prolong the life, and 'doing no harm' means that we should help the patient die. Killing the patient--technically, yes. Is it a good thing--sometimes, yes. Is it consistent with good medical end-of-life care: absolutely yes." 2. No, because Sherwin...
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...case and trying to find the particular moral issues besides the obvious I found that the parents and siblings all gave their consent to have the testing done to find the match. By giving implicit consent we are morally agreeing to accept something regardless of the outcome. All of the family members are aware of the test and if the results come back in her favor that one of the matches will give their own kidney. I found that the physician is put into a situation where many ethical and moral issues are jeopardized when asked to lie to the family. The relevant facts are stated in my argument. The patient is a very young girl with many years left to live and it has been made clear that without the kidney transplant she will not make it. Also she has already been through dialysis and has suffered a great deal from her condition. She has a 90% survival rate which makes the case much more relevant due to the fact that it is such a strong outcome. Not to mention the rest of the family is torn apart and devastated I am sure. As a physician he is to carry out a very specific role to the patients themselves. He has taken an oath to do whatever necessary to take care of the sick child. I am also aware that the father has rights and has come to the doctor in confidently and is worried about his own safety. Due to the nature of the agreement stated earlier I believe he has not...
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...HIPAA Privacy Rule as it Relates to Research Roshontae Henley Holy Names University HIPAA Privacy Rule as it Relates to Research Since the earliest days of nursing, respect for patient privacy and confidentiality has been the building blocks to a successful nurse-patient relationship. Currently, it has become a careful piece in the researcher-participant relationship. Privacy and confidentiality are the most important issues in research ethics. Due to our computer aged society, protection of research participant's privacy has fused a great challenge. Researchers, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), and administrators have their hands full with all the privacy and confidentiality matters that are essential to research. As nurses, we are familiar with the health insurance portability act (HIPAA) as it relates to healthcare. Considerably, the focus of this paper is to expand our knowledge of how maintaining confidentiality and protecting privacy in the research setting has influenced the HIPAA privacy rule. Privacy is defined as freedom from damaging publicity, public scrutiny, secret surveillance, or unauthorized disclosure of one's personal data or information, as by a government, corporation, or individual (Dictionary.com, 2015, figure 3). Privacy means a person has control over the extent, timing, and circumstances of sharing themselves with others. It relates to a participant's disclosure of information to a researcher. On the other hand, confidentiality is the act...
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...1. Respect for Persons. -- Respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. The principle of respect for persons thus divides into two separate moral requirements: the requirement to acknowledge autonomy and the requirement to protect those with diminished autonomy. An autonomous person is an individual capable of deliberation about personal goals and of acting under the direction of such deliberation. To respect autonomy is to give weight to autonomous persons' considered opinions and choices while refraining from obstructing their actions unless they are clearly detrimental to others. To show lack of respect for an autonomous agent is to repudiate that person's considered judgments, to deny an individual the freedom to act on those considered judgments, or to withhold information necessary to make a considered judgment, when there are no compelling reasons to do so. However, not every human being is capable of self-determination. The capacity for selfdetermination matures during an individual's life, and some individuals lose this capacity wholly or in part because of illness, mental disability, or circumstances that severely restrict liberty. Respect for the immature and the incapacitated may require protecting them as they mature or while they are incapacitated. Some persons are in need of extensive...
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...finding the line between what is legally right and what is not ethical is not a simple task. There was recent news in Turkish doctor is being tired for that reason. The doctor was on trial because he refused to treat a patent because of the scenario whole have required him to breach the doctor-patient confidentially law. The gendarmeries were bound under the order to not leave the patient, which was also a prisoner, unsupervised due to the Tripartite Protocol. In this paper I will be talking about legal and ethical issue that will arise from both sides, when each of the party is bound by separates laws, as well as what happen what these laws overlap. Issue and impact With the case with regarding Sadik Cayan, Mulamahmutoğlu with a physician from south-eastern turkey whom refused a treatment of an inmate who was brought in the medical facility where we was working, for his concerns that the scenario would the doctor patient confidentiality law (Bianet, 2011). The case that I am talking about will affect all of the prisoner that are require healthcare treatment in a hospital setting, the law enforcement official requited to supervise the inmate and the medical professionals to called on of the treat the of patients. This doesn’t include the general public whose does agree with one did or the other. When the media is surrounding this case it is getting people who side with the medical professionals and les with the legal side of the dilemma. Many of the community member have...
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