...Indonesia: Searching For The Ratu Adil In the 1966 Italian film ‘The Battle of Algeries, the insurgent leader Ben M'Hidi is having a conversation with one of his foot soldiers named Ali. During this scene Ben M’Hidi makes an observation that was true of many nationalist movements for self-determination during the 20th century by stating “It's hard to start a revolution. Even harder to continue it, and hardest of all to win it. But, it's only afterwards, when we have won, that the true difficulties begin. In short, Ali, there's still much to do. “ (Pontecorvo, 1966). Ben M’hidi’s words have rung true of a great many of the national revolutions as the world moved from an imperial world order to one of sovern nation states. The Indonesian archipelago has a history of civilization going back as far as the 7th century CE, but not a united one. The diversity of the region is exemplified in its current national motto, “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” (Unity in Diversity). However, prior to the 20th century this unity was largely nonexistent, and instead consisted of rival kingdoms and sultanates, vying for power with each other and technologically and socially backwards in relation to the Imperial powers which were becoming aware of the potential the region could serve to those who controlled its trade routes and resources. In the 17th century CE, Dutch traders realized the potential of East Indies trade, and set forward in consolidating power over the region. To gain control over the...
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...The History of Indonesia Brittany McGhaney SOCI 200-D09 Mr. Robert Clark December 12, 2011 The History of Indonesia Abstract Indonesia is a chain of islands located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, with over 180 million people and 300 different ethnicities. Majority of the population are Malay or Polynesian. The minorities include China, India, Arabia, and Persia. Also included are European colonial powers such as Portugal, Holland, Spain, and England. The nation is largest Muslim country in the world. However, it does have other religions such as Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Although, Indonesia is one of many least industrializing nations, they are huge exporting partners with Japan and they get most of their goods imported from Singapore. Just like every other country, they have their own special holidays that they get together with family and friends and celebrate. Indonesia’s dress, customs, and beliefs all vary with the different cultures throughout the islands. The History of Indonesia There are about 200 nations all around the world, each of them having similarities and differences (Henslin, p 246-247). Each country has their customs, beliefs, traditions, foods, holidays, etc. Some are richer than others are, whether it is in monetary ways or having oil. The countries that are thought of as less fortunate are typically called third-world countries. Indonesia can fit into the category of a third-world country. History, Culture...
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...7/7/2014 7 Centuries of History: Colonization and Decolonization of Indonesia “If you are sufficiently determined to achieve something, than you will find a way of doing so.,” an Indonesian proverb utters. Spread across thousands of islands between Asia and Australia, today the Republic of Indonesia is the world's largest Muslim population in Southeast Asia as well as Southeast Asia's biggest economy. Nonetheless, the road to Indonesian success on freedom and independence was full of hurdles and challenges. Throughout the centuries, Indonesia faced Portuguese, Dutch and Japanese invasions, as well as governmental conflicts, terrorism, and natural disasters. In the hands of colonizing powers and invaders, Indonesian independence was not proclaimed until the mid-twentieth century. However, its history goes back to 14th century, way before the very first colonialism spark in Europe. Despite the scarcity of information regarding 14th- 15th century Indonesia, the presence of two dominant states Majapahit in East Java and Malacca in Malaya can be mentioned. Like many island countries, landforms and climate of the region had great significance on agriculture, trade and state formation in Indonesia. Java is the largest piece of the Indonesian island group, thus being land based unlike other states. The island is divided into east and west by a set of volcanic mountains, forming a spine along the island. The other mountains and highlands are the primary cause of isolated region...
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...Indonesia (Listeni/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ in-də-nee-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ in-doh-nee-zee-ə; Indonesian: [ɪndonesia]), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia [rɛpublik ɪndonesia]), is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is the largest island country in the world by the number of islands, with more than fourteen thousand islands.[8] Indonesia has an estimated population of over 255 million people and is the world's fourth most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. The world's most populous island of Java contains 51% of the country's population. Indonesia's republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the Malaysian Borneo. Other neighbouring countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP. The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models...
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...Religion Islam Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority country, with 88 percent of its citizens identifying as Muslim. Traditionally, Muslims have been concentrated in the more populous western islands of Indonesia such as Java and Sumatra. In less populous eastern islands, the Muslim population is proportionally lower. Most Indonesian Muslims are Sunnis. Around one million are Shias, who are concentrated around Jakarta while others are Sufi. Christianity The Government of Indonesia officially recognizes the two main Christian divisions in Indonesia, Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, as two separate religions. Protestantism Protestantism arrived in Indonesia during the Dutch East Indies (VOC) colonization, around the sixteenth century. VOC policy to ban Catholicism significantly increased the percentage of Protestant believers in Indonesia. Missionary efforts for the most part did not extend to Java or other already predominantly Muslim areas. The religion has expanded considerably in the 20th century, marked by the arrival of European missionaries in some parts of the country, such as Western New Guinea and Lesser Sunda Islands. Following the 1965 coup, all non-religious people were recognized as Atheist, and hence did not receive a balanced treatment compared to the rest of the citizens. As a result, Protestant churches experienced a significant growth of members, partly due to the uncomfortable feeling towards the political aspirations of...
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...International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing, Vol. 1, No. 5, December 2011 Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Natural History through Game Based Learning Zainal A. Hasibuan, Yugo K.Isal, Baginda Anggun N.C., Mubarik Ahmad, and Nungki Selviandro phase to implementation phase. Next, experimental games to study the influence of game culture on students. Finally, the conclusions of the article and future research. Abstract—Indonesia is a country consisting of thousands of islan. With many islands in Indonesia then there are many cultures of various ethnic groups scattered across Indonesia. With the cultural diversity that exist in Indonesia, then the existing culture must be preserved because the culture is a very important element in representing the personality of a country. There is a tendency that Indonesian young generation do not recognize their cultures. "Desa Maya Budaya Indonesia" (DayaBaya) : Virtual Village with Indonesian Culture - is a game developed to introduce Indonesian culture to young generation. This game simulates a virtual village located in a region in Indonesia that can be developed according to the player’s desires and wishes. The simulation will help young generation to know various cultures of Indonesia at the early stage. This game has also been tested on 48 students from Vocational High School,and a result from this experiment shows that the game improves user’s knowledge about cultures. II. PREVIOUS STUDY In the previous studies, the...
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...The article by Howard Dick, ‘Turnbull meets Jokowi: A New Chapter in Australia-Indonesia Relations?’ provides a brief history of events of significance in Australia/Indonesia relations from the 1960s through to the current day. It focusses on the handling of issues by former Prime Ministers Julia Gillard (unilateral suspension of beef exports to Indonesia) and Tony Abbott (turn back the boats policy and talk of Australia’s aid to Indonesia being in jeopardy with the execution of Australia drug traffickers). Dick argues that to improve relations between the two countries, there is a need for Australia’s future leaders to “develop their cross-cultural skills and sensitivity to cultural differences” an argument I strongly support. He further argues that “All Australians – and especially...
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...Photo of Anak Krakatau, the "Son of Krakatoa," during a minor eruption in Indonesia. flydime on Flickr.com Updated December 04, 2014. In the past two decades, Indonesia has begun to emerge as an economic power in Southeast Asia, as well as a newly democratic nation. Its long history as the source of spices coveted around the Indian Ocean world shaped Indonesia into the multi-ethnic and religiously diverse nation that we see today. Although this diversity causes friction at times, Indonesia has the potential to become a major world History Philippines Indonesia Trade Christianity Facts Jakarta Indonesia Capital and Major Cities: Capital: Jakarta, pop. 8,800,000 Major Cities: Surabaya, pop. 3,000,000 Medan, pop. 2,500,000 Bandung, pop. 2,500,000 Serang, pop. 1,786,000 Yogyakarta, pop. 512,000 Government: The Republic of Indonesia is centralized (non-federal) and features a strong President who is both Head of State and Head of Government. The first direct presidential election took place only in 2004; the president can serve up to two 5-year terms. The tricameral legislature consists of the People's Consultative Assembly, which inaugurates and impeaches the president and amends the constitution but does not consider legislation; the 560-member House of Representatives, which creates legislation; and the 132-member House of Regional Representatives who provide input on legislation that affects their regions. The judiciary includes not only...
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...clashes of interest and different views on ideology between the countries. While there is an inevitable fact that cooperation exists within SEA, the impacts that conflicts leave on the history of the region is far more significant than those of cooperation. In the next few paragraphs, I will be going in depth into how conflict has left a deeper indentation on the history as well as more current affairs of SEA. Some countries have conflicts with other in their history, before they learn from their mistakes and work together to reach the level of agreement they have now, such as Indonesia and Malaysia. One major conflict between them is the Konfrontasi, where Indonesia had carried out attacks on Malaysia and there was high tension between these two countries. In December 1962, a revolt had broken out in Brunei to oppose Brunei from joining the Federation, and instead proposed a separate union of Brunei, Sarawak and Sabah (Borneo territories). This revolt had fitted Sukarno’s (former Indonesia’s president) beliefs that independence should only be gained through revolutionary struggle, thus he had publicly supported it. Another trigger cause is the formation of the Federation of Malaysia, in which Indonesia disapproved because Malaysia had retained the boundaries that the British had set. Indonesia viewed this as Malaysia helping to continue the British colonial rule under a guise. The two countries already had tense relations due to Malaysia previously initiating...
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...Literature and Culture. The government sponsored this idea to promote international knowledge and understanding. Three societies focused on researching and collecting examples of world culture and literature with particular reference to traditional folktales. The chosen countries were India, China and Indonesia. The three societies had to research information about the designated country (climate, geography, history and traditions), prepare an exhibition booth and give an oral presentation about it. 0 The event or the three exhibitions took place at the University of Balamand. One of the three societies that participated was called ‘’A Journey to India’’. The team members talked about the food (Biryani, Muruku, Chekkalu), geography, religions and traditions. The second society was called ‘’The Chinese Cultural Society’’. They mentioned China’s climate, history and festivals (Dragon festival). The last society was ‘’The Heritage Society of Indonesia’’. They talked about Indonesia’s national language which is Banasa. They also said that Indonesia is an Island stretching along the equator in South East Asia. 0 Secondly, the three societies were invited to participate in the popular event by exhibiting a three dimensional display. The display of ‘’A journey to India’’ was clear...
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...Economics and Management in Developing Countries INSEAD P4 Assignment MICROFINANCE in INDONESIA By Dewi BRAMONO Ming CHUNG Yoonmi EOM Kevin LAM Yenn Khan Executive Summary • • Microfinance in Indonesia can be traced back to more than a century ago, where village credit organizations (BKDs) offered small loans to villagers. Today, BRI unit desa of Indonesia is one of the most successful and profitable microfinance institutions in the world with more than 3.1 million borrowers with a gross loan portfolio of more than USD 1.7b as of Dec 2003. Indonesia’s successful experience in microfinance is further shown during the hard-hitting Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 to 1998. At a time when commercial banks were collapsing, savings in microfinance institutions rose from IDR 8 trillion in 1997 to about IDR16 trillion in 1998, as depositors sought the stability of these institutions. There are however some outstanding issues: o Inadequate outreach to the rural community o Politics impact the microfinance efforts negatively o Lack of awareness of microfinance among stakeholders o Microfinance may not be the answer for the poorest of the poor. Recommendations include: o Greater co-ordination required with the NGOs to target the poorest of poor, especially in the rural areas(through aid, training and provision of the infrastructure) o Increase the awareness of the benefits of microfinance, and to educate stakeholders accordingly. • • • Page 1 of 12 Economics and Management...
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...Indonesian Strategy on the South China Sea By Ferry Akbar PASARIBU/SESPARLU Batch 54 Indonesia never had any overlapping claim on the South China Sea, even though one of its chains of Islands, namely Natuna Island, is located at its southern end. The 1957 Juanda Declaration stipulated that Indonesia as an archipelagic country, and accordingly Natuna Island had been declared as its baseline. The last administration had even registered it at the United Nations in 2009 without receiving any dissenting opinions by any countries. During the Soeharto administration, Indonesia had made it clear on its official map that it had 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) drawn from its outmost chains of Islands, including Natuna Island. Therefore, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the time, especially during the period of Professor Mochtar Kusumaatmadja in the office in the 1980s, had been working around the clock to ensure that Indonesian position was accepted by the region and beyond. Even China’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr Qian Qichen later in 1995 had agreed with his counterpart the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia at the time, Mr Ali Alatas that both countries did not have any overlapping claim over Natuna Island and its surrounding areas. In the period of 1990 – 2000, China conducted the so-called soft diplomacy with regard to the issue of South China Sea. It apparently worked hard to win the confidence of ASEAN, especially of some of its members that...
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...Giany Amorita Prastiwi 5621534 gianyamoritaprastiwi@students.uu.nl INTRODUCTION One of the important histories in Indonesia was the massacre which occurred in 1965. There are three interpretations of this incident which marked the end of the Old Order. First, from the army version that the PKI (Communist Party Indonesia) was the puppeteer behind the coup. Second, it was an intramilitary affair. Third, there was a conspiracy between Soeharto and CIA to break the power of the PKI (Wieringa 2002:285). There was a bloody tragedy and political turmoil throughout the country. The number of victims is still unrevealed, but there are several predictions and claims up to three millions people (Adam 2008:10). Adam also mentioned that not everyone...
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...The roosters were crowing before darkness had faded in the riverside Dayak hamlet of Kunsali Patamuan in Kapuas Hulu district, West Kalimantan. Through the cracks of the timber walls in the 122 metre wide long-house, the faint sound of shuffling feet on squeaky floors penetrated to the compartments, as people went back and forth to the kitchens at the back of each living quarter. Not long afterwards, the clattering of tin kettles and stirring of teaspoons could be heard right, left and centre. The long-house was awakening. The village of Malapi is one of the home villages of the Tamans, a sub group of the Iban Dayak. There are about 6000 Tamans in all, their community spread through about a dozen villages in Kapuas Hulu. The village of Malapi is one of them, and consists of a string of four hamlets, one of which is Kunsali Patamuan, and six long-houses. Each long-house lodges between 20 and 40 family units. All are close to the river which runs through the village. Our particular long-house was only recently relocated here as the ever-moving Kapuas river bed had turned its erosive powers right up to the front of the old long-house. The old site had to be abandoned. An increasing rate of riverbank erosion is one of the environmental problems facing this community as a result of upstream logging, both legal and illegal. Every family living in the old long-house builds their own compartment or bilik, and it might take ten years or more before all are completed. The wood used in...
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...ASEAN and its ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 1) Objectives of this paper The objective of this paper is to dissect the concept of the ASEAN integration by looking into the history of the ASEAN, a brief analysis of the past treaties that have been passed and implemented, a scrutiny of the pillars of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the challenge it poses to all its member nations – including the Philippines. 2) Introduction ASEAN, A brief history Before analyzing the AEC or the treaties that ASEAN have passed, it is a need to understand the rationale and the history behind its formation. The goals and precepts the ASEAN have been outlined as such because of a myriad of significant historical events. South-East Asia was a region experiencing turmoil during the 1960s. Malaysia and Philippine relations were damaged between the years of 1962-66 owing to the conflict over Sabah. Singapore, Malaysia, and Brunei were all reeling from the departure of Great Britain as colonizers. This event led these countries posed a daunting challenge, both economically and politically, that these newly independent countries needed to overcome. Then the clash between Indonesia and Malaysia; in 1965 after just barely three (3) years after union of Indonesia and Malaysia the two (2) countries decided to sever their ties and declared themselves independent from each other. The Vietnam War was ongoing which was further heightened by the increasing popularity of communism in the South-East...
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