...Placebo-controlled trials on HIV-infected pregnant women in developing countries have provoked much controversy since the late 90s. The purpose of these experiments is to find a treatment that will reduce the rate of perinatal transmission of HIV more efficiently than the already existing treatments such as, zidovudine. However, the issue lies within the inclusion of a placebo group in these studies. In this debate, the Utilitarian defense argued that most of the HIV-infected pregnant women in these countries would not be able to afford any forms of treatment against the transmission outside of these trials. The subjects are treated according to the standard of care in these countries (Lurie and Wolfe 855). Therefore, the women in the experiment are essentially in a ‘no-loss’ situation. They have a 50 percent chance of ending up in the placebo group, in which they are no worse off than they would be anyway, and a 50 percent chance of being placed in the experimental group, in which they would have an alternate chance of protecting their unborn fetus (Williams 559). Opponents of these trials defended that this argument suffers from a number of flaws. The ‘no loss’ defense gains its credibility from their claim that the personal utility of the volunteers is not reduced in any way. However, it disregards the fact that the participants start from a position of inequality. Even if the treatment is proven to reduce the transmission of HIV, that treatment will most likely not be affordable...
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...Debate on the Ethics of AIDS Vaccines Administration without Knowledge of Long-Term Side Effects? Debate on the Ethics of AIDS Vaccines Administration without Knowledge of Long-Term Side Effects? I. Introduction (Jessica and Chrystal) A. Why this topic is important? i. AIDS is a pandemic ii. B. Implications i. AIDS vaccine could potentially save billions of lives ii. . C. Objectives of the assignment. i. Identify a health care ethical issue ii. Present facts in an outline format. iii. Describe the pros and cons of the issue including an analysis. iv. Follow APA 6th formatting. II. Literature Review A. Review of the key articles on this topic (5 per team member). i. HIV/AIDS- Ethical/Legal Issues (Arora & Arora, 2009). This article … ii. AIDS Vaccines and Reproductive Immunology (Bourinbaiar, Jirathitikal, Silin, Nian-Qing & Abulafia-Lapid, 2007). This article… iii. Correlates of negative intent to receive an AIDS vaccine: an exploratory study (Crosby, Holtgrave, Bryant, & Frew, 2004). iv. AIDS Care (AIDS CARE), Dhalla S; Nelson KE; Singer J; Poole G. (2009). This article describe how developing an HIV vaccines may contribute to participants better follow-ups and may improve the patient’s knowledge and education regarding HIV/AIDS. v. Development of an AIDS...
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...HIV/AIDS Affect on the African American Community Nicole Donald Capella University HIV/AIDS Affect on the African American Community HIV/AIDS is prevalent in the African American community. African Americans are among the highest risk group for contracting HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS has been an issue in the African-American community for a number of years. This learner will provide a general overview on the ethnic population under study but will have a particular focus on black heterosexual men for the purpose contributing to the much lacking knowledge base on this particular population subset. Problem Statement The topic of HIV/AIDS is relevant to mental health counseling because this disease can have a devastating effect on the psyche of any human being suffering with this illness. Many minority teens and adults have a passive attitude when it comes to HIV/AIDS, and when confronted with the issue, they need to have access to the proper channels for information and support. Over 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV infection, and approximately 56,000 new HIV infections are reported every year in the United States alone (Kamen, et al., 2012). Black heterosexual men (BHM) are seldom mentioned in HIV prevention research, policy, and interventions, despite evidence that heterosexual contact is becoming the leading exposure category for BHM (Bowleg & Raj, 2012). It is important to identify the risk factors and treatments available for African Americans with HIV/AIDS...
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...This technique to foster adherence includes informing patients of their low or suppressed HIV viral load levels and increases in CD4 cell counts. Motivational interviewing has also been used with some successes. Recognizing high levels of adherence with incentives and rewards can facilitate treatment success in some patients. Adherence-contingent reward incentives such as meal tickets, grocery bags, lotto tickets, and cash have been used in the treatment of HIV and other chronic diseases. The effectiveness of using cash incentives to promote HIV testing, entry to care, and adherence to ART is currently being studied in the multi-site HPTN 065 trial. Other effective interventions include nurse home visits, a five-session group intervention, pager messaging, and couples or family-based interventions. To maintain high levels of adherence in some patients, it is critically important to provide substance abuse therapy and to strengthen social support. Directly observed therapy (DOT) has been effective in providing ART to active drug users but not to patients in...
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...consequences for not obeying the law is a loss of a license to practice nursing. And ethics are the systematic study of morality with no room for opinions or gut reactions (Laureate...
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...onset of syphilis usually transmit the disease (Ho, E. and Lukehart S., 2011). The chances that an exposed person may contract Syphilis is about 30% (Ho E. and Lukehart S., 2011). However the range may extend between 10% - 80%). Before the discovery of penicillin, the cure for syphilis did not exist. Patients with the disease suffered through the various stages of the disease until they died. One famous syphilis victim was the notorious gangster Al Capone. The discovery of penicillin changed the fatal outcome of the syphilis disease. However, one of the most egregious breaches of medical ethics occurred as part of syphilis research. The Tuskegee experiment represents that breach of medical ethics. The study of black men, from the Tuskegee area, infected with syphilis and studied without treatment provided America with the worst scandal in United States medicine. The study spanned approximately forty years. It happened...
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...Approaches to Ethical Dilemmas Michelle Silvas BSHS/335 August 11, 2014 Alma Carpio Protecting a friend In the case study 18, protecting a Friend, it describes Dr. Adam Marshall, a well-known, much respected physician that works at Uptown General Hospital. He has done many things for the community, such as charities and missionary work. He has worked at the hospital for 20 years with a spotless record. He goes at least twice a year with a group of other physicians to Zambia to provide medical care and much needed medical supplies for the Zambian people. HIV is very prevalent in Zambia and most of the people there are infected. While in Zambia, Dr. Marshall decides to go sightseeing and while out he collapses due to dehydration and suffers a significant laceration on his arm. A woman comes to his aid and because Dr. Marshall was so worried about his injury, he fails to notice that this woman is HIV positive and has wounds on her arms that are oozing and she helps Dr. Marshall with his open wound. After returning to where his fellow physicians are, he decides to confide in his friend Dr. Singh, he tells him that he is afraid he may have been exposed to HIV because of the woman who help clean up his wound. Dr. Singh runs HIV testing on Dr. Marshall and it comes back positive. Dr. Marshall does not want Dr. Singh to share this information with anyone back at home because he is afraid of his reputation and since they are out of the country, they did not document the...
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...Healthcare workers are often warned to take precautions so that, they could avoid HIV/AIDS infection and may also not spread such infection from one patient to another. Since I read the case study: Decision Making Based on Mission and Vision of an Organization I will discuss in this paper the best solution on correcting the problem with Community Medical Center. I will go over the best mission or vision that is best suited for the business. A mission or vision is very important to a business. This is a good way to keep communication strong between the staff of the business. According to Johnson (2009), “Communication is critical for successful health outcomes; communication is the vital process that links consumers of care and providers of care” (p.226). In order for the president to come up with the best decision to communicate with all the staff he must have a clear vision to stand by in order to handle the issue at hand. Mission or Vision Statement Mission statements are an integral part of the strategic planning and implementation process that can provide direction to choices in strategic direction (Sattari, Pitt, & Caruana, 2011). The mission statement for Community Medical Center states: The mission of Community Medical Center is to improve the health of our community by providing high quality, caring, culturally appropriate primary health care that addresses the needs of people. In order to accomplish this mission in a way that is consistent with the values of the organization...
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...can be complex. On one hand health care professionals are expected to follow the Nursing and Midwifery Council’s (NMC) Code of Conduct 2010 guidelines which stress the importance of protecting patient confidentiality: “you must respect people’s right to confidentiality” (2010, p.3) and making every effort to promote patients as individuals who should be treated with dignity and respect (2010, p.3). Health care professionals may find themselves in turmoil over whether their necessity to protect others from cross-infection overrides the duty of care to their patient by keeping their information confidential; particularly in this case (see Appendix A) where the patient, Sam, has a head injury, knowingly has the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and has told his nurse not to disclose this information with others over his fear of future career prospects. This essay will discuss in general the moral and professional issues raised by this scenario. There are no definitive answers to this scenario as everyone’s opinion of what is right and what is wrong differs. This essay explores the legal legislation that may guard his nurse if they feel that his confidentiality needed to be breached and also what legislation is in place to protect the general public from Sam. It will also try to explain what actions are in place to protect Sam; professional guidelines and laws available that protect confidentiality rights and procedures available to staff to prevent cross-infection. The four ethical...
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...CONTRACTING HIV/AIDS INFECTION Kayode T. Ijadunola1, MBChB, MSc, FWACP; Titilayo C. Abiona1, MBChB, FMCPH; Olusola O. Odu2, MBChB, FMCPH; Macellina Y. Ijadunola1, MBChB 1Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria 2Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria Address for Correspondence: Dr. Kayode T. Ijadunola Department of Community Health College of Health Sciences Obafemi Awolowo University P.O. Box 2064, OAU Post Office Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria E-mail: kijadun@yahoo.com Phone: 234 803 725 0846 Running title: College students and HIV/AIDS risk perceptions Key words: College students, risk perceptions, HIV/AIDS infection, Nigeria Abstract Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the perceptions of personal risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS infection among students of selected tertiary institutions in Osun State, Nigeria and determining the correlates of perceptions of personal risk of infection. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive design. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was applied to the 405 study participants and correlates of perceptions of personal risk of HIV infection were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis, confidence intervals and odd ratios. Results: Only 15% of the students perceived themselves to be at moderate-to-high risk of acquiring HIV infection...
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...Administrative Ethics Paper HIV status disclosure is part of huge debates because of its potential for HIV prevention and its link to privacy and confidentiality. In order to play a role in prevention it’s important for a person to disclose and disclosure is a way to open up to the HIV epidemic. A lot of research has been done and there are many current articles available to read. I have chosen three articles about the research done and its affects on HIV/AIDS patients who are reluctant to disclose they have HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS Patients Reluctant To Tell Partners Reluctance for HIV patients to tell their partners about positive test results is becoming a more common ethical problem. New York City Department of Health and Mental Services had a great idea in a study I read about in which field testing combined with counseling promoted the patient to tell their partner. According to (Renaud, T. C., Wong, M. R., Bocour, A., Udeagu, C. N., Pickett, L., Alt, E. N., & ... Begier, E. M. (2011) the studies on disclosure that were reviewed showed that, first although that disclosure is difficult, people keep their HIV status completely secret. Levels of disclosure are generally low, but middle levels are documented among certain populations.” Pregnant women were more likely the ones to disclose their HIV/AIDS status. Proposed Solutions Solutions that I would propose would be implemented would be for example field testing using the rapid test. The OraSure HIV-1 test is found...
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...Ethics, a form of philosophy involves dealings with morality and judgements of proper conduct (Frankena, 1973), denoting the significance of psychotherapists’ moral obligation towards the client. Its purpose is to reflect a straightforward value system, and to communicate decisional and behavioural rules with clarity To illustrate this further, the Australian Psychological Society (APS) Code of Ethics specifies ethical principles and accepted guidelines governing the psychologists’ actions and methods to make the public known of their professional practices. The ethical standards define the best practices of professionals and ensure the high quality of practice. A psychologist must bring and maintain appropriate skills and learning within her area of practice. Falling under the Prudence principle, The Code of Ethics (2007) section B.1.2 states that a psychologist may only provide psychological services within boundaries of their professional competence, where a) working within their limits of training, education, and experience and b) basing their service on established knowledge of discipline and profession of psychology. However, the psychologist concerned is specialized in clinical psychology for adults, and now is dealing with adolescents, whom are clients beyond her scope of expertise. This raises the issue of limited professional competence. Nonetheless, rural regions often see a high demand due to lack of specialists normally found in urban locations. A change...
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...Assessing the Current Situation Capella University NPM 6108 Lisa Dennis 1605 Peachtree Street NE, Atlanta, GA 30309-2955 (404) 870-7700 ldennisldennis@yahoo.com Instructor: Dr. Boyd Johnson Organization Overview AIDS ATLANTA, Inc. is a non-profit 501(c) 3, which was incorporated in Georgia. AID Atlanta Inc. is a small organization by revenue operating in the Non-Profit & Professional Orgs. Industry. AIDS ATLANTA purpose is to provide financial and supportive services to those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS and to create awareness and prevention education programs in the community which has yet to overcome the challenges of stigma, discrimination and denial of the epidemic. AID Atlanta, Inc. has been saving and transforming lives since its inception in 1982. The agency was founded as a grass-roots response to the devastating and fatal impact HIV/AIDS was having on the Atlanta community. AID Atlanta quickly began expanding to offer a broader range of services, and has since grown to be the largest and most comprehensive AIDS Service Organization in the Southeast United States (www.aidatlanta.com, 2011). Role of Board of Directors Nonprofit boards generally have the duties of selecting and working with the Executive Director, amending bylaws, approving the annual budget and long-term strategic plans, and ensuring its own succession. There are 24 members on the Board of Directors, with 6 Department Heads Directors of Aid Atlanta. The Executive Director...
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...Aristotle As an important figure head in the field of philosophy, Aristotle and his numerous influences will be detailed. Identification and evaluation of key concepts and analyses that comprised his theories will be discussed along with identification and description of his contributions to the field of philosophy will also be offered. Lastly, further discussion will focus on how the culture and the time period influenced his ideology. Metaphysics Metaphysics is a branch philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being. It is considered to be one of the greatest philosophical works. It kind of piggy backs off of Plato’s theory of forms. Plato believed that the nature of things is eternal and doesn’t change, but we know from just living in this world that things are always changing daily. Aristotle wanted to reconcile these contradictory statements of the views of the world. Aristotle used the influence of both Heraclitus and Parmenides. One believed that things appear to be permanent but they are really gradually changing all the time. Parmenides, argued certain conclusions could be reached by using reason alone and making no use of senses. After studying at the Academy, Aristotle would turn against his teaching and felt that there was a connection between the abstraction of existence and the science of nature. Aristotle described substance as material reality and formal and discusses the connection between actuality and potentiality. According to...
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...foundations of qualitative research. This module covers the following topics: Introduction to Qualitative Research Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative Research Sampling in Qualitative Research Recruitment in Qualitative Research Ethical Guidelines in Qualitative Research Suggested Readings Introduction to Qualitative Research What is qualitative research? Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general terms, scientific research consists of an investigation that: • • • • • seeks answers to a question systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question collects evidence produces findings that were not determined in advance produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study Qualitative research shares these characteristics. Additionally, it seeks to understand a given research problem or topic from the perspectives of the local population it involves. Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of particular populations. What can we learn from qualitative research? The strength of qualitative research is its ability to provide complex textual descriptions of how people experience a given research issue. It provides information...
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