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Hk Banking System

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介紹香港現行的金融監管機制,並說明其在香港金融發展中擔當的角色.

簡報重點:
有關課題的背景
現行的運作方式怎麼樣?
現行模式著重哪方面?
現行模式對香港和中國的經濟發展起了什麼作用?
有沒有可以進一步改進的地方?

• 香港金融管理局的有關背景
• 有關香港現行的金融監管機制的背景與其運作方式
• 金融監管機制在香港金融發展中擔當的角色
• 金融監管機制對香港和中國的經濟發展起了什麼作用
• 現行金融監管機制可改進的地方

一、香港金融监管现行机制有漏洞 现时,香港金融业市场采用的监管模式,是由不同监管机构管理不同职能及机构,例如保监处监督保险业、金融管理局监察金融机构(如银行及存款公司)、香港交易所监管上市公司以及证监会监管投资产品。这种模式往往衍生出灰色地带,在监管上造成不能避免的难处。 例如,雷曼迷你债券的苦主购买的产品是经由证监会批核上市,但购买的渠道却是透过银行。对于监管责任归属,金管局与证监会各有不同看法。因此,迷债苦主除了与银行交涉,还要奔波金管局与证监会之间,寻找主持公道的仲裁机构。
三、现有的监管体系
1、目标监管“双峰模式” 目前,国际上最接近“双峰模型”的金融监管是澳大利亚和荷兰。澳大利亚已成立了两个跨部门的监管机构:针对金融领域系统性风险进行审慎监管的“金融稳定委员会”和针对金融机构商业行为规范进行监管的“消费者保护委员会”。并非由于危机或者失败,而是要金融更加自由化和现代化—在提供高质量服务的同时具有高效率。澳大利亚的金融监管改革是系统的、有计划的和互动的。改革并不是由于危机或者失败,而部分是由于政策制定者希望金融更加自由化、更加现代化,从而增强其效率和国际竞争力。澳大利亚的改革以“回归根本”而闻名,主要是努力为金融法规建立清晰的概念基础。改革的结果并不是实现全方位的大监管,而是建立一个以目标为基础的体系。 第二个跨部门监管机构是澳大利亚证券投资委员会(AustralianSecurities Investment Commission,简称ASIC),它除了拥有其前身在证券监管领域的职责以外,还承担消费者保护和维持市场诚信的职责,但不承担审慎监管职责。关于所有公司和证券相关活动的商业行为、披露要求、市场行为和解决争端的职责集中于ASIC 手中,这种安排旨在优化相关监管规定,从而实现不同产品和服务之间的竞争中性、透明性和可比性。为使其监管决策不会对竞争设置不合理障碍,ASIC 必须与主管竞争的当局,澳大利亚竞争和消费者委员会密切合作。 2、英国:经典单一监管机构 英国自新千年伊始对金融监管体制实行了全面改革,建立了单一的金融监管机构。、从1997年始,英国对其金融监管体制进行了全面改革,将其银行监管的职责将转移到一个单一的监管机构,英格兰银行将负责整个金融体系的稳定。根据改革决定,10家机构进行合并,组成单一的金融监管机构。1997年10月,证券投资局更名为金融监管局(FSA),1998年起,英格兰银行的银行监管职责移交给FSA。FSA依法行使监管权力。2001年12月1日,FSA依照《2000年金融服务和市场法》(简称FSMA或《2000年金融法》)规定,正式行使其对金融业的监管权力和职责,直接负责对吸收存款业、保险业和证券投资业的监管。FSA也获得了一些其前任监管机构所没有的监管权力,例如关于消除市场扭曲或滥用、促进社会公众对金融系统的理解和减少金融犯罪等。3、非传统式分业监管 当前,美国的金融监管架构很大程度上仍然是分业的,但已出现若干要素,使得跨行业金融业务活动与混业金融机构得以实现,而监管架构至少部分地满足了当前的发展态势,并成为目前三大监管模式的一极代表。传统上,人们将美国的金融监管描述为“功能监管(functional regulation)”。其实这一描述并不准确。真正意义上的功能监管应该是建立在应对市场失灵的各种功能之上,监管机构按照竞争、市场诚信、审慎监管、系统性稳定等功能彼此分工。同这种真正意义上的功能监管不同,美国的金融监管基于两个基本前提:第一,从事金融行业中不同部门(银行业、证券业和保险业)的机构间实行严格的分业经营;第二,每个金融部门中的机构和市场各有其单独的监管者。 因而,称美国的金融监管体系为“领域监管(sectoral regulation)”更为妥帖。因为在美国,金融业中的每一个领域(或按金融机构性质,或按其所属地)都有自己的监管机构,每一个监管机构在各自的领域里承担着市场诚信、审慎监管与系统性稳定的功能。从技术角度来说,混业金融机构不可能存在,所以也没有必要设计一个架构来处理混业机构事务。
四、总结
现时全球的金融监督体系当中,已有五十多个国家采用了不同形式的统一监管。而且随着市场及金融产品的发展,银行、证券行及保险公司业务上的合并与竞争也是大势所趋,由现时各自为政的体系管理只会越来越多漏洞,因此,有需要集中资源,由单一金融监管机构管理该类企业。 然而,单一监管机构的体制并非万灵丹,也不可能解决目前所有的金融体系问题,例如英国的超级监管机构金融服务管理局(Financial Ser-vices Authority,FSA),就被批评过于着重商业行为规管,而在审慎管理银行经营能力方面却显不足,去年北石银行挤提及被国有化等事件正是鲜明例子。此外,其它拥有统一监管的国家也有出现类似雷曼迷你债券的风波,可见单一监管机构也不能解决一切问题,还须多方面的配合才能真正稳定金融体系。 至于证监会所建议的「双峰模式」(Twin-peak Model),仿效澳洲的做法,设立两个机构按监管职能分工进行金融业的监管。去年3月贝尔斯登被收购后,美国财长所提出的金融改革方案就类似此种模型。在这份被认为是「澳洲模型」的蓝图里,保尔森建议强化联储局(Federal Reserve)功能,并将现有监管机构整合,另外成立新的金融风险监管局(Prudential Fi-nancial Regulatory Agency),规管金融机构资本状况与财务健全,以及新的商业行为规管局(Conduct of Business Regulatory Agency),规管金融业商业行为(包括竞争行为与消费者权益)。然而,在澳洲和荷兰行之有效的双峰模式,有其监管的政治和文化背景,在美国未必行得通,在香港就更恐怕是另一种双头马车。在讨论各种监管体制时,不容忽略每个经济体有其监管历史背景、文化,以及经济规模、金融业的角色等差异,适合于其它国家的金融监管体制,未必适合香港。 如果一定要在某种解决方案里作出选择,也许统一监管机构的模式是一种较为可行的办法。以金融业规模与香港不相上下的新加坡为例,新加坡金融管理局(MAS)可以在强邻环伺、欠缺资源的弹丸之地,建立新加坡为外汇交易、商品交易、资产管理、债券、专属保险与再保险中心,如果不是该机构集中资源、统一口径,绝不可能缴出这样亮丽的成绩单。 相形之下,以国际金融中心自诩的香港,如果以人们不熟悉的双峰模式取代现有体制,恐怕只会造成更多的混淆,更多的旷日废时与虚与委蛇的行政浪费,对金融服务业者和消费者都非好事,也不利香港建设一个更有效率、稳健发展的金融中心。
香港金融市場在金融海嘯環境下出現的種種問題,例如由銀行向散户大規模傾銷以資產作抵押的雷曼迷你債券、收市競價時段股價波動、延長董事禁止買賣期爭拗、電盈私有化帶來的「種票」疑雲,以至中信泰富炒燶外匯巨額虧損事件,均揭示香港監管法規及機制存在法律灰色地帶,亟待改善。 同時亦引發了現行市場監管分工及架構是否行之有效的討論。雷曼迷債風波突顯了「一業兩管」的漏洞,也深化了金管局和證監會的角色矛盾。
要發展成為穩固的國際金融中心,除了要有健全的監管制度,還需要具備金融工程專才。大量的金融從業員,他們的專業知識應受到更嚴格的培訓和監管,以確保他們的行為是專業的和恰當的,以減少風險。
隨著全球金融制度面臨全面檢討和變化,隨著跨境貿易人民幣結算試點落實和人民幣逐步走向國際化,隨著香港與內地金融將逐漸融合為一體,香港如果想鞏固和發展自己的國際金融中心地位,就必須及早完善金融監管機制,避免將可能造成的損失和風險影響內地,真正為國家金融利益和安全當好「防火牆」。

为此,对当前完善中国金融监管体制,提出以下几点建议:
1、完善以银监会、证监会、保监会依法监管为基础的金融监管机制,不断提高专业化监管的水平。
(1)进一步明确和盯住金融监管目标。我国金融监管的目标,就是要依法维护金融市场公开、公平、有序竞争,有效防范和化解金融风险,保护广大存款人、投资者和被保险人的利益。为了实现这一目标,金融监管机构必须通过依法、审慎监管,实现以下四个具体目标:通过审慎监管,及时预警、控制和处置风险,有效防范系统性金融风险;通过维护公平、公正竞争,依法查处违法违规金融行为,以增强公众对金融体系的信心,维护金融稳定;通过宣传教育和相关信息披露,增进公众对金融体系、金融产品、金融服务以及金融风险的认识和了解,增强公众的金融意识、风险意识和监督意识;通过强化金融机构的内控机制和依法监管,有效防止金融犯罪,最大限度减少资金损失。审慎监管是金融机构监管的最基本要求,其核心内容就是对收益的估计要审慎,对损失的估计要充分。
(2)改进金融监管手段和方式。在明确监管目标的基础上,必须着力更新监管的手段和方式,要在强化风险监管这一核心前提下,努力实现监管方式和手段的五个转变:实现从合规监管为主向合规监管和风险监管相结合的转变;实现从分割式监管向金融机构法人整体风险监管的转变;实现从一次性监管向持续性监管的转变;实现监管重心从具体业务监管向法人治理结构和内控有效性监管转变;实现监管方式从定性监管为主向定性监管和定量监管相结合的转变,以提高风险监管的水平。
(3)建立金融风险的监管、预警、处置机制。为防范系统性金融风险、维护经济金融安全,必须建立对金融风险的早期识别、预警和处置机制。具体包括:建立金融风险的识别、评价和预警体系,根据风险水平(级别)及时进行预警;建立对高风险金融机构的判别和救助体系,从而为制定高风险金融机构的处置方案提供依据;建立对支付危机的处置体系;建立金融机构的市场退出机制以及金融安全网(包括存款保险)体系等。通过以上努力,使金融风险处于有效的监控和处置体系之下,从而为有效控制风险奠定基础。
(4)进一步完善金融监管的法律体系,以使金融监管有法可依,同时通过废除、修改、补充和制定等手段,及时地对现有的金融监管法律、法规和规章等进行清理和重建。

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