...Enzymes inhibitors Enzymes are a biological catalyst that accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected by the reaction. Enzymes are helpful because they speed up reactions. According to George Shields, “Protein enzymes work by bringing the reactants in a chemical reaction together in the most favorable geometrical arrangement, so that bonds can be easily broken and reformed. This is possible because different enzymes have different three-dimensional shapes.” Another function of an enzyme is to maintain order of living things. According to Robert and Frieden, without enzymes, many reactions, such as “reactions to extract energy from substrate or synthesize cell components—would be too slow to permit orderly function of living...
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...show the presence of the enzyme amylase. The negative control water does not contain starch. Saliva contains Amylase this is why it is included in the experiment. The saliva is a positive because it turned yellow, this shows no starch left because the amylase broke it all down. 2. What is the function of amylase? What does amylase do to starch? The function of amylase is to start the digestion proses. Amylase function is to break down starch to sugar. 3. Which of the foods that you tested contained amylase? Which did not? What experimental evidence supports your claim? The cooked rice contained Amylase and the starch solution contained amylase. The water the Apple contained no starch. 4. Saliva does not contain amylase until babies are two months old. How could this affect an infant’s digestive requirements? Usual babies do not start eating food until three months. The reason there saliva does not contain amylase is because there bodies have not started producing it yet. For there digestion it means they will not break down any starch foods and just pass them trough there body not receiving any nutrients. 5. Digestive enzymes in the gut include proteases, which digest proteins. Why don’t these enzymes digest the stomach and small intestine, which are partially composed of protein? The stomach and intestines because there is proteases inhibitors. also the proteins in the stomach hide the cleavage sites sow the enzymes to break down the proteins...
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...Enzymes An enzyme is a protein molecule that helps to increase the rate in which chemical reactions occur. Recognizing an enzyme is very simple as they are named after a substrate with the suffix “ase” attached to the end. In terms of activation energy, an enzyme’s function is to decrease the amount of energy necessary for the reaction to take place. An enzyme inhibitor prevents that function from happening by binding to the enzyme. There are two different ways that enzyme inhibition can occur. The substrate imposter can either bind directly to the active site so the real substrate cannot bind or it can bind to a different site other than the active site. When it binds to another site it causes the enzyme to change its shape, therefore not allowing the real substrate to be accepted into the active site. Two different theories exist that explain how substrates fit into the active site of an enzyme. First is the Lock and Key theory which states that a substrate (key) fits into the active site of an enzyme (lock) perfectly without any change of shape of the active site at all, according to Elmhurst College’s virtual chemistry book. This theory differs from the Induced Fit theory, which states that when a substrate binds to the active site, the active site’s shape slightly changes to perfectly fit the substrate. Just like a protein, the class of macromolecule that an enzyme belongs to, the function of an enzyme depends greatly on its tertiary structure. If the structure of an...
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...to work and how exactly does it carry out these actions? Enzymes play a huge part in cellular activity, as was discovered in 1896 (Human Touch of Chemistry). Enzymes were originally found while trying to ferment glucose into alcohol. Scientists couldn't figure out how to carry out this process without living yeast. Eduard Buchner proved that glucose could be turned into alcohol without living yeast by using juice he obtained from yeast, but didn't know what to call the things acting inside that juice. Enzymes translate to "in yeast" because of this discovery process (Kroening). Continued study and investigation of them has allowed much more understanding of how cells carry out their daily processes. Enzymes are made of amino acids, amino acids are folded together to create a specific shape. Each enzyme will have a different shape in order to fit perfectly with a different substrate. The open spot on an enzyme is called an active...
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...* Key Topics: * Explain and give examples of why proteins are essential to cell function * The basic structure of an amino acid * Describe the 4 levels of protein structure, and give examples of each * Explain what an enzyme is, understand why enzymes are needed to help chemical reactions, and know the role of the active site * Revisiting the Theory of Chemical Evolution * Modern life arose through a series of endergonic chemical reactions. 1. Production of small organic compounds * i.e., formaldehyde (H2CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 2. Formation of mid-sized molecules from these small compounds * i.e., amino acids, simple sugars 3. Mid-sized building blocks combine to form large molecules. * i.e., proteins, complex carbohydrates 4. Life became possible when one of these large molecules self-replicated. * Organic Molecules * Large organic molecules are called macromolecules * Four major categories of macromolecules: 1. Proteins 2. Nucleic Acids 3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids * Several of these are long chains of smaller subunits. * The smaller subunits are known as monomers * The long chains of monomers are known as polymers * Four groups of Macromolecules * Building Macromolecules – Monomers and Polymers * Molecules, such as amino acids, are individual units called monomers. They link together (polymerize) to form polymers, such as proteins...
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...Your Full Name: UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 4: Enzymes INSTRUCTIONS: * On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus). * To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions. * Save your Lab 4 Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab4 (e.g., Smith_Lab4). * You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility. Pre-Lab Questions 1. How could you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated during an experiment? - Add more substrate and record the rate. If the rate of the reaction is constant, all the enzymes are saturated. 2. List three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with your explanation. * Temperature – Cold temperature will cause the enzyme to work slow, hot temperature will cause the enzyme to increase the movement making it less stable. * PH – Difference in range in the PH scale can alter the shape of the enzyme’s active site * Concentration Of Substrate – Less or more of enzymes to substrates ratio will affect the rate of collisions between the two affecting the number of reactions. ...
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...Properties of Enzymes focused on the variations of reaction rates amongst enzymes subjected to various circumstances such as temperature, pH levels, different concentrations of substrate, salt concentrations, Metal Copper Sulfate and lastly, the presence of an Enzyme Inhibitor. The assigned section of this laboratory for our efforts was the effect of temperature variations on enzyme reactions. To perform the experiment, we used a spectrophotometer to monitor the baseline catalase activity when they are placed in these two temperatures. In this way, absorbance can be measured over time to monitor catalase activity of the main baseline reaction. Our results showed that temperatures at higher degrees led to being inactive, whereas those at lower degrees lowered the reaction time. This comes to show that each enzyme can have a different optimal temperature and this experiment helped us to understand how reaction rate can be affected by temperature change. Introduction Thousands of complex biological processes are constantly taking place within our bodies. We require material transport, energy synthesis, and the manufacturing of various proteins, hormones, and other molecules (Source 1). Almost all of these everyday processes rely on the function of enzymes to take place. Enzymes are specifically grouped according to their function, and this information can often provide us with clues regarding what type of reaction that enzyme will catalyze (Source 2). An enzyme can only react...
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... Describe and explain how different factors affect the function of enzyme catalysed reactions (inhibitors not required) (10) There are four main factors that affect the rate of reaction on enzyme-catalysed reactions. The first of these is temperature. When increasing the temperature of a reaction the kinetic energy of molecules increases and therefore they more around more quickly and collide with each other more often. This means that within an enzyme-catalysed reaction the substrate molecules collide more often with an enzyme and so the rate of the reaction increases. When the temperature reaches a certain heat that is beyond the enzymes optimum temp the hydrogen bonds within the enzyme vibrate more rapidly and start to break. This in turn alters the shape of the active site so that the substrate no longer fits. The rate of reaction at this point then slows down as there are less enzyme-substrate reactions. Another factor that can affect the function of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is that of pH. Most enzymes have an optimum pH at which the rate of reaction is at its maximum. Small changes in this pH can cause reversible changes in the enzyme structure and can result in inactivation, although large changes may denature the enzyme entirely. A change in the pH means that the active site of the enzyme becomes wrongly charged. This means that at a high or low pH the active site will repel the substrate. It is the amino acid side-chains of the enzymes active site that is affected...
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...What is the function of enzymes in a living system? Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions necessary for life. Without them certain vital processes would not take place and the body would be unable to function. Difference enzymes work better under different conditions. Where in a human body might it be beneficial to have enzymes work in very acidic environments? In areas, like the stomach, that have a pH of two would benefit by having enzymes that function well in acidic environments. An example of such an enzyme is pepsin. There is a large amount of catalase found in a human liver. Does the liver break down more hydrogen peroxide in the summer or winter? Explain your answer. More hydrogen peroxide will be broken down in the summer compared to the winter because higher body temperatures equals more enzyme activity. Many enzymes end with “ase”. Come up with your own enzyme, then name and explain what this enzyme does. Draw the enzyme and the substrate in the space provided below along with the enzyme-substrate complex. My enzyme would be olestrase. It would break down the lipid olestra and make it usable for the human body. Recent advances have allowed humans to mass-produce certain enzymes. Research one such enzyme and explain how this enzyme has been used to benefit society. Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring substance which has properties potentially beneficial for preventing cellular damage during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. It plays...
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...Data: See attached sheet Discussion: The catalase enzyme does not work at high temperatures around or above 50 degrees celsius. We proved this in our lab when the slope changed from 0.021 kPa/sec at 34 degrees celsius to negative 0.009 kPa/sec at 54 degrees celsius. With just a change in 20 degrees the slope, or how well the enzyme is working went from really good to really bad. The catalase enzyme works best around a pH of 10. At a pH of 4 and 7 the slopes were 0.007 and 0.009 kPa/sec. At the pH of 10 it went way up to 0.028 kPa/sec. We can tell the enzyme needs a fairly basic pH for it to work, and not a neutral or acidic one. The more catalase enzyme there is, the better it will work. The rate and slope increased greatly from 0.002 kPa/sec...
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...Unit 5- Anatomy and physiology Unit 5.4 P4 M1 D1 P4- Explain the Physiology of Two Named Body Systems in Relation to Energy Metabolism in the Body M1-Discuss the Roles of Energy in the Body In this assignment I will be explaining the physiology of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Whilst explaining the two body systems I will be explaining energy production, process of cellular respiration, the role of enzymes within these body systems, the way that these systems absorb food and the products of digestion. The Cardiovascular System The heart pumps the blood around the body through the blood vessels which is made of mostly veins and capillaries. The blood carries the dissolved oxygen around the bodily cells, whilst carrying the dissolved oxygen the blood removes the waste and the other products from respiration. The body’s blood pressure has to be maintained. The blood distributes heat around the body along with hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea. The cardiovascular system transports simple molecules and materials to the liver and the body cells via the blood stream. This happens through the hearts pumping actions. The Respiratory System The respiratory system always refreshes oxygen within the lungs, it gets rid of the waste products like carbon dioxide and water, and this is done throughout actions like breathing. The dissolved oxygen passes through the alveolar walls into the bloodstream; this is then transported into the...
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...Notes Enzymes: What must occur for a reaction to proceed? Collision Theory: 1. Reactants must collide 2. Reactants must have enough energy 3. Reactants must hit with proper orientation Here is morbid example of collision theory. How do a train and school bus react to give a train with engine damage and a school bus in two pieces? [pic] If you look back to the three conditions required for a reaction to occur, we can relate them to his terrible accident. In the collision theory, condition number one requires that the train must collide with the bus. Condition number two requires that the train and bus collide with enough energy for the reaction to occur, meaning the train must hit bus with enough energy, not merely tap the bus. The third condition requires that the train and bus hit with the proper orientation. If the bus hit the side of the train, it will not slice the train in have. The train must t-bone the bus. Hopefully this visual will help you to remember the condition required for a reaction to occur. Energy Diagrams: Energy diagrams are also called reaction progress diagrams as they depict the energy of the chemicals involved in the reaction through out the course of the reaction. The following is an example of an exothermic reaction: [pic] A catalyst will lower the activation energy of a reaction. The result is shown in the following reaction progress diagram for an exothermic reaction. [pic] The green line in the transition state is...
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...acid). Explain how hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen combine to form the biological molecules. P2 describe the structure of water and carbon dioxide with reference to different types of bonding. Use diagrams to describe the structure of water and carbon dioxide. Describe the type of bonds within the molecules of water and carbon dioxide. P3 describe the structure and function of organic molecules. Use diagrams to describe the structure of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. Explain the functions of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids. P4 explain the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. What is aerobic respiration? What is anaerobic respiration? Include the equations of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. P5 demonstrate the factors that affect enzyme activity. Use graphs to demonstrate these factors that affect enzyme activities: Temperature, pH, Concentration, Substrate concentration and enzyme concentration. P6 explain the causes of different types of metabolic disorders. Give examples of inherited metabolic diseases. ( WebMD.com) M1 explain the relevance of the electronic configuration of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen to biological molecules. Use atomic structure to hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen to explain the electronic configuration of the atoms. Use the structure of biological molecules to explain how the atoms bond together. M2 explain the relationship between the structure and function of organic molecules...
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...Introduction Catalysts help speed up reactions. Catalysts come from a certain molecular substance found in cells. These are called enzymes. Enzymes would temporarily bond to one or more reactants of a reaction and catalyze, meaning they speed up the process with lower activation energy needed. Enzymes provide a variety of functions such as cells using an enzyme to rid themselves of a poisonous substance (hydrogen peroxide) and also energy usage. catalase 2H2O(l) ( 2H2O(l) + O2(g) This lab measured the time it took for a disc of filter paper soaked with different concentrations of enzyme to make its way to the surface of the test tube containing peroxide. The evidence observed that proved there was indeed catalase present was the oxygen bubbles forming and causing the disc to rise to the surface. Materials and Method (as per teacher instruction) Referring to the data recorded in part I, the concentration of the catalase that had the fastest rate of reaction was at 100%. Whereas the slowest was at 0%. Part I : Effect of enzyme concentration | | |Reaction rate (mm/s) |Class average | |% of catalase |Group 1 |Group 2 |Average | |100 |7.40 |9.46 |8.43 | ...
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...Chapter 3 Enzymes Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) explain that enzymes are globular proteins that catalyse metabolic reactions; (b) explain the mode of action of enzymes in terms of an active site, enzyme/substrate complex, lowering of activation energy and enzyme specificity; (c) [PA] follow the progress of an enzyme-catalysed reaction by measuring rates of formation of products (for example, using catalase) or rates of disappearance of substrate (for example, using amylase); (d) [PA] investigate and explain the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration on the rate of enzymecatalysed reactions; (e) explain the effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on the rate of enzyme activity; (f) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to solve related problems. Enzymes are globular protein which act as catalysts • Enzymes are protein molecules defined as biological catalysts which speed up a chemical reaction and remain unchanged at the end of reaction. • Enzyme names end in –ase E.g. amylase, ATPase • Enzyme are globular proteins. Enzymes are globular protein which act as catalysts • Enzyme molecules are coiled into a precise threedimensional shape, which hydrophilic R groups (side-chains) on the outside of the molecule ensuring that they are soluble. Enzymes are globular protein which act as catalysts • Enzyme molecules have active site. • The active site of an enzyme is a region...
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