...The Advantages and Disadvantages of Blood Doping Over the past years, there have been many technological advances in the field of medicine. Some of them have proven to be extremely beneficial in creating a healthier society while others have been used for personal gain. The following essay will outline one of these advances, which is the medical phenomena of blood doping, also known as blood boosting and blood packing. There has been much controversy surrounding the use of blood doping ever since it has gained mainstream publicity. From a medical and an ethical perspective, many consider the use it wrong and immoral. In the following paragraph, we will briefly introduce this concept by describing the process and how it can be utilized. Later on, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of employing blood doping. Blood doping is a medical process used to increase the concentration of red blood cells in one’s body to a higher, supraphysiologic level (Shah 167). Athletes who would like to give themselves an advantage competing physically most commonly use it (Foschi, 458). This procedure can be achieved in two different ways. One can ask to have his or her own blood injected or can request the use of the blood of a matching donor. These processes are respectively called autologous and monologous transfusions. The red blood cells are usually removed over an extended period of time. The withdrawn blood is then refrigerated for preservation and finally re-injected...
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...tell you that the competitive drive to win can be fierce. Besides the satisfaction of personal accomplishment, athletes often pursue dreams of winning a medal for their country or securing a spot on a professional team. In such an environment, the use of performance-enhancing drugs has become increasingly common. But using performance-enhancing drugs — aka, doping — isn't without risks. Take the time to learn about the potential benefits, the health risks and the many unknowns regarding so-called performance-enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids, androstenedione, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, diuretics, creatine and stimulants. You may decide that the benefits aren't worth the risks. What is a drug? | A drug is a chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body, can alter normal bodily function. Many drugs have been banned in sport if they are deemed to provide an unfair advantage, pose a health risk, or are seen to violate the ‘spirit of sport’. The use of banned drugs by athletes is referred to as ‘doping’. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), and more recently, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have been leading the way in the battle against drugs in sport. | Why do some athletes use drugs? | Most athletes take drugs to enhance their physical performance in an attempt to prevent them falling behind other competitors, even if it does mean damaging their health and risking their sports careers. Other athletes may use drugs to help...
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...Gene Therapy Introduction to Biology 115 Gene Therapy Many medical conditions, disorders, and diseases for centuries went without cures and caused discomfort and even death. Doctors and scientists have worked together regarding many cases in hopes of finding cures for patients and changing the future of modern medicine. The use of gene therapy in the last four decades has been instrumental in many ways. Gene therapy is responsible for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, aids, hemophilia, heart disease, and cystic fibrosis to name a few. Biological Basis In 1865, Gregory Mendel was a fore runner with gene studies which identified the genetic traits that would later lead to revolutionary biological science. Mendel was responsible for providing research for his experiments with plants. The experiments successfully led him to the conclusion that the offspring from mutations could be classified as generational. This theory was correct and laid the foundation for many other scientific studies to eventually lead to significant advancements in genetic study. In the 1960’s scientists exposed the genetic codes which led to decades of discovery to include genetic maps, DNA and RNA sequences, and multiple data strands. Gene therapy was introduced in 1990 with a clinical trial study on a 4 year old little girl suffering from adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA); which is a severe combined immune deficiency brought on by a mutation of enzymes within a cell. (Gene Med, 2015)...
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...Report Title Committee Head Shantha Kumar Panel Law Commission of India Law Commission of India Non-governmental organizations Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks (CGPDTM) Brand Finance Report on FCI restructuring Report on electoral reforms Report on Death Penalty Lion Census report 2015 Shanta Kumar Justice DK Jain Justice DK Jain Shri Ashok Gajapathi Raju and Dr. Mahesh Sharma Indian Civil Aviation: At the Cusp of Taking off Forbes Annual list of the richest Indians Monitoring of Pesticide Residues Report on Delhi MLA’s salary package TechSci Research Report Report on Bankruptcy Law Reforms Top Secret Doping: How Russia makes its Winners” To suggest reforms to the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE). Report dealt with shell companies and beneficial ownership. Report on Innovation submitted its report recommending private funding for R&D Report on illegal migrants from Bangladesh Union Ministry of Agriculture Achary Panel ASSOCHAM Dr T K Viswanathan Committee Independent commission (IC) Committee of Eminent Persons on JEE Justice MB Shah-headed SIT on Black Money NITI Aayog panel Upamanyu Hazarika Commission Annual report on Patent filing in India Most valuable brand in India 100 Report Follow Us - FB.com/AffairsCloudOfficialPage PDT Achary Dr T K Viswanathan Richard W. Pound Prof Ashok Misra Justice MB Shah Copyright 2015 @ AffairsCloud.Com 1|Page Study Material...
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...The Money or The Passion: Is Money in Professional Sport Ruining the Ethos of the Game? Ross Schreuder Supervisor: Mr. Werth English Teacher: Mrs. Schroeder Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. History and Evolution of Sport 3 3. What is the Ethos of Sport? 4 4. Positive and Negative Influences of Money in Sport and an Evaluation of their Impact on its Ethos 5 4.1 Doping: 5 4.2 Throwing Matches/ Match Fixing: 6 4.3 Other Factors Contributing to Unethical Behaviour in Sport 7 4.4 Sportsmanship vs. Gamesmanship 8 4.5 The Money in Barclays Premier League 9 4.5.1 Stadium naming rights 10 4.5.2 Transfers and Individual Sponsorships 10 4.6 Philanthropy 11 5. Conclusion 11 Bibliography 12 1. Introduction Money is, undoubtedly, evident in every aspect of professional sport. Player sponsorships and contracts, team ownership, stadia, media - its everywhere. If sport was not about the game, then arguably, sport would be about the money. Each and every week, transfers of players are made, ticket offices receive income, and money is handed from one profiteering person to the next. Where sport is widely thought to be about fair play, professional sport is, in fact, like war. There can only be one winner and what one team or individual gains, the other loses. Many sportsmen and women around the world are caught up with winning, not just because of the prowess of a title but, also because professionalism is now about money and...
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...To what extent is winning the motivation for athletes to take performance enhancing drugs despite the risks involved? Abstract Drugs in sport is an ongoing problem which I believe will never be completely abolished from the sporting world. We have definitely come a long way since the early days of drug use with the introduction of governing bodies such ad WADA to help control the testing of athletes and the detection of illegal substances, however I do not think we will be able to completely remove this ’drug culture’ from the sporting world. Therefore having experienced first-hand the drug testing practices involved in detection after competing in the world youth championships this year I was interested to look into the motivation behind athletes who choose to cheat and risk their future career both athletically and their career after retirement having been branded as a 'cheat’ within their sport. I will do this by looking into the history of drug use in sport and the enhancements the drugs provide to performance to try to understand why athletes risk their careers to simply win. Contents | | Abstract | 2 | Introduction | 2 | Drugs in sport; a modern problem? | 3 | Drugs in sport: what are they? * Amphetamines * Anabolic steroids * EPO * Diuretics * Caffeine | 3-6 | Drugs in sport: health...
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...Enhancing Drugs (PED) actually be positive and beneficial for Major League Baseball? “As the likes of Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa, Roger Clemens and Alex Rodriguez saw their usage exposed, the sport fought back with tougher drug testing and after the 2005 season produced a program punitive enough to minimize the game's doping culture.” (Braun's test result gives MLB major jolt; With MVP under cloud, steroid era is revisited Bob Nightengale, USA TODAY), "Probably the biggest sentence to which he was subjected is the impact on whether he'll be a lock for the Hall of Fame and the stigma that is now attached to his name and his records."(Barry Bonds is sentenced in enduring BALCO saga; No end in sight to BALCO's reach by: Jorge L. Ortiz, USA TODAY). Quotes like these could have been seen all over newspapers and magazines all throughout the past decade. Yes, these athletes did use Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED), but a debate has raged on about just how right are we to scrutinize them for those actions and just how inappropriate their actions were? With baseball professionals on both sides arguing how much of an impact they really had on the game. More so, I'd like to ask the question of whether what they had done was actually in a way good for baseball, and whether Performance Enhancing Drugs should even be banned from baseball? Which, I believe they shouldn’t be for numerous reasons. In order to understand just how “not as out of the ordinary” as they were deemed...
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...Bigger, Stronger, Faster For quite some time now, people have wanted to become a physically stronger person. Most people whether they just want to gain muscle mass or become a stronger athlete, would go to the gym and put in hours on end doing whatever it takes to reach their goals. When people push their body to limits to finally reach their goals, they feel like they can accomplish anything they want, so they figure they can push it even further to surpass their goals. People who think have this mindset will start supplementing to push their bodies even further than before. When they have reached their max, they still have that mindset of exceeding their goals and resort to a drug that has been around the 50s. When steroids first became available in the public market, the drug was unregulated and anyone could buy and use it for whatever they wanted. It took about forty years for it become regulated, regulations put steroids as a schedule 3 under the controlled substance act making its possession illegal without a prescription. Steroids are one of the most controversial substances to ever be made and are still common today. There are mainly two uses of steroids, medicinal and performance enhancing. Medicinally used steroids can be used to treat anything from a rash to asthma. There are about three names for steroids; corticosteroids, used medically, and anabolic steroids or HGH which in the athletic world is used to boost performance or in the medical field to replace sex...
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...English 8 July 2014 The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs Ryan Braun, a former Major League Baseball player was suspended for the rest of the baseball season for the use of performance enhancing drugs. Ryan Braun share with CNN News that “I am not perfect. I realize now that I have made some mistakes. And willing to accept the consequence of those actions.” The MLB’s commissioner points out that Braun had various unspecified breaches of the baseball’s drug program and violations labor of contract. For that reason, Ryan Braun will miss the total of 65 games without pay, the suspension will cause him to lose three million dollars out of his eight million salary. As an MLB spokesman shares with CNN that Braun is welcome to return after his suspension, as long as he’s making positive decisions that benefit Major League Baseball, whether it’s on field or off the field. Many professional athletes use PEDs to bulk up, build more muscles, and endurance; however, using PEDs nonstop can result in side effects like strokes, heart attacks, and death when used incorrectly. For the last couple of years, professional athletes from different sports have been caught for the use of PEDs or any other type of steroids, the players, usually a well-known person like Lance Armstrong and Alex Rodriguez. Although, the aid of performance enhancing drugs may provide entertainment to sports they also betray the values of sportsmanship; as well as give an unfair advantage over those who choose not to...
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...Steroids have been part of baseball history for a long time and it’s benefited athletes who resort to using it without getting caught. It’s helped the game develop into the game we see today, with players breaking home run records and pitchers pitching Cy Young worthy numbers. Steroids have caused a rift between who should or shouldn’t be in the Hall of Fame because it helped them get a competitive boost with the use of an injection or cream, while others played naturally and legally. While I believe that steroids have its advantages in athletes, it is just another way athletes can gain a competitive boost. If steroids were to be legalized, all athletes would have the chance to compete at the same level, but in a much higher and competitive environment. The stadiums would be more electric and games would be more exciting for the fans to enjoy....
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...psychological benefits. In addition to improved physical health, sports play a positive role in the development of youth. Studies show that the five “Cs”—competence, confidence, connections, character, and caring—develop positively through the participation in sports at a young age (Luxbacher 2). Each one of the five “Cs” are important components of youth development. The skills that are learned through playing sports, such as the discipline of training, learning teamwork and following the leadership of coaches provide athletes with lifelong skills. Important lifelong skills also include goal setting, time management, the value of planning ahead, honesty, respect, and an appreciation for diversity (Wood 3). At a young age, sports help teach youth how to handle adversity by showing them it is acceptable to make a mistake. Similarly, skills for handling both success and failure cannot be taught they must be experienced. Children experience these by both winning and losing. Studies show that children participating in a sport, when compared to children who do not participate in a sport, display higher grades, greater confidence and self esteem, greater connections with...
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...in the life of a human. The relationship between drug abuse in sports and society adds a different perspective on how sports effects individuals, and perhaps even society as a whole. Unfortunately, society seems to view ‘winning’ as something which is more important than the game itself. Success in sports brings fame, popularity, and may even impact scholarships and university entrance for many individuals. The societies’ demands and expectations from sports are rising over time. Society seems to view ‘winning’ as something which is more important than the game itself; consequently, the influence of drugs in competitive sports is becoming more relevant. Overview The urge to win or watch your favorite team win is becoming a societal expectation and norm. Athletes feel that they need to take drugs to help them to perform and win in the respective sport they are competing in. Whether you are watching, playing it, or talking about it, sports are becoming a major entertainment and a major part of the life of a human. Data from Lloyd D. Johnston (May 2007), reveals that 2.7% of twelfth graders utilized steroids, while 1.8% and 1.6% for the tenth and eighth graders respectively. Youths can easily be influenced into using steroids from peer pressure or the need to excel in their sport. "I wish I had never taken steroids. It was foolish. I can't say enough how sorry I am," McGwire said, breaking down three times during his conversation with USA TODAY (Jan, 2010). History ...
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...participate against others of similar skill levels (29). Putting rules in place for transgender athletes is seen as a need to not completely exclude a whole community. Yet, making these policies fair (or at least generally accepted) is almost completely impossible. Do transgender athletes actually have an advantage? The answer comes down to each individual sport where certain attributes of each gender is more beneficial. Some sports organizations, such as the International Olympic Committee, have attempted to create rules that both incorporate transgender athletes into competition as well as making standards they consider to be fair (Kahrl). Many people still have issues with these rules, but it is a step towards effectively and appropriately incorporating transgender athletes into the sports world. A person who is transgender, in their attempt to become more like the other sex, undergoes hormone therapy. A person who is a transgender female would receive testosterone while a transgender male would receive estrogen. Studies, albeit biased, have been conducted to show how a person’s body changes. One study published in the Journal of Sporting Cultures and Identities, “showed that as testosterone levels approach female norms, trans women experience a decrease in muscle mass, bone density, and other physical characteristics” (Petrow). The reason these hormones are targeted when transitioning is due to the fact that “many physiological differences between men and women are the result...
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...Acta mater. 48 (2000) 4709–4714 www.elsevier.com/locate/actamat GADOLINIA-DOPED CERIA AND YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA INTERFACES: REGARDING THEIR APPLICATION FOR SOFC TECHNOLOGY A. TSOGA1*, A. GUPTA1, A. NAOUMIDIS1 and P. NIKOLOPOULOS2 Institut fur Werkstoffe und Verfahren der Energietechnik (IWV1), Forschungszentrum Julich, D-52425 ¨ ¨ Julich, Germany and 2Chemical Engineering Department, University of Patras, GR 265 00 Patras, Greece ¨ 1 Abstract—For solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at intermediate temperatures the adjacency of the state-of-the-art yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte with ceria-based materials to both anodic and cathodic sides is regarded as crucial for the effectiveness of the cell. Solid-state reaction, however, and interdiffusion phenomena between YSZ and ceria-based materials can cause degradation of the electrolyte. When a gadolinia-doped-ceria (GDC) layer is used to protect YSZ against interaction with Co-containing cathodes, an unfavorable solid state reaction at the YSZ–GDC interface can be efficiently suppressed when a thin ( 1 µm thick) interlayer with nominal composition of Ce0.43Zr0.43Gd0.10Y0.04O1.93 is incorporated at the interface. When ceria is to be employed at the electrolyte–anode interface to reduce polarization losses, use of a ceria–40% vol Ni cermet is recommended, since suppression of the reactivity between YSZ and ceria can also be achieved in the presence of Ni. © 2000 Acta Metallurgica Inc. Published by Elsevier...
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...Letter to Editor Dear Editor: On August 8 in 2007 Barry Bonds broke the Major League Baseball (MLB) home run records by 31years. However, most major newspapers and magazines columns were indifferent and negative to his home run record. The expressions from them are very different from wild enthusiasms and cheers when he broke Mark McGwire’s single season home run record because Bonds is under suspicion for steroid use. Beside in these cases, major leaguers’ performance enhancing drugs stories rise out many different way such as Jose Canseco autobiography, Mark McGwire admits he uses the steroids and goes on to hit a then record 70 homers. According to the MLB official site, the investigation of MLB organization found that 5 percent to 7 percent of 1438 tests were positive about performance enhancing drugs during the 2003 season. The Major League player were used performance enhancing drug and even existence of the drug policy keep under suspicion about it nowadays . So, I think MLB need to improve current performance enhancing drugs policy. According to the MLB official site, Major League Baseball’s drug policy joint drug prevention and treatment program is established by agreement after the 2004 season between the MLB Players Association and the Office of the Commissioner of Major League Baseball in order to ban baseball players’ performance enhancing drugs including anabolic steroids and other illegal drugs. There was one unannounced mandatory test for...
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