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Impact of Culture

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Dampak kebudayaan Walaupun Haorney tidak melupakan pantingnya faktor genetik dia berkali-kali menekankan pengaruh kebudaan sebagai dasar utama pada penderita gangguan syaraf dan perkembangan kepribadian normal. Budaya modern, dia berpendapat dasar dari persaingan antar individu adalah “ Semua orang dalah pesaing yang nyata atau potensial atas lainya”(Horney, 1937, hal 284). Daya saing dan permusuhan dasar menimbulkan perasaan terasing. Perasaan ini karena terasing dalam dunia permusuhan ptensial yang pasti untuk meningkatkan kebutuhan akan kasih sayang, yang mana nantinya menyebabkan orang overvalue cinta.sebagai hasilnya, banya orang pada budaya kita melihat cinta dan kasih sayang sebagai solusi untuk semua masalah. Cinta sejati tentunya dapat menyehatkan pertumbuhan yang]memproduksi pengalaman, tetapi kebutuhan yang putus-asa karena cinta (seperti yang di tunjukkan oleh Horney sendiri) menyediakan sebuah landasan yang baik untuk perkembangan penderita gangguan syaraf. Dibanding manfaat dari kebutuhan akan cinta, penderita gangguan saraf bekerja keras dalam jalan patologi untuk temukan itu. Mereka gagal dalm usahanya karena penghargaan diri yang rendah, permusuhan yang meningkat, keinginan dasar, daya saing lebih dan haus cinta dan kasih sayang yang berkelanjutan. Menurut Horney, masyarakat menyumbang untuk memperburuk lingkungan pada beberapa respek. Pertama kita di karuniai nilai-nilai kebudayaan diantaranya cinta saudara dan kemanusiaan. Nilai ini bagaimanapun dijalankan bertentangan dengan sikap umum lainnya yaitu sikap agresif dan serbuan (tindakan) untuk menang dan menjadi yang terbaik. Yang kedua Tututat masyarakat untuk suksesdan pencapaian tujuan yang hampir tidak ada habisnya, jadi ketika kita mencapai ambisi material kita tujuan tujuan lainya akan berkelanjutansesudahnya. Yang ketiga, masyarakat menunjukkan bahwa kita bebas, bahwa kita dapat memenuhi apapun melalui/sampai pekerjaan berat dan ketekunan. Kenyataanya bagaimanapun kebebasan dari kebanyakan orang adalah batasan besar oleh genetik, posisi sosial sdan daya saing lainya. Pertentangan ini semua pembendungan dari pengaruh budaya dibanding yang biologi menyediakan konflik intrapsychic yang mengancam kesehatan psikologis pada orang-orang normal dan menyediakan gangguan yang hampir tak dapat diatasi untuk penderita gangguan saraf. Pentingnya pengalaman masa kecil Horney percaya bahwa masalah gangguan syaraf dapat di temukan kebanyakan pada tahap pertumbuhan, tetapi masa kanak-kanak menjadi usias yang mana kebanyakan menimbulkan masalah.keanekaragaman kejadian traumatik seperti pelecehan seksual, pemukulan, penolakan terbuka atau di telantarkan mungkin meninggalkan kesan pada perkembangan yang mendatang, tetapi Horney (1937) menegaskan bahwa pelemahan pengalaman ini dapat hampir tanpa terkecuali menjadi membekas untuk ketiadaan ketulusan kasih sayang dan kehangatan/keramahan. Horney mengakui kurangnya cinta dari ayahnya dan kedekatan hubungan dengan ibunya memiliki dampak yang kuat terhadap perkembangan kepribadianya seperti halnya pada gagasan teorinya. Horney (1939) berhipotesis bahwa kesulitan masa kecil bertanggung jawabkebutuhan penderita gangguan saraf. Kebutuhan ini menjadi kuat karena kebutuhan tersebut pada anak-anak berarti mendapatkan perasaan aman. Meskipun begitu, tidak ada satupun pengalaman yang bertanggungjawab pada awalnya. Horney memperingatkan bahwa keseluruhan dari pengalaman masa kecil menimbulkan sebuah stuiktur karakter yang pasti pada awal perkembangan (hal 152). Dengan kata lain, keseluruhan dari awal hubungan mencetak perkembangan kepribadian. Sikap setelahnya ke (orang) yang lain, kemudian, bukanlah pengulangan yang bersifat kekanakan tetapi berasal dari karakter stucture tersebut, yang mana dilengkapi masa kanak-kanak.(hal 87) Walaupun pengalama sesudahnya dapat berdampak penting, khususnya pada individu normal, pengalaman masa kecil adalah tanggung jawab dasar u perkembangan kepribadian. Orang tetap mengulangi pola perilaku tersebut karena mereka mengartikan pengalaman baru dalam sebuah sikap tetap dengan pola yang tidak dapat dipungkiri. Dasar permusuhan dan dasar ketertarikan Horney (1950) percaya bahwa masing-masing dari kita mulai hidup dengan potensi untuk perkembangan yang sehat, tetapi, seperti organisma hidup lain, kita memerlukan kondisi-kondisi baik untuk pertumbuhan. Kondisi ini harus meliputi suatu lingkungan penuh kasih dan hangat, sekalipun begitu tidak boleh sangat serba membolehkan. Sebagai] anak-anak, kita harus mengalami kedua-duanya ketulusan cinta dan disiplin sehat. Kondisi-Kondisi seperti (itu) menyediakan kamiperasaan puas dan keselamatan dan mengijinkan memungkinkan kami untuk tumbuh dengan apa yang kami inginkan. Sayangnya banyak pengaruh /gangguan yang mungkin tidak sesuai dengan situasi yang menyenangkan. Terutama diantaranya dari orang tua yang tidak mampu ataupun enggan mencintai anaknya. Oleh karena penderita sakit saraf kebutuhan mereka sendiri, orang tua sering mendominasi, melalaikan, melindungi berlebihan, menolak, atau memanjakan. Kalau orang tua tidak memenuhi kebutuhan anak akan rasa aman dan kepuasan, anak kembang;kan merasa permusuhan dasar ke arah orang tua [itu]. Bagaimanapun, anak-anak jarang secara terbuka menyatakan amukan ke arah orang tua mereka; sebagai ganti(nya), mereka menindas permusuhan mereka dan tidak punya kesadaran tentangnya. Permusuhan yang ditekan kemudian menuju ke arah perasaan kegelisahan/ketidakkokohan dan [perasaan takut pada sesuatu yang tidak jelas. Kondisi ini disebut ketertarikan dasar, Horney (1950) menggambarkan sebagai" suatu perasaan sedang terisolasi dan tanpa pengharapan di (dalam) suatu dunia yang berpotensi bermusuhan"(hal. 18). Lebih awal, dia memberi suatu uraian [yang] lebih grafis, disebutkan dasar ketertarikan " suatu perasaan menjadi kecil, tidak penting, tanpa pengharapan, ditinggalkan, membahayakan, di dalam suatu dunia ke luar untuk menyakititi, menipu, menyerang, menghina, mengkhianati, iri "(Horney, 1937, hal. 92). Horney(1937, hal. 75) percaya dasar permusuhan dan ketertarikan dasar adalah " saling berkaitan" Dorongan bermusuhan menjadi sumber utama ketertarikan dasar, tetapi ketertarikan dasar dapat juga berperan untuk merasa permusuhan. Sebagai suatu contoh bagaimana permusuhan dasar dapat mendorong kearah ketertarikan, Horney menulis tentang anak muda dengan menekan permusuhanya] terus dalam perjalanan ke pegunungan dengan seorang pemudi yang sedang ditaksir. , bagaimanapun, juga dia memimpin untuk membuat cemburu perempuan [itu]. Saat di puncak gunung berbahaya, anak muda] tiba-tiba menderita suatu menjengkelkan "pertahanan ketertarikan "jantungnya berdetak hebat. Ketertarikan diakibatkan oleh suatu [yang] tidak sesuai tetapi ada dorongan/gerakan hati untuk mendorong pemudi (di) atas tepi dari puncak gunung. dalam hal ini, dasar permusuhan mendorong sereve ketertarikan, tetapi ketakutan dan ketertarikan dapat juga mendorong pada perasaan permusuhan. Anak-Anak [yang] merasakan terancam oleh orang tua mereka berkembang menjadi permusuhan reaktif di (dalam) pertahanan [menyangkut] ancaman [itu]. permusuhan Reaktif ini, pada gilirannya, mungkin menciptakan ketertarikan tambahan, begitu melengkapi lingkaran yang interaktip antar[a] ketertarikan dan permusuhan. Horney(1937) yang ditantang yang " tidak berarti apakah permusuhan atau ketertarikan telah menjadi factor" (hal utama 74). Yang penting adalah bahwa pengaruh timbal balik mereka mungkin memperparah suatu sakit saraf tanpa seseorang membuat konflik tambahan. Ketertarikan dasar pada dirinya sendiri bukanlah suatu sakit saraf, tetapi " adalah menjadi lahan yang baik dari mana suatu sakit saraf terbatas mungkin brkembang setiap waktu" ( Horney,1937, hal. 89). Ketertarikan dasar adalah tak kenal henti dan tetap, memerlukan stimulus tertentu seperti pengambilan suatu test di (dalam) sekolah atau memberi suatu pidato. Menyebar keseluruh bagian berhubungan dengan (orang) yang lain dan berusaha memimpin ke arah jalan [yang] baik untuk mengatasi orang-orang. Walaupun kemudian berkembang daftar pertahanan melawan terhadap ketertarikan dasar, Horney ( 1937) mengenali pada umumnya terdapat empat jalan yang dilakukan orang-orang dalam budaya kita untuk melindungi diri mereka melawan terhadap perasaan terasing dalam dunia yang penuh persaingan ini. Yang pertama adalah kasih sayang, suatu strategi yang tidak selalu mendorong kearah cinta sesungguhnya. Dalam pencarianya pada kasih sayang, sebagian orang boleh mencoba untuk membeli cinta dengan diri yang menghapus pemenuhan, material.....

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