...were increased militarism in Europe, the formation of increasingly powerful alliances in Europe, and increased feeling of nationalism across Europe. To put this period into context it occurred around the turn of the 20th century (roughly 1870-1920), a period filled with state competition in Europe due to somewhat due to European Imperialism in Africa and Asia, a period that witnessed the formation of Italy and Germany as rapidly industrializing countries, a period in which two big alliances in Europe (The Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, and Austro-Hungary) and The Triple Entente (Russia,France, and Britain)) were created in order to maintain national security among different nations in Europe, and a period with increased nationalism inside of Europe....
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...Industrialization was a really hard task. Russia became one of the world’s great powers that didn’t industrialized. Russia struggled from industrializing. Despite of having many of the factors of production, such as rich in natural resources and a huge population, Russia was slow to industrialized because of its geography and location, its very conservative society and wars. Due to Russia’s geography and location, it was hard for Russia to modernized, to build transportation and to grow crops, which further led to difficulties for Russia to industrialize. Russia is the world’s biggest nation. During the Tsarists Empire, Russia was 22,400,000 square miles big, 2 times larger than Canada and 70 times larger than Britain. Russia is located across two continents, both Europe and Asia. There is a geographic barrier between European Russia and Asia, which is the Ural Mountains. Russia has a wide range of temperature. Russia has an average temperature of -5.5ºC. The lowest degree record in Russia is -68ºC and the highest degree record is 37ºC (Etty). Unlike other countries, Russia has less land suitable for farming, only 10% of land is suitable. Russia can be mainly divided into three types of land:...
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...were very economically unsettled times that even lead to a depression in 1873. During this period, every industrial country was hurt, and Britain was seriously affected. Britain relied on raw materials, thus damaging its balance of trade. It also shouldn’t be forgotten, that there was a serious competition between newly industrializing nations that had new factories, and cheap labor. There was also the problem of political direst. These issues are known to arise in a state of economical instability. Europe at the afore mentioned time, experienced that problem. Britain particularly was undergoing significant changes in their system. The country that was once used to a unified political party system, had to evolve to a more fragmented patchwork of special interest groups like labor unions, landowners, bankers, industrialists etc. The people in power were eager for a new cause to unite the people when it mattered. In the year 1871, the unstable balance of power in Europe had been modified by the emergence of a strongly unified Germany and Italy, the severe opposition of British rule in Ireland, and the rapid disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in South Eastern Europe. The people were not pleased by these events. There were also issues of Debt, as a result of the extravagant lifestyle of the rulers in North Africa. In places...
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...industrial revolution, a period of transition and innovation, inevitably brought with it changes. Life for both rich and poor was changed forever. A way of life in Europe was passing away, when the lord of the manor, independent farmers, servants and workers that had previously lived independently in a vertically integrated society were replaced by a city based society of segregated social classes. The population grew rapidly, and people found work in the factories of cities. The industrial revolution began in Britain, which filled all the requirements for it to happen. As an aftermath of 1688 and the “Glorious Revolution”, British kings lost much of their power and influence to aristocratic landowners, who in turn sought to bring their own lands under greater control. This is known as the Enclosure Movement. This lead to two very important consequences; the land became more productive, which in turn lead to the agricultural revolution, and people who used to work the lands of the aristocratic landowners effectively became a poor, unemployed, new class of society in need of work. It was this class of poor that manned and worked in the factories that the industrial revolution brought along with it. They were ideal for the job, because they were in desperate need of work and would work for low wages. Although they were mostly unskilled labourers, it didn’t matter much since the jobs at factories required little skill from the workers. So, the factories...
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...E SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by ...
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...War II. These were decades of considerable dislocation in the West. Revolutionary regimes in several societies provided another source of change. New, authoritarian political systems were another response to crisis, particularly after the Great Depression, in several parts of the world. All of this occurred even as resistance to European imperialism was mounting (Davies 938). In addition, the 1920’s was marked by major patterns. One of the first major patterns, Western Europe recovered from World War I incompletely, particularly in economics and politics. Cultural creativity was important, and several social developments marked real innovation. But political and economic structures and European diplomacy as well, rested on shaky foundations. World War I quickly shattered the confidence many Europeans had maintained around the turn of the twentieth-century. Although the ultimate effects of World War I involved Europe’s world position, the war also brought tremendous dislocation within Europe. Though some of the damage was quickly...
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...Revolution (French: Révolution française; 1789–1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a fundamental impact on French history and on modern history more broadly. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed within three years. French society underwent an epic transformation, as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from radical left-wing political groups, masses on the streets, and peasants in the countryside.[1] Old ideas about tradition and hierarchy regarding monarchs, aristocrats, and the Catholic Church were abruptly overthrown by new principles of Liberté, égalité, fraternité (liberty, equality and fraternity). The royal houses across Europe were horrified and led a countercrusade that by 1814 had restored the old monarchy, but many major reforms became permanent. So too did antagonisms between the supporters and enemies of the Revolution, who fought politically over the next two centuries. Amidst a fiscal crisis, the common people of France were increasingly angered by the incompetency of King Louis XVI and the continued indifference and decadence of the aristocracy. This resentment, coupled with burgeoning Enlightenment ideals, fueled radical sentiments, and the French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General in May. The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate proclaiming the Tennis Court Oath in June, the assault on the Bastille in...
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...Christopher Columbus who is a controversial figure in history is glorified as the brave man who discovered America. Columbus had many different motives as he started his mission. One motive that he had was profit, he thought that he could buy spices at the low point of their origin and then take them back with him and sell them for a greater price in Europe. Another motive that Columbus had was religion, he hoped to bring Catholicism to the natives and where ever he ended up. Columbus believed that religion should be the base in every person’s life. As a country Spain also wanted to purse Catholicism as a missionary religion because it was important to convert others. Columbus saw himself as a divine agent on a mission. His main motive was to find a westward route from Spain to the Indies since the eastward passage was controlled by Portugal. As he was on his first voyage, “The Enterprise of the Indies” he wanted to find a direct ocean trading route to Asia. He valued many things in his life such as wealth and the power that came with it, but the main one was the Catholicism that he wanted to bring to everyone that he met and everywhere he went. Christopher Columbus met many different and interesting natives and he said that each one portrayed different types of skills. He mentioned that some natives were not as good of sailors as the others were. Columbus’ descriptions of the natives portrayed them as inferior to Europeans, some might even say savage. He said that the natives...
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...Essay Vietnam and the 20th Century Experience Introduction This paper analyzes the sociopolitical, cultural, and economic characteristics of European nations that drove them to establish policies of overseas colonization. Societies developing within the constraints of the European landmass had many incentives to move beyond their own borders into other regions, areas often occupied by another culture. European nations have a long history of being competitive with one another. Cultural and religious pride and arrogance, and an intolerance of differing cultures and religions, were used to justify imperialistic policies of domination and suppression of local peoples. Europeans, of necessity, would bring along their economies of technology and infrastructure to support their control of the local population. This would also include their Latin-based language and educational systems. Attempts to assimilate local culture into the European culture were often a source of conflict within the overseas colonies. European Cultural Characteristics Religion, and particularly the evangelical mission of Catholicism, has strongly influenced European cultures since the Middle Ages. The French utilized Catholic Missionaries as a way to access many overseas regions, including that part of Asia later to be known as “French Indochina.” Missionaries are typically non-violent and non-threatening. They often could enter a foreign country and merge with the local culture without opposition...
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...CS’s DMA (Direct Market Access) service provides clients with the ability to electronically execute market or limit orders directly on the exchange. CS’s DMA service is fast and provides complete anonymity. In the US and Europe where there are multiple execution venues and ECN’s for most stocks CS’s DMA service uses “Pathfinder” . Pathfinder is proprietary smart routeing logic designed to ensure orders are sent to the venue with the best price, liquidity and speed of execution. The Pathfinder logic makes a quantifiable difference to the quality of execution for US DMA flow. List of markets COUNTRY Africa /Middle East Egypt Israel South Africa Turkey Americas Argentina Brasil Canadá Chile México Perú United States Venezuela Asia/Pacific Australia Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Singapore Taiwan2 Thailand 2 Europe Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Holland Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom MARKET DMA ELECTRONIC ROUTING THROUGH THE LOCAL DESK1 Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires Bovespa TSX ; Venture Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago Bolsa de Valores Mexicana Bolsa de Lima NYSE; NASDAQ; AMEX Bolsa de Valores de Caracas ASX HKSE JSE TSE; OSE KSE; KOSDAQ; KOFEX KLSE NZSE PHSE SGX-ST; SGX-DT TSE SET SWX; Virt-x Contact details: Antero Touchard, +44 207 888 0046, e-mail: antero.touchard@credit-suisse.com 1 Routing via trading desk: orders...
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...Cultural Decentering Aaron Walsh HUMA215-1202A-17 04/15/2012 Professor Reed Abstract Imperial expansion changed the aspect of many cultures. What was considered everyday life and tradition began to change dramatically or destroyed. The European influence on non-western society began a cultural shift to the European culture in more of a decentering, rather than reclamation to its own culture. Keywords: Culture, decentering, westernization. Introduction The non-western cultures faced many changes through the beginning of the twentieth century. Slavery and Christianity was a huge part in those changes. Centering of culture results in a change in one’s own culture. As the world began to modernize, cultures began to become part of the civilization that was thrust upon them. “Worldwide, non-Western cultures faced fundamental challenges to their cultural identities—not so much a recentering of culture but a decentering of culture.” The word westernization equates to transformation to the modern ways of the world, or modernization. One must be able to distinguish the two terms. Modernization is an overhaul of the current society. Prior to the Europeans, the only other contibutors to the modernization of Africa were the Arabs. The Arab nations introduced Islam to the African culture ("Westernization - Africa,"n.d.). Through the late nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, Western Cultures began to modernize technology, communication and expand their armed...
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...Puritans who from 1620 settled farther north, had an eye for trade and investment and it is these two groups’ philosophy which has left its mark on America. Mass Immigration As the West opened in the 19th century, more and more opportunities and room for new immigrants and people flocked to America. Between 1820 and the Civil War in 1861 around five million immigrants came to America, mainly from England, Ireland, and Germany. There were yet no laws that put limits on immigration, and as the industry constantly lacked labour between 1870 and 1920 no less than twenty million people came to America, in the beginning mostly from Europe but from the change of the century also from southern and eastern Europe, from Russia, China, and Japan. In this century there has been passed several immigration laws which regulate the number of immigrants. Immigration from Europe has decreased a lot during the last years. On the other hand immigration from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands has increased and these new groups often settle on the west coast. Hispanics The Spanish population is growing rapidly. Many of the so-called Hispanics does not speak English at all. The authorities have gradually taken the consequences of this fact...
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...Competing with the global giants England had always been considered to be one of the most civilised nations in the world, gathering from the country's vast historical stories and researches, England has gone through many civilisation phases as the country slowly emerges into globalisation. It is these journeys which defines England as how it is today. We have learnt of many driven influences and factors which has led this mighty nation into a civilised success, and this paper will explore all of the possible driving factors behind this great nation, and the reason for its undefeated economical standing and the highly regarded and prestigious education standards it possesses. Not only is England one of the most famous countries in the world, it is also one of the most famous from the West and United States of America. The strategy they decide to choose to keep them in this same power will ultimately steer the country's predictions for the future of globalisation. In previous times, humans walked and swam as a way of traveling, it was very difficult to communicate long distances; for example, if we walked 100 miles without stopping, it would take 1 day to get to the destination. For this reason, most countries' development was very slow and each country had a different level of technology because they could not share knowledge or ideas with each other. However, this situation began to change after Europeans improved naval techniques which allowed Europeans to travel to other continents...
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...Prior to the early modern world, European Nations and Far East countries were very isolated and had minimal interaction between each other. The fact of the matter was that before Vasco De Gama’s voyage from Portugal to India at the end of the 15th century, travel from Europe to the East was far too treacherous. However, things started to change during the 16th century. The early modern world was able to become more interconnected through the exchange of goods, slave trade, and the exchange of military tactics, which in turn presented nations with the opportunity to grow and prosper. The exchange of goods between the European Nations and the East exhibited the interconnectedness present during the early modern world. Fashion had always been a significant part of European society, but the calico craze that existed at the end of the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century forced European Nations to interact heavily with these Eastern countries that possessed such resources: New consumer forces were at work in England in the late seventeenth century; these forces were manifested in the craze for calicoes and other sorts of cottons wrought in the East Indies. The arrival of cotton textiles in the English market brought to a comparatively prosperous population a new sort of commodity, another of the lighter fabrics so much in demand in the early industrial period (Lemire, 3) The Indian cloth was so fashionable for a couple of different reasons. For one, it...
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...H&M, which was formally known as “Hennes” (The Swedish word for “hers”) was founded by Erling Persson in 1947. The first store was opened in Vasteras, Sweden, and only women’s apparels were sold during that time. In 1968, Erling Persson bought Mauritz Widforrs, which was a hunting and gun store in Stockham. Soon enough, Men’s apparel was introduced and made available in the store. The company then changes its name to Hennes & Mauritz (H&M in short). Ever since then, H&M has expanded its store worldwide. H&M sells clothing and accessories that caters for women, men, teenagers and children for every occasion. It has expanded their stores around the world in Asia, Europe, Middle East & North Africa and North America and aims to increase the number of stores by 10-15% per year. In 2011, when H&M announced that they are launching their first ever outlet in Singapore, it was a much-anticipated event because their apparels are trendy, affordable and they are known for their quality. According to the data provided by the official website, there are over 94,000 employees, working in approximately 2,500 stores spread over 40 markets world wide. During the end of the financial year in November 2009, the company recorded an earning of SEK118,697 million ($15,473.3 million) which seen an increase of 14.1% over 2008. Operating profit in FY2009 was SEK21,644 million, an increase of 7.5% over 2008 whereas the total net profit was SEK16,384 million in FY2009 with an increase of 7.1% over...
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