...individual tries on a shirt that is a bit tight on them and asks for an opinion form their fit friend, the friend blurts out, “I like the shirt, but it would fit better if you lost some weight”. If the fit friend had thought through the impact that their comment might have on their overweight friend, they probably would not said what they did, or would have found a different way to get their point across. One concept from Adler, Rosenfeld, and Proctor II’s work that can be linked into this FOR is the definition of competent communication. According to chapter 1, competent communication is both effective and appropriate. Blurting has been shown to be, quite often, the complete opposite of both of these things. As it is often, “Associated with a variety of less-than-positive traits,” it is often inappropriate; and in turn, it is usually negative, and hurtful to someone else, making it largely ineffective. Another concept of interpersonal communication that can be linked into the study in question is the idea that people like to be listened to because it makes them feel validated. One of the reasons that blurting is seen as a negative thing is that it is sometimes done by interrupted another individual who is speaking....
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...4:9) Life is meant to be spent bonding with others, for God wants all of us to lift each other up. Communication theories help to identify the ways in which we communicate but in order to reach deeper into communications, theories that help to explain the development and management of relations are needed. The social penetration theory and relational dialectic theory are just two that allow us the advantages of seeing how we develop relationships and how we retain them. A lasting relationship starts with good communication, therefore, the development and management processes...
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...Interactions between North Americans and Japanese : Considerations of Communication Style The Summary Communication style has a very big impact on the dynamics of face-to-face encounters, that is, whether a conversation proceeds smoothly or by fits and starts, whether both continually interrupt each other or are both able to talk simultaneously without interrupting and whether their style of listening match. Differences in ethnic background coupled with those of communication style probably increase chances that implicit unverbalized matters will be overlooked or misinterpreted. To be able to understand deeper and more sophisticated effects of style differences can take years. In exploring such differences of “the other”, one cannot help but come to understand the cultural factors that have shaped one’s own style. In the communication between Japanese and Non-Japanese there are intercultural communication blocks that have to be considered, which are, problems on direct and indirectness, individuality and groups view, decision making, and discussion. Components of Communication Style According to some experts there are various things included in the components of communication style, such as: topics of discussions, favorite interaction forms -ritual, repartee, argument, and self disclosure- and involvement depth, as well as the channel people rely upon (Dean Barlund) ; behaviors –gesticulation, eye contact, speech and kinetic rhythm, and listening behavior- (Erickson)...
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...Resolving Conflicts in Relationships Through Negotiation. Conflict is inevitable in relationships because people have different needs and viewpoints (Wood, 2002; Purkey, Schmidt & Novak, 2010) and thus conflict involves the expression of these tensions (Wood, 2002). This essay will focus on the role of negotiation in resolving conflicts in interpersonal relationships; the chosen setting being that of a couple who are in conflict about their life directions with one wishing to travel and the other wishing to save for a home. It will start with defining conflict in general and then focus on the context of conflict in interpersonal relationships. Following this there will be an examination of the negotiation method of resolving interpersonal conflict as well a description of a range of communication skills that are required for negotiation. Finally, it will discuss the role of third- party intervention in conflict resolution and conclude with a summary of the key points. Folger, Poole and Stutman (2009, p. 4) define conflict as “the interaction of interdependent people who perceive incompatibility and the possibility of inference from others as a result of this incompatibility.” Johnson and Johnson (1987) refer to “conflicts of interest” and state that these may be based on differing needs and opinions or inequalities in relation to resources such as power, money, time and position. Conflict is the struggle between opposing needs and viewpoints and arises when we perceive...
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...Research Center, Lappeenranta University of Technology and Sonera Research, P.O.BOX 20, 53851 LAPPEENRANTA, FINLAND e-mail: Kirsimarja.Blomqvist@lut.fi, mobile +358-40-755 1693 Pirjo Ståhle, Competence, Knowledge and Technology Management, Sonera Ltd, PL 116, 00051 SONERA, FINLAND e-mail: pirjo.stahle@sonera.com ABSTRACT In this paper we study the role of trust in enhancing asymmetric partnership formation. First we briefly review the role of trust. Then we analyze the state-of-the-art of the theoretical and empirical literature on trust creation and antecedents for experienced trustworthiness. As a result of the literature review and our knowledge of the context in praxis, we create a model on organizational trust building where the interplay of inter-organizational and inter-personal trust is scrutinized. Potential challenges for our model are first the asymmetry of organizations and actors and secondly the volatility of the business. The opportunity window for partnering firms may be very short i.e. there is not much time for natural development of trust based on incremental investments and social or character similarity, but so called “fast” or “swift” trust is needed. As a managerial contribution we suggest some practices and processes, which could be used for organizational trust building. These are developed from the viewpoint of large organization boundary-spanners (partner/vendor managers) developing asymmetric technology partnerships. Leveraging Complementary Benefits...
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...Day 1 – Introduction – Interpersonal communication is a very integral part of our lives, both at home and in public/work. Each person has their own communication standards and we can all attest to the fact that we communicate differently at home vs. at the workplace. During these next 5 days, we will discuss important topics that fall under the following interpersonal communication categories; Language, nonverbal communication, listening and emotions. Before each category of discussion, I will provide you with a basic outline of what the day will entail. We only have an hour per day/category so we will need to be efficient with our time. Notice that I bolded the word efficient, this is because each topic we discuss will all work toward a similar goal, which is to make our interpersonal communication life and skills efficient. Today is just the introduction so we are only going to focus on finding out a little more about one another. It is absolutely crucial to understand the person you are communicating with so that you can efficiently and respectfully communicate back with them. As we will learn in the upcoming days, everyone is going to communicate differently and we must be open minded to that. Please take the remaining time today to disperse around the room and meet with one another. Try to keep your confrontations to less than two minutes so that you may meet multiple people. As you are communicating with one another, remember the interactions you have so that you may...
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...10 .A Bounded Emotionality Perspective on Interpersonal Behavior in Organizations Neal M. Ashkanasy Wilfred J. Zerbe The experience and expression of emotion is an essentially individual phenomenon; however it is tightly bound within a social context. For example, the effects of emotion often become much more pointed when people are in groups. Interactions with others are a primary source of emotions; our relations with others serve to provoke, to help transfer, and to constrain emotions. These kinds of effects are reflected in the intragroup and intergroup situations that are the subject of the chapters in this section. Indeed, De Dreu, West, Fischer, and MacCURTAIN (2001) argued that processes play a special role in developing emotion at this level of analysis. They described group interactions as a process of emotional incubation, where group members’ reactions. The resulting group-level emotional tenor then infuses the whole group, creating what De Rivera(1992,p.197) referred to as group “emotional climate”(see also Barsade,2002; Kelly & Barsade, 2001). In the first chapter in this section, Matthew Grawitch and David Munz tackle the difficult issue of the role of individual affect in problem-solving workgroups. They present a model where individual and group affect norms influence each stage of ostensibly rational problem solving. The model, which they call GAPS( Group Affect in Problem solving), includes four stages: problem identification; brainstorming; solution development;...
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...“Adults spend an average of 70% of their time engaged in some sort of communication, of this an average of 45% is spent listening compared to 30% speaking, 16% reading and 9% writing.” (Adler, R. et al. 2001). Based on the research of: Adler, R., Rosenfeld, L. and Proctor, R. (2001). Interplay: the process of interpersonal communicating (8th edn), Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt. In this fast paced, technology-based world where the need to communicate is more important than ever, we all seem to be in so much of a hurry, that we do not really take the time to listen to what people are saying. Listening can help improve accuracy, solve problems, resolve conflict, and build relationships. As simple as good listening seems, through poor listening, we can misinterpret and misunderstand, which can cause confusion, frustration, and even conflict in both our professional and personal relationships. In a study of over 8,000 people employed in businesses, hospitals, universities, the military and government agencies, results showed that most people responding felt that they communicate as effectively or more effectively than their co-workers. However, research shows that the average person listens at only about 25% efficiency. Interestingly, while most people tend to agree that effective listening is an important skill, they do not feel the need to improve the level of their listening skills. (Haney, W. V. 1979). Despite the date of this study, it reflects an important...
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...University of Tasmania Annual Teaching Matters Conference Sharing practice 10th Teaching Matters Annual Conference 22nd-23rd November, Hobart, Tasmania Suggested format for citing papers: Author, I. (2011). Title of paper. In J. Skalicky, A. Adam, D. Abbott, & G. Kregor (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Teaching Matters Annual Conference. Sharing practice [online], Hobart: Centre for the Advancement of Learning and Teaching, University of Tasmania. © CALT 2011. The works included in these conference papers are the property of their authors and are used by permission. Readers should apply the same principles of fair use to the works in this electronic journal that they would to a published, printed journal. These works may be read online, downloaded for personal use, or the URL of a document (from this server) included in another electronic document. The text itself may not be published commercially (in print or electronic form), edited, or otherwise altered without the permission of the author. As with printed materials, care should be taken when excerpting or referencing text to ensure that the views, opinions and arguments of the author accurately reflect those contained in the original work. Applying the Bioecological Theory of Human Development to learning: Enhancing student engagement in online learning. Dr Lindsay Smith University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia L.M.Smith@utas.edu.au Abstract: This paper explores the application of the bioecological theory...
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...History of leadership Intro to health leadership and importance of proactiveness in health care context Situation leadership Situational leadership theory was derived by Professor Paul Heresy and Ken Blanchard in the mid 1970s. The main pricnciple of the theory is that there is not one single best style of leadership. However, effective leadership is about adapting according to goup or individiucal and the task. That is to influence the surbodinets to achieve the particular goals. Equally important is the task that needs to be completed; the type of leadership also has to be tailored according to this to be effective. For Hersey and Blanchard is divided leadership styles and maturity. The leadership style can be further divided in to 2 arms of ‘Relationship Behaviour’ and ‘Task behaviour’. The diagram below show the leadership style according to whether high or low in each arm. Leaders using this model has to be flexible and use alternative leadership styles according to the needs. Maturity comes from adapting to the subordinate(s). The maturity of the subordinates varies according to their ‘readiness’ to carry out a given task. The readiness is due to the subordinate’s ability and confidence. If the maturity is high, this model favours ‘delegating’ style. This is often describe as having minimal leadership intervention but giving the decision making to the subordinates who possess high task readiness. This as described earlier is based o confidence, willingness...
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...The Effects of Population Density (PSY460) The Effects of Population DensityThe term population density is described as little more than the ratio of organisms to the size of an area (Xpeditions, 2008). This ratio is determined by taking the number of people in a given area and dividing that number by the area they occupy. As of the last U.S. census, the average population density of the United States was 70 people per square mile (Xpeditions, 2008). This is just an objective fact though and has little, if any, applicability to the average American’s daily life. However, when issues of excess population noise and decreased privacy are taken into account the subjective perception of population density meets the objective fact of population density. As population density increases so does the noise that the population produces, especially in crowded areas. Likewise, as people move to a more confined area the ability to maintain privacy and a sense of territoriality adapts and changes. To fully understand how population density affects individual people, the concepts of noise, privacy, territoriality, and personal space must be covered and the relevance of these concepts—and mediation thereof—must be applied to the subject of populations. NoiseNoise is in the ear of the beholder, or so it would seem. Strictly speaking, noise is any sound—a wave that travel through an air medium—that is unwanted or interferes with the normal transmission of acoustic information (Arkkelin & Veitch...
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...psychological buffer against existential anxiety. Another approach suggests that culture arises in part from an epistemic need for verifiable knowledge, and for certainty and confidence in our perceptions of the world around us. The creation of a shared reality, a common set of beliefs, expectations and rules for interpreting the world, helps fulfill this need to validate one’s own construction of reality. A very different perspective on the origins of culture implies that cultures and the specific norms that define these cultures emerge as unintended byproducts of interpersonal interaction. The contents of these communications and interactions are constrained by psychological considerations and thus exert consequences on culture. As social influence attends any act of communication and because individuals communicate more regularly with others who are closer to them in geographic or social space, a dynamic process is set in motion in which neighboring individuals mutually influence each other on a wide variety of beliefs and behaviors. In addition, people differ in their ability to influence others. As people communicate with their neighbors and others in close proximity, some will be more convincing and will persuade more people to agree with them. Over time, this mutual...
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...Models of the Communication Process Abstract We teach the same models of communication today that we taught forty years ago. This can and should be regarded as a mark of the enduring value of these models in highlighting key elements of that process for students who are taking the process apart for the first time. It remains, however, that the field of communication has evolved considerably since the 1960's, and it may be appropriate to update our models to account for that evolution. This paper presents the classic communication models that are taught in introducing students to interpersonal communication and mass communication, including Shannon's information theory model (the active model), a cybernetic model that includes feedback (the interactive model, an intermediary model (sometimes referred to as a gatekeeper model of the two-step flow), and the transactive model. It then introduces a new ecological model of communication that, it is hoped, more closely maps to the the range of materials we teach and research in the field of communication today. This model attempts to capture the fundamental interaction of language, medium, and message that enables communication, the socially constructed aspects of each element, and the relationship of creators and consumers of messages both to these elements and each other. Introduction While the field of communication has changed considerably over the last thirty years, the models used in the introductory chapters of communication...
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...How Does Leaders Communication Style in Multinational Organization Impact Upon the Achieving of Goals Table of Contents Introduction 3 Universal Leadership in Multinational Companies 4 Interpersonal Acumen and Leadership Communication in MNCs 4 Various Dimensions of Societal Culture and Effective Leadership 5 Cross-Cultural Dimensions of Leadership Communication in Achieving Goals 9 Recognition of Cross-Cultural Leadership for Attaining Goals 9 Conclusion 10 References 12 Introduction Business scenario at present is changing. This change in business environment has been dealt from different aspects in the form of emerging markets, globalization, exponential rate of change, different competitors, new technologies and many such. In short, it is to be identified that all these aspects lead to development of the concept called multiculturalism. Multiculturalism surely affects multinational companies and ultimately people and business worldwide. Due to changing business environment considerable changes in leadership communication styles have also taken place to cope up with the dynamic market trends. There had been a significant change in management and control focus to that of alignment focus. Also, significant change has occurred in the communication styles as different modes of communication and system of close interaction between the management and the rest of the organization are being introduced. As an inevitable consequence, the culture in multinational...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR in Greek town Bank Final Course Project GM591: Leadership and Organizational Behavior INTRODUCTION The leadership’s role in an organization is specific in that they should demonstrate four leadership responsibilities directing, coaching, supporting and delegating. These specific responsibilities will not only lead a team but will be effective in the results the teamwork will display. Good leadership practice is a process that is learned and applied. The leader becomes to be more effective and productive as they work to direct and guide their staff towards the mutual accomplishment of goals and objectives. Greek town bank is well known amongst the regular customers for being friendly and personal the atmosphere is always upbeat and relaxed. The employees make the professional setting fun casual and inviting to everyone. At the bank I’m the teller supervisor. I oversea the operational issues and interact with daily customer transactions. I’ve been working in this position for 2 years. Within the last 8 months new management has come on board and changed the entire dynamics of the setting. The environment is cold and quiet, we work in silence and the interaction that customers enjoyed and became familiar with changed when employees left after new management came on board. David J. Prottas in “Relationships Among Employee Perception of Their Manager’s Behavioral Integrity, Moral Distress, and Employee Attitudes and Well-Being”...
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