...natural resources , make The Iranian Revolution of 1979 one of the epochal events of the twentieth century. Among different causes of revolution, economic situation and inequality in Iranian society on that period had significant impact. To reach Iran situation in the time of revolution, it is necessary to look at the country from the beginning of twentieth century, when the new opportunities had been created through Constitutional Revolution. During the early 1900s there were lots of foreign manipulation and government corruption that made Constitutional Revolution the only way of saving the country, which took place between 1905 and 1907. The revolution, which happened during Qajar Dynasty, led to establishment...
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...with Iran Impact the Iranian Regime’s Behavior and Change the Regional Dynamic in the Middle East? Mike Maleki December 06, 2014 Illustrated by Paul Combs of the Tribune Media Services. Many in the West have expressed concern about a possible failure of the P5+1 countries – the five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Germany – to secure a comprehensive deal with Iran on its controversial nuclear program. These concerns, however, represent a somewhat myopic view of the bigger picture concerning Iran’s nuclear ambitions. A thorough look at the Iranian regime’s domestic and foreign policies reveals that a nuclear deal would, in fact, have very limited effect on the behavior of Iran’s authoritarian theocracy and change very little about the dynamics in the 1 Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution changed the balance of power in the Middle East. Following the revolution, Iran, a pillar of the US’ regional Cold War policy, became increasingly isolated as it quarreled with its majority Sunni neighbors for influence and sought to export its Islamic revolution as far as to Europe.1 However, Iran attempted to overcome its isolation as a Shiite and majority Persian state by tempting the aspirations of the region’s Arab population with its support for radical anti-Israel/anti-US regional movements, thus successfully establishing a web of proxies and surrogates – the so-called “axis of resistance.” Furthermore, since 2003, the Iranian regime has effectively...
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...A Nuclear Iran and Proliferation It has been argued that the Israeli fear of a nuclear Iran is more due to the resultant threat of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East than an Iranian NW per se.23 The revolutions that have swept across the region over the year or so will conceivably lead to greater control of Arab foreign policy by the Arab street, thus animosity towards Israel will appear in future decision-making. Israeli apprehension is born out of the theory that an Iranian NW will, by way of the security concept mentioned previously, lead to proliferation in the region. Combine greater regional acrimony toward the Jewish state with an Arab nuclear capability and Israeli fears are comprehensible. As Kenneth Waltz has argued, history demonstrates that the cascade concept (a state will rapidly construct NWs to counter strategic imbalance created by a hostile neighbour’s nuclear arming) is flawed. His argument is further consolidated by virtue of the fact that the fear of rapid nuclear proliferation has been vociferously audible in Western media almost every year since the 1960s, yet the world possesses only nine nuclear powers.24 Leaving this convincing argument to one side, would a nuclear Iran provoke proliferation in the Middle East? Sagan’s aforementioned three theories assume that a state has the ability and the opportunity to develop a weapon.25 By inserting such a caveat we can eliminate numerous states from this predictive analysis of proliferation in the...
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...case for Israel as the only ethnically and religiously Jewish state, not only in the region but in the world at large. Aside from Turkey, which is really the only other significant non-Arab state actor in the region, Iran and Israel represent deviations from the norm of mostly Sunni Muslim and ethnically Arab states in the Middle East. Still, what stands out as truly unique in the modern Middle East is the Iranian-Israeli connection, a facet of international politics unparalleled elsewhere in terms of Persian-Jewish contact and cooperation spanning thousands of years, overall international interdependence, and the abrupt switch from amity to enmity as of 1979. While the international media has cast an ever-stronger spotlight on the Iranian-Israeli relationship in the past five or ten years, it has long deserved closer scrutiny. For two countries to be as intertwined at the political, military, economic and societal levels – like Iran and Israel from the 1950s through to the 1970s – and then to become and remain bitter and irreconcilable enemies – thanks to a radical Iranian regime change in 1979 – is virtually unheard of in the realm of international politics. This phenomenon begged further study, and was spurred along by the need for an impartial and inclusive analysis to mitigate the perpetual barrage of news headlines and journal articles prophesying the inevitable showdown between the two states (and...
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...Social Media and Political Revolution Project 3: Research Paper Steve Gubenia Professor: Robert Zornes CMST 301 Outline I. Introduction a. Rise of digital media in political upheaval II. Body b. Social Media i. Development 1. Facebook 2. Twitter 3. YouTube 4. Others but these are “big three” ii. Attraction to sites 5. Ease of use 6. Socio-economic barriers 7. Demographics of users c. Revolution before social media iii. Regime control of media iv. Medium used to get message out 8. Slow distribution took longer to organize v. Fall of Soviet Union d. History of social media in political revolution vi. 2001 Philippines vii. Ukraine 2004 to 2014 9. Original Orange Revolution 10. Oksana Makar incident 11. President Yanukovych being ousted viii. 2009 Moldova ix. 2009 Iran “Twitter Uprising” x. 2010 Tunisia xi. 2011 Egypt “Facebook Revolution” xii. Lebanon, Syria, Libya lack of internet e. Critics of social media revolution xiii. Arguments against social media making a difference 12. Social media platforms built around weak ties making ineffective 13. Twitter’s limitations xiv. Examples of activists failing 14. 2006 Belarus ...
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...NewsMedia Organizations Senior Capstone ThesisBy Ruth Harper TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2INTRODUCTION 2LITERATURE REVIEW 3METHOD 7 RESULTS 8 Circumstances Surrounding Traditional MediaExplanation of Social Media and Social JournalismSocial Media ToolsMySpaceDiggFacebook TwitterCurrent Event Case StudiesMumbai attacks (2008)Bozeman, Mont., explosion (2009)Iran Protests (2009)Fort Hood shootings (2009)Ethics, Journalism and Social Media The Future of Journalism: Social Media‟s Continuing Effects on News CONCLUSIONS 20 WORKS CITED 22 APPENDIX 26 Interview Transcript ABSTRACT The purpose of this senior capstone research project is to report on how the social mediarevolution has changed and will continue to change journalism. By examining news and broadcastorganizations, a researcher can obtain a clear view into how the so-called social media revolution came about and what‟s in store for the journalism‟s future. This report focuses on one central, simple question: What impact has social media had on journalism, and how will this impact affect the future of news andinformation? Anyone in communications knows how quickly the field is changing. As more people becomeinvolved with social media, journalists and media professionals need to understand not only what socialnetworking Web sites are, but also how news audiences use them to obtain information fromorganizations and from friends, how these organizations can —and should— leverage these sites and,finally, what the news...
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...Russian Intelligence: Our Nation’s Most Credible Threat Throughout the course thus far, we have researched, reviewed, and assessed the intelligence capabilities of the Chinese, Iranian, and the Russian intelligence organizations in great detail. After the study of each countries intelligence capabilities, I have found that the Russians have the greatest intelligence capabilities that could directly impact the United States of America. Throughout this short essay paper, I will cover the following topics that will support my findings that Russian intelligence agencies are indeed the gravest threat to our nation. 1. Chinese Intelligence Capabilities 2. Iranian Intelligence Capabilities 3. Russian Intelligence Capabilities 4. Conclusion The three countries listed above will be assessed as either marginally capable, capable, or highly capable. Chinese Intelligence Capabilities and Limitations The Peoples Republic of China (PRC) overall are capable in the field of intelligence gathering. There is no doubt that China has increased their ability to gather intelligence in its neighboring...
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...Paradigms This paper will discuss the impending nuclear agreement with Iran reflecting on the realistic and idealistic paradigms in international affairs. Observations of the relationship will firmly accommodate the two paradigms. The aim will be to elaborate clearly the use of international law and organizations on all the paradigms in connection to international security and inter-state relationships. Realist Paradigm Realism is mounted on the notion that, world politics is driven by competitive self-interests and a struggle for power that is aimed at preserving and improving military, security and economic interests. To realists, the presence of war is essential in a state system as it clearly underlines the hypothesis of international conflict. Such states are characterized by chaos and revolutions, which are directly linked to vested national interests, distribution of power and conflict. a. Political realism The Iranian nuclear program has attracted much attention within the international arena due to the interest devoted by nation’s states on their foreign policies (Bowen & Brewer2011). In international relations, realists and idealists paradigms are important as they concern themselves with substantive issues affecting nations and states while making foreign policy decisions. Political realists argue that states struggle to secure conflicting national interests creating the main action on the globe (Rourke, 2007). Iranian nuclear activities...
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...Rebecca Teixeira Paper #2 United States – Iran Relations According to The New York Times Iran’s leader finally spoke out on July’s nuclear agreement. After decades of less than amicable relations between Iran and the United States, this agreement could mean the potential for peace at last. An article in The New York Times from July laying out the basics of the agreement states after 20 months of negotiations, the United States and Iran along with five other nations, came to a long awaited nuclear agreement for the next 15 years. The agreement limits Tehran’s nuclear power in exchange for lifting the sanctions on international oil and finance. Iran agreed to limit its current stock pile of low-enriched uranium by 98%, most likely shipping much of it to Russia. Also, the nation agreed to turn the Fordo plant into a center for science research as well as limit the enrichment percentage from 5% to 3.7% in Natanz (another large uranium plant in Iran). It is important to understand these restrictions because it will allow the amount of time it takes to put a nuclear bomb together from two to three months to a year. In order to secure that Iran will follow through with these limitations, the nation has agreed to allow the International Atomic Energy Agency access to information on its nuclear program and investigations of nuclear sites. In turn, Iran has asked that the embargo on imports and exports of conventional arms and ballistic missiles put in place in 2006 be lifted (2)...
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...Blowback and the Perception of Hatred for the Western World by the Middle Eastern/Muslim Community Introduction The concept of blowback refers to those unintended consequences which are suffered by the civil population of an aggressor government as a result of the covert operations of another government or international body. In the context of this research paper, the western world is portrayed as acting on intelligence to effect attacks against the Middle East, and the former emerges as the aggressor. To the affected civil population, the covert operations are perceived as random incidences of political violence, acts which have no justifiable cause. This perception can be attributed to the fact that the civil population is largely ignorant of the underlying causes that necessitated the attack or counter-attack. As a result, this perception creates sentiments of hatred for the western world with the common view being that the native Middle Eastern community is being victimized for its inherent cultural or religious beliefs. According to Brown, the concept of blowback was first coined by the Central Intelligence Agency and refers to the negative consequences of foreign policies that were kept secret by the agency from the American people (74). Brown notes that the frequent reports that are often aired by the media on the malign acts of terrorists, illegal arms merchants or drug lords are usually blowbacks from previous American Intelligence operations. This subsequently...
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...Part II In this section, I will examine veiling practices among Muslim women from an emic perspective. As Crapo (2013) describes it, “An emic description or analysis—that is, an insider’s or native’s meaningful account—may be written for outsiders but portrays a culture and its meanings as the insider understands it” (p.27). In her book chapter entitled The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: Veiling Practices and Muslim Women, Hoodfar (1997) examines misconceptions and stereotypes surrounding this practice. From an emic perspective, Muslim women face unwarranted scrutiny over their choices from people who often have no understanding of the many reasons why women wear the veil. The reasons for wearing the veil may differ from individual to individual and from culture to culture (Hoodfar, 1997). In any culture, it is typical for motivations to vary in this way. For example, in America, wearing revealing clothing may signify confidence in one’s body for some and insecurity for others. There is rarely a one-size-fits-all explanation for any behavior. Despite this, Hoodfar (1997) notes that Muslim women living in North America and Europe often face harsh criticism over their choice to wear the veil, even though many people do not fully understand the practice, and admit to this when engaging Muslim women in conversation about the practice. Muslim women feel harassed and attacked about their choices no matter what they say, and are sometimes afraid of...
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...The Growing U.S. Concerns with Iran Jeremy Bondy American Military University DEFM600 B001 Win 12 Dr. Oliver Hedgepeth February 25, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction 3 History 4 Assumptions 5 Secrecy of Iran's Nuclear Program 6 Evidence of Nuclear Weapon Development 6 Refusing IAEA Inspections 7 Closing the Straits of Hormuz 8 Iran Aid to Syrian Government 9 Iran's Supporting of Militant Groups 10 Replacing the Iranian Regime 10 Variables Used to Define a Model 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction As time goes on Iran is becoming an increasing area of concern and threat to the United States and its allies. Iran has been working for some time at trying to establish itself as a dominant power, especially within the Middle East. This quest for recognition has caused rising national security concerns within the United States and some of its allied countries. Some of the most recent concerns include; Iran's nuclear program, threats of closing of the Straits of Hormuz, the oil sanctions, and Iran's threats towards other oil producing Arab nations. Iran has also been working at strengthening its ties with Syria, the Hezbollah in Lebanon, Shiite groups in Iraq, and ties to groups in Palestine and Afghanistan. According to Mansour (2008), Iran has many tools in place that have a major impact on their surrounding countries and on the United States. Iran is gaining allot of ground on becoming a dominating force...
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...The Impact of market orientation on business performance and website adoption: a study among iranian smeS Yasaman Darabi Division of Industrial Marketing and E-commerce, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT Studying the impact of market orientation on business performance has been a popular research topic in recent years. However, there seems to be a lack of empirical studies that measure market orientation in an e-commerce environment. According to previous studies market orientation is a prerequisite for a successful business operation, but actually there is not enough evidence in support of this relationship in an Iranian context and particularly about the impact of market orientation on the perception of managers toward having websites. To test these assertions, this study looks into the nature of the relationships between market orientation, company performance and website adoption using 117 website adopters and 102 non-website adopters as sample data from Iranian SMEs. Narver and Slater’s scale (MKTOR) for market orientation, Weerakoon’s Multi-Model Performance Framework (MMPF) for business performance and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for website adoption are tested and used. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the measures in the study. Regression analysis was performed to determine whether market orientation is associated with firm’s performance and website adoption using the Partial Least Square (PLS) technique. Our findings suggest that...
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...importance of religion based on the region they are located. There are variations of views on such topics of education, prayer, worshiping and morality found in different regions. In this paper I will argue that many differences that exist between various Islamic communities can be explained by understanding the role of regionally specific political problems and cultural practices outside of the Islamic tradition. Though people around the world practice an allegedly unified Islam, their understandings of the tradition reflect the specific local contexts and circumstances of individuals, communities, and nations. The challenge of western colonialism caused Muslims to be against European imperialism as it threatened their political, religious and cultural identity. Their responses to colonialism varied from rejection and confrontation to admiration and imitation (PP Islam and the West 24). Showing how reactions to westernization can be specific to region. The country Turkey operates one example of a nonviolent revolution. In Turkey, Islam was showing a more dominant position is the social-economic and political life of society. With the acceptance of westernization, Turkey had been able to experience the power of religion in Muslim politics cordially. A little to the East, the Iranian revolution in Iran reinforced the belief that Muslims wanted to emulate the ideas of the west; economic and political power could be attributed to the rebirth of Islam in contemporary Muslim politics...
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...Iman Moosavi Research paper English 101 Hasmik Barsamian 12/11/2015 Who should have the power? Power can be defined as the ability to influence other people’s life and behavior. It has been common since thousands years ago that a group of people chooses someone to lead them and make important decisions that affect everybody’s life, as today people elect president and senates or before they chose kings and advisors. Usually leaders make up rules and regulation to control the people’s behavior, solve the problems and move towards a goal that a society is seeking. For instance, in the “lord of the flies” novel, one of the first things that kids, who were stuck in an island, did was to choose a leader. After that the leader, who was Ralph made a goal, which was being rescued form the island and made a rule for talking, that was “whoever wanted to talk should have hold the conch”(Golding 43). People who have the power and lead a society, basically directly or indirectly influence everyone’s life, even people who didn’t choose them as a leader or even people of other countries. For example the conflict between Iran’s and U.S or U.S and Russia’s government affects civilians of these countries, as U.S puts economic sanctions against Iran or Russia, it influences the income of these counties citizens. It was only a simple example that how a U.S president can affect an Iranian civilian’s business. I believe in our century people should get selected to have...
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