...Case Study 1 Iron Deficiency Anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the result of not having enough iron in the body. It is the leading cause of anemia worldwide; commonly caused by nutritional deficiencies. (Iron Disorders Institute, 2015). Red blood cells (RBC) use iron for development, without enough iron the blood is unable to effectively carry oxygen. The information below will compare the diagnosing process of IDA with the information provided in the case study regarding Ms. A. and; confirming the diagnosis IDA. Causes The body stores iron and when the reserves are low it is referred to as IDA. This occurs when the body is not able to replace the RBCs and iron as fast as the body is losing it. Another contributor is the body is not absorbing the iron or the body can absorb the iron but the consumption of iron rich foods is inadequate. Other causes of IDA is loss of iron from bleeding. Bleeding can be a result of heavy menstrual cycles, stomach & esophageal cancer, varices in the esophagus from liver cirrhosis, peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding and from prolonged use of aspirin and other anti inflammatory medications. (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Rational: Ms. A states, “menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea has been a problem for 10-12 years”. She also reports taking 1000 mg of aspirin every 3-4 hours for six days while menstruating. (GCU, 2015). Symptoms Symptoms of IDA can start out being mild with little or no symptoms at all. Mild symptoms include: irritability, fatigue...
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...What is iron? Iron is one of the essential minerals for the human body. It is an integral component of hemoglobin, the agent in the red blood cells responsible for the transportation of oxygen in the body. Insufficient iron in the body makes it difficult to manufacture hemoglobin, which could potentially lead to anemia. This is one of the most prevalent from of anemia commonly known as iron-deficiency anemia. The following factors may result in insufficient iron in the body: 1) Loss of blood (certain cancers and ulcers and a variety of conditions: menstrual periods may also result in low iron in women); 2) A diet low in iron; 3) Medications that make the body inefficient at absorbing iron; 4) Conditions or circumstances such as pregnancy,...
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...Anemia Statistics for Patient Populations To help explain the prevalence of anemia, the education kit provides statistics related to anemia of chronic disease and other at-risk patients. Older Adults & the Elderly Fatigue, weakness and other anemia symptoms can be misconstrued as normal signs of old age, but neither anemia nor these symptoms are a natural part of aging and should receive meticulous medical attention. · 10% of persons aged 65 and older have anemia1 · 50% of nursing home residents have anemia2 · Anemic elderly are twice as likely tbe hospitalized for falls3 Cancer Patients Cancer and its treatment can cause anemia by interfering with the body's production and regulation of red blood cells. · 80% of chemotherapy patients have severe anemia4-6 · 550,000 people die from cancer each year7 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Anemia is a common and early complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and worsens as the disease progresses. An estimated 65 million American adults with hypertension8 and 17 million with diabetes9 are at increased risk for CKD and subsequently anemia. · 26 million Americans have chronic kidney disease10 · 28% of mild CKD patients are anemic11 · 87% of severe CKD patients are anemic11 Critically Ill Patients Many factors contribute tanemia in critically ill patients including trauma, surgical blood loss, inflammation and nutritional deficiencies. · 50% of patients in the intensive care unit are anemic12 · 75% of long-stay...
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...Anemia Jinal patel Grand Canyon University Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients' Health NRS-410V April 17, 2016 Anemia is defines as a condition which body don’t have healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the tissue of our body. There are different type of anemia which have different causes. While look at Ms. A’s sign and symptoms she complain of menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea for 10-12 years, lightheadedness, increased respiratory rate, and heart rate which point towards Iron deficiency Anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is common type of anemia in which blood lake healthy red cells which are provide oxygen to tissue of our body. It can cause by insufficient iron in our body. Due to low iron our red blood cell lake hemoglobin which enable oxygen supply. Her Hbg: 8g/dl, Hematocrit: 32%, Erythrocyte: 3.1 x 10/mm, RBS smear with microcytic and hypochromic cells, Reticulocyte count: 1.5%, considering her sign and symptoms Ms. A should be further evaluated for her condition and should be treated for her Iron deficiency anemia. Iron is very important for all existing beings because it is very important for different metabolic processes which includes oxygen transportation, synthesis of DNA, and transport of electron (Harper, 2012). Any condition of bleeding or blood loss can cause iron diminution. Hemoglobin represent 2/3 of body iron in red blood cell which are circulating in our body. Every gram of hemoglobin contains about 3.47mg iron, 0.5mg of iron...
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...Case Study # 1: Anemia Jyothi Malaickal Grand Canyon University Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Client’s Health NRS 410V January 24, 2015 Case Study # 1; Anemia Anemia is a one of the most common blood condition that affects over 3 million people in the United Sates of America. Nursing case studies benefits the nursing professional in the process of diagnosis, treatment, planning and nursing interventions of patient that they care. It helps the nurses for critical thinking and also to resolve the health problems of patient’s. In the case study provided Ms. A. presents with symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is a medical condition where quality and quantity of hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBC) are decreased, which in turn decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood to the body parts, tissues and organs. The normal level of hemoglobin in male and female are different. In men hemoglobin level less than 13.5gram/100ml and in women hemoglobin level less than 12.0gram/100ml is considered as anemia. The most common causes for anemia are RBC destruction, bone marrow dysfunction, acute, chronic blood loss, and nutritional deficit (Bryan &et al, 2012). Here the author explains and assesses Ms. A. and her presented signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia which is a common type of anemia affects young women of reproductive age. Signs and Symptom of Iron Deficiency Anemia Malnutrition...
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...and fatigue, is iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiencies have been found to occur frequently in athletes and young adults who exercise excessively. Iron deficiency is common in those who exercise frequently because of the amount of iron that is expelled from the body through excessive sweating (Wouthuyzen-Bakker & Assen, 2015). Iron-deficiency anemia is common in vegetarians because of the lack of animal proteins consumed. Meats, including fish, red meats, and poultry, help the body absorb iron. Without consuming meat or supplementing iron through other foods or vitamins iron levels are often low in vegetarians (Beck, Conlon, & Kruger 2014). Fatigue and cold intolerance are common symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia (Lewis, Dirksen & Heitkemper, 2014). A full history and physical exam should be done for this patient in order to detect any other underlying causes. The patient should be assessed for other signs and symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia such as heart palpatations, shortness of breath, headaches, paleness, or pruritus. A complete blood count should also be done on this patient to determine the levels of serum ferritin (Callachand, 2015). One pharmacologic treatment option for iron-deficiency anemia is an oral iron supplement. By taking supplemental iron the patient will get the amount of iron needed to maintain normal blood levels that she is not getting from her diet. There are also alternatives which are called sodium ferrous gluconate and iron sucrose, these are...
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...common nutritional deficiencies worldwide is iron deficiency anemia (IDA) (Killip, Bennett, & Chambers, 2007). The most common cause of IDA in women is menorrhagia (Copstead & Banasik, 2013, p. 275). In Case Study 1, Ms. A. self-reports menorrhagia for 10 – 12 years (Grand Canyon University [GCU], 2013). As a 26-year-old white female Ms. A. is most likely is suffering from IDA. This paper will define IDA, and describe the causes and associated symptoms. It will then compare Ms. A.’s symptoms and laboratory results to IDA and explain the rationale for this conclusion. What is iron Deficiency Anemia? Anemia is the result of too few red blood cells (RBC’s) or RBC’s that don’t perform well (American Society of Hematology, 2016). RBC’s contain a protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues. Iron is required for the body to make hemoglobin. If the body does not have enough iron, it cannot make hemoglobin, and the tissues of the body will not receive enough oxygen. As the name implies, IDA is a deficiency in the amount of iron, resulting in anemia....
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...the topic of blood disorders. I am going to explain iron deficiency and anemia, sickle cell anemia and thrombocytopenia. I am going to describe each disorder, the cause, and symptoms of patients in scenarios and how to prevent the disease. I am also going to discuss the purpose of plasma, red blood cells and platelets. Plasma is the fluid that is in the blood stream outside of cells. Plasma helps to protect someone from infections or blood disorders. Blood plasma is collected by spinning a tube of fresh blood in a centrifuge. The tube contains an anticoagulant that keeps the blood from thickening. When blood is put in the spinner the blood cells fall to the bottom and the plasma is left at the top and is drawn off. Blood plasma carries amino acids, sugars, fats, salts, minerals, anti-bodies, clotting proteins, hormones and proteins that help maintain the body. The Red blood cells deliver oxygen throughout the body to tissues and comes back as carbon dioxide for the lungs. Red blood cells come from the bone marrow. Platelets also known as thrombocytes are present in the blood. They work with other substances to form clots to stop bleeding. Platelets play the main roll in hemostasis which is the body’s natural prevention to blood loss. The first scenario I was given was iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is when the body lacks healthy red blood cells. Iron is what keeps blood cells healthy if your body does not get enough iron it will produce less blood cells or blood cells that...
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...abnormal values: hemoglobin = 8 g/dl when standard values in females are 12-17g/dl, erythrocyte = 3.1 x 10/mm normal value is 3,5-5.5x10/mm, hematocrit = 32% normal when is between 36%-46%, reticulocyte count = 1.5% normal values are between 0.5-1.5%, and RBC smear abnormal. Given laboratory results for hemoglobin, reticulocyte hematocrit and erythrocyte count are bellow the normal value in a healthy individual and are the general presentation of anemic state. A client with anemia has tissue hypoxia because of the decreased oxygen-carrying volume of the blood. In contrast, a patient with polycythemia has increased blood viscosity and volume attributable to the increase in the number of RBCs (Banasik 269) Ms. A case explanation shows that she has iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), it’s a frequent seen condition, in which there is a decline in iron concentration in blood and hemoglobin Levels. IDA is triggered by insufficient consumption of iron, insufficient storing of iron, extreme iron loss, or some mixture of these situations. The red blood cells (RBCs), that develop whitish (hypochromic) and tiny...
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...Within red cells are hemoglobin nutrients which bind to iron and protein. Erythrocytes or red blood cells are suspended in plasma. The liver and spleen remove old, red blood cells which only live for approximately 120 days. Without iron in our red blood cells, iron deficient anemia can develop. Another anemia, sickle cell anemia is acquired genetically and is a severe form of anemia. Many disorders can be attributed to problems within our blood system. These problems can stem from inadequate blood clotting or non-stop bleeding. If you have an injury, our body will begin the blood clotting process. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. They are produced in our bone marrow and mobilize clotting factors which release during a disease or injury. Vitamin K is necessary for these clotting factors. In order for bleeding to stop, platelets, thrombin, prothrombin, calcium and vitamin K are needed. The first child, Lily, has iron deficiency anemia. Normally, iron is absorbed in the body through the food we eat. It is then released into our blood stream and stored in the liver. This disorder affects those who have a diet low in iron. According to "American Society Of Hematology" ((2014)), Even if the cause of the iron deficiency can be identified and treated, it is still usually necessary to take medicinal iron (more iron than a multivitamin can provide) until the deficiency is corrected and the body's iron stores are replenished. In some cases, if the cause cannot...
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...For this week’s discussion, I will focus on iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) which we saw occasionally on the pediatric unit. Özdemir (2015) explains that iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide and an important public health problem. In addition, Miller (2013) explains that although iron deficiency anemia rarely causes death, it can significantly affect an individual’s health. The teaching strategy for this week will revolve around a case study approach. The students will initially be presented with the following case study: An 18-month-old boy is brought into the clinic by his mother complaining that he has been very pale lately. She explains that he is still an active toddler but she states that...
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...Iron Deficiency Anemia Gretchen Tai see Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 281 Pathophysiology Professor Patton 29 May 2015 Iron deficiency anemia is a common easily treated condition that occurs if you don’t have enough iron in your body. The word "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells. Red blood cells are responsible for the transport of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide (a waste product) from your body. In iron deficiency anemia, the red cells appear abnormal and are unusually small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic). The pallor of the red blood cells reflects their low hemoglobin content. There are four common causes associated with Iron deficiency anemia. The first one is decreased intake of iron in your diet. This mostly affects infants less than six months old because their diet consists of mostly breast milk and breast milk is a poor source of iron. For adults we can increase our diet with foods that are rich in iron like red meat, pork, seafood, beans, dark leafy vegetables to name a few. We should also take a vitamin C supplement or eat more foods rich in vitamin C such as broccoli, grapefruit, kiwi, oranges, and strawberries. These foods can aid in the absorption of iron. The second cause is increase demand that the body has for iron when a child or adolescent is going through a rapid growth there is an expansion of blood volume. Another example of this would be when a woman...
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...Iron deficiency anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Iron deficiency is also known as too little iron. Lily’s body needs iron to produce hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the part of the red blood cells that give blood its red color. Hemoglobin also carries oxygenated blood to the body. That is the main reason why Lily is tired all the time. Vegetarians, frequent blood donators, infants and children, and women are all risk factors for iron deficiency anemia. It is caused by a poor iron diet; the body doesn’t absorb the iron well, long-term slow blood loss, and rapid growth. Lily shows some of the common symptoms for iron deficiency anemia, pale skin color and unusual food cravings such as her hot dog, bread, and pasta only diet. Other symptoms include “blue-tinged or very pale whites of eyes, blood in the stools, brittle nails, decreased appetite (especially in children), fatigue, headache, irritability, and shortness of breath, sore tongue, and weakness”. ("Health Central", 2012). Lily can prevent iron deficiency anemia by including more iron in her diet. It’s important that Lily’s mother tries to include more sources of iron. Milk is not a good source of iron. Good sources of iron include chicken, fish, eggs, turkey, soy beans, spinach, prunes, raisins, and oatmeal. It is also important to not overload her body with iron. Iron accumulation can damage the liver. Complications can arise from iron deficiency anemia. Complications...
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...scientists have looked for a way to fortify iodized salt to combat iron-deficiency anemia, which affects some two billion people, as well as vitamin A deficiency, which afflicts at least 100 million children in poor countries and is the leading cause of blindness among them. Canadian researchers have now developed practical way to double- and triple- fortify salt, which might also be more acceptable to people than genetically modified foods in tackling malnutrition. Adding iron to iodized salt is a simple idea that has proved difficult to execute. The chemicals are incompatible: when mixed together, iodine vaporizes and iron degrades. After more than a decade, Levente Doisady, a chemical engineer at the University of Toronto, finally solved the problem by borrowing a technique from the food industry referred to as microencapsulation. The process involves spraying iron particles with stearine, a vegetable fat, which creates a protective coat and prevents the iron from reacting with the iodine. Encapsulating the iron, however, was only part of the solution. Diosady’s team also had to change the appearance of the iron particles-which are dark brown and much smaller than salt grains. “The iron can’t look like mice droppings in the salt,” Diosady’s said. “This is important in developing countries where food contamination is a problem.” So to make the iron resemble salt, Diosady first sprays the microscopic iron granules with maltodextrin, a modified food...
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...suggested that patients with iron deficiency could also be more susceptible to infections than those with a normal iron status[7–9]. In fact, iron is a fundamental nutrient for humans, but also a key element for bacteria growth[10–13]. Essentially, free iron in circulation promotes the release of siderophores by various bacteria, which in turn, allows the latter to compete with the host for the existing free iron. To enhance bacterial growth, the iron complexes formed are thus incorporated by receptor-mediated endocytosis[14, 15]. Moreover, evidence also suggests that a second mechanism exists for acquiring available iron in the bloodstream, through the secretion of hemolysins[16]. Iron metabolism is extensively altered by inflammation. In fact, sequestration of this element normally occurs in response to an acute inflammatory reaction, which might represent part of a defense mechanism of the human body[10]. For patients admitted to the ICU, two correlations have been established for sepsis: a direct correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin concentrations and an inverse correlation between CRP concentration and transferrin values in the first day of hospitalization[17]. Furthermore, Fernandez et al have demonstrated, in a small sample of ICU patients, that functional iron deficiency measured by reticulocyte hemoglobin content is associated to worst outcomes such as ICU acquired infections and higher length of stay[18, 19]. Iron is essential for...
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