...solely with logarithms that are in base 10 (Briggsian) . Some useful relationships to remember when working with logarithms are: 1. y = 10x then log10 ( y ) = x 2. log ( xy ) = log ( x ) + log ( y ) ⎛x⎞ 3. log ⎜ ⎟ = log ( x ) − log ( y ) ⎝ y⎠ ( ) 4. 10 log x n = n10 log( x ) Intensity Level In the last lesson, we defined the time average intensity in relation to the time average or rms pressure as well as the maximum acoustic pressure. p2 p2 I = = max 2ρc ρc The intensity is a useful quantity because it quantifies the power in an acoustic wave, but because of the large variation in magnitudes of Intensity, it is more useful to use logarithms to compare intensities. The below table demonstrates the wide variation in Intensity for typical sounds in air. We will start by defining a new quantity, L, the intensity level, which has units of dB. I L ≡ 10 log I0 where: is the time average intensity of the sound wave. I0 is the reference level used for comparison purposes. 3-1 Source Intensity (W/m2) Intensity Level (dB) Jet Plane 100 140 Pain Threshold 1 120 Siren 1x10-2 100 Busy Traffic 1x10-5 70 Conversation 3x10-6 65 Whisper 1x10-10 20 Rustle of leaves 1x10-11 10 Hearing Threshold 1x10-12 1 The reference intensity in air is typically 1 x 10-12 W/m2. Using this simple...
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...MODULE - 4 Contemporary Environmental Issues Environmental Science Senior Secondary Course Notes 10 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Developmental activities such as construction, transportation and manufacturing not only deplete the natural resources but also produce large amount of wastes that leads to pollution of air, water, soil, and oceans; global warming and acid rains. Untreated or improperly treated waste is a major cause of pollution of rivers and environmental degradation causing ill health and loss of crop productivity. In this lesson you will study about the major causes of pollution, their effects on our environment and the various measures that can be taken to control such pollutions. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to: • • • • • • • define the terms pollution and pollutants; list various kinds of pollution; describe types of pollution, sources, harmful effects on human health and control of air pollution, indoor air pollution, noise pollution; describe water pollution, its causes and control; describe thermal pollution; describe soil pollution, its causes and control; describe radiation pollution, sources and hazards. 10.1 POLLUTION AND POLLUTANTS Human activities directly or indirectly affect the environment adversely. A stone crusher adds a lot of suspended particulate matter and noise into the atmosphere. Automobiles emit from their tail pipes oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and a complex...
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...log off PHYS 101 Exams UIUC Instructor Unit 3: Homework / Homework / Homework / Schulte, Elaine Student Homework: Hour Exam 3 Deadline: 100% until Thursday, November 21 at 8:00 AM Problems Print Assignment View Standard Exercise The Mass and The Spring 1 2 3 The Mass and The Spring Standard Exercise The Pendulum Standard Exercise The Hydraulic Lift Standard Exercise Archimedes and the King's Crown Standard Exercise The Garden Hose Standard Exercise The Guitar String A block of mass m = 5 kg is connected to a vertical spring as shown in the diagram. When the mass is at rest, the spring stretches y0 = 5 cm beyond its natural length lspring = 14 cm. Standard Exercise The Intense Speakers 1) For this system, in the vertical configuration, y0 = 5 cm gives the equilibrium position. False True Submit Hide Solution Standard Exercise The Speeding Car Standard Exercise Heating a Metal Strip Solution: This question asks about the effect of gravity on the equilibrium position of a spring. Remember that the effect of a gravitational force is to stretch the spring an amount Δx = mg/k. This stretch in the spring represents an offset in the natural (horizontal) equilibrium position of the spring. While the question is strangely worded, the answer is true, the change in position y0 = 5 cm represents the new equilibrium position. Standard Exercise Compressing a Gas 2) You pull straight down on the block with a...
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...Application Note (P/N 01943-001). NOTE: It is the responsibility of the installation organization to have only technically qualified personnel performing the installation. NOTE: All references to the PXL-500 may be applied to the Time and Attendance Terminal. Figure 1: The PXL-500/PXL-510 Controller 1. NetworX is a trademark of GE Interlogix. Page 1 of 24 P/N: 01918-001 Rev. A PXL-500 / PXL-510 Tiger Controller Quick Start Guide 1.0 Specifications Unit Dimensions • PXL-500/PXL-510 controller PCB - 6.75 inches high by 6.00 inches wide by 1.75 inches deep, including wiring connectors - (17.15 cm by 15.25 cm by 4.45 cm) • PXL-500/PXL-510 controller PCB with an LCD-1 Alpha/Numeric Display - 7.70 inches high by 6.00 inches wide by 1.75 inches deep, including wiring connectors - (19.60 cm by 15.25 cm by 4.45 cm) • PXL-500/PXL-510 controller PCB with an SB-593 Satellite Board (with or without an LCD-1 Alpha/Numeric Display) - 7.25 inches high by 6.00 inches wide by 1.75 inches deep, including wiring connectors - (18.45 cm by 15.25 cm by 4.45 cm) • Enclosure - 13 inches high by 9 inches wide by 4 inches deep - (33.02 cm by 22.86 cm by 10.16 cm) Operating Temperature/Humidity Range • 0°F to 140°F (-18°C to 60°C) • 0% to 90% Relative...
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...Broad-band continuous-wave parametric wavelength conversion in silicon nanowaveguides Mark A. Foster1 , Amy C. Turner2 , Reza Salem1 , Michal Lipson2 , and Alexander L. Gaeta1 1 School 2 School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 alg3@cornell.edu Abstract: We demonstrate highly broad-band frequency conversion via four-wave mixing in silicon nanowaveguides. Through appropriate engineering of the waveguide dimensions, conversion bandwidths greater than 150 nm are achieved and peak conversion efficiencies of -9.6 dB are demonstrated. Furthermore, utilizing fourth-order dispersion, wavelength conversion across four telecommunication bands from 1477 nm (S-band) to 1672 nm (U-band) is demonstrated with an efficiency of -12 dB. © 2007 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (190.4380) Four-wave mixing; (130.5990) Semiconductors; (130.4310) Nonlinear; (130.3060) Infrared References and links 1. H. K. Tsang, C. S. Wong, T. K. Liang, I. E. Day, S. W. Roberts, A. Harpin, J. Drake, M. Asghari, “Optical dispersion, two-photon absorption and self-phase modulation in silicon waveguides at 1.5 µ m wavelength,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 416 (2002). 2. M. Dinu, F. Quochi, H. Garcia, “Third-order nonlinearities in silicon at telecom waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2954 (2003). 3. T. Liang, L. Nunes, T. Sakamoto, K. Sasagawa, T. Kawanishi, M. Tsuchiya, G. Priem...
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...TDA2030 is a monolithic audio power amplifier integrated circuit. LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT FEATURES * Very low external component required. * High current output and high operating voltage. * Low harmonic and crossover distortion. * Built-in Over temperature protection. * Short circuit protection between all pins. * Safety Operating Area for output transistors. *Pb-free plating product number: TDA2030L ORDERING INFORMATION Ordering Number Normal Lead Free Plating TDA2030-TA5-T TDA2030L-TA5-T TDA2030-TB5-T TDA2030L-TB5-T Package TO-220-5 TO-220B Packing Tube Tube PIN CONFIGURATION PIN NO. 1 2 3 4 5 PIN NAME Non inverting input Inverting input -VS Output +VS www.unisonic.com.tw Copyright © 2007 Unisonic Technologies Co., Ltd 1 of 13 QW-R107-004,D TDA2030 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Ta=25°C) LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PARAMETER SYMBOL RATINGS UNIT 18 Supply Voltage Vs V Input Voltage VIN Vs V 15 Differential Input Voltage VI(DIFF) V Peak Output Current(internally limited) IOUT 3.5 A Total Power Dissipation at Tc=90°C PD 20 W Junction Temperature TJ -40~+150 °C Storage Temperature TSTG -40~+150 °C Note: Absolute maximum ratings are those values beyond which the device could be permanently damaged. Absolute maximum ratings are stress ratings only and functional device operation is not implied. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Refer to the test circuit, Vs PARAMETER Supply Voltage Quiescent Drain Current Input Bias Current Input Offset Voltage Input Offset...
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...Standup and Stabilization of the Inverted Pendulum by Andrew K. Stimac Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 1999 © 1999 Andrew K. Stimac All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants permission to MIT to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: ............................................................................................................ Department of Mechanical Engineering May 5, 1999 Certified by: ......................................................................................................................... David L. Trumper Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: ........................................................................................................................ Ernest G. Cravalho Chairman, Undergraduate Thesis Committee Department of Mechanical Engineering Standup and Stabilization of the Inverted Pendulum by Andrew K. Stimac Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering on May 5, 1999, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. Abstract The inverted pendulum is a common, interesting control problem that involves many basic elements of control theory...
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...Appendix A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 A.7 A.8 A.9 A.10 A.11 A.12 A.13 A.14 A.15 A.16 A.17 A.18 A.19 A.20 A.21 Directory of base SI terms and derivatives. (From GOA report CED 78-128, Oct 20, 1978. With permission.) Engineering Values of Some Important Constants. Normal Volumetric Analysis of Atmospheric Air. (From Product and Reference Book, D00–143, 2003–2004. With permission of Leybold Vacuum Company.) Values of Product C* of Mean Free Path l. (From Product and Reference Book, D00– 142, 2003–2004. With permission of Leybold Vacuum Company.) Altitude and Atmospheric Pressures. (From Compressed Air and Gas Data, 33–154, 155. With permission of Ingersol-Rand Company Limited.) Weight of Water per Cubic Foot of Air at Various Temperatures as a Percent of Saturation (based on atmospheric pressure of 14.7 lbs ab [101.33kPa abs]). (From Compressed Air and Gas Data, 33–119. With permission of Ingersol-Rand Company Limited.) Noise Intensity Levels. (From Jewett, J.W. and Serway R.A., Physics for Scientists and Engineers (with PhysicsNow and InfoTrac) 6th edition, copyright 2004. Reprinted with permission of Brooks=Cole, a division of Thomas Learning.) Vapor-pressure (boiling point) curves of common refrigerants. (From King, G.R., Modern Refridgeration Practice, McGraw Hill Company, 53, 1971. With permission.) Vapor pressure of water vapor at varying temperatures. (From King, G.R, Modern Refrigeration Practice, McGraw Hill Company, 31, 1971. Vapor-pressure curves between triple...
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...V |Team 4: Adam Winterstrom | | |Cheng-yu Chang | | |Thuan Dinh |EE175WS00-4 | | |June 14,2000 | Quarter Wavelength Microstrip Antenna for Communication between Vehicles Final Report Technical Advisor: Alex Balandin Project Advisor: Barry Todd Table of Contents Executive Summary………………………………………………………………..3 Keywords……………………………………………………………………………3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….4-6 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………6 Possible Solutions…………………………………………………………………..7-8 Solution……………………………………………………………………………….9-13 Engineering Analysis………………………………………………………………..14-15 Discussion of Results………………………………………………………………..16-25 Conclusions and Recommendations……………………………………………….22-23 References……………………………………………………………………………25-26 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………26-46 Executive Summary: A low profile...
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...ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE NT1210 INTRO TO NETWORKING MR. RANDY VOGL UNIT4 LAB 4.3 Cabling Exploration Gus Perez 19593003 Creating cable hierarchy Exercise 4.3.1 Use your textbook and internet to complete table 4-3. Cabling comparison table 4-3 |Type |Maximum |Maximum |Cost |Pros |Cons | | |distance |Speed | | | | |UTP |100 m |1 Gbps |Low |Easy to install, |Limited distance, subject to | | | | | |inexpensive, NIC’s are |interference | | | | | |common in devices. | | |Coaxial thinnet |185 m/607ft |10-100Mbps |Low |Good resistance to |Needs terminator.- a resistor | |RG-58 | | | |electrical interference, |used to absorb signal at the end| | | | | |flexible, and easy to |of bus. | | | | ...
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...Presented by: Friday Room 3 Group 7 Wang Ke (A0105276J) Wu Jianxiao (A0099910W) 1.Introduction 1.1 Aim During the 6 hands-on individual labs before this mini project, we have learnt the design and implementation of filter and oscillator, together with applied characterization of different components. The objective of Mini-Project was for students to demonstrate their innovative design skills and implement knowledge learnt in lectures to real-life product design. Therefore, we aimed to integrate what we learnt in individual labs into one single product, which is a Voice Disguiser that can solve practical problems of witness protection. 1.2 Motivations and Inspiration According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, safety is the second most basic need of human being. However, in some lawsuit trail and media interviews, the safety of witnesses is at risk when they come forward to disclose the truth. A study of Columbia University shows that 71% of witnesses said they feel threatened by the offenders (Brendan & Rajiv, 2007). Therefore, it is necessary to use a Voice disguiser to protect witnesses from being recognized based on their originally identifiable voice. And this issue inspires me to design a voice disguiser. After consulting lab TAs and lecturer, we found that this idea is feasible based on limited lab conditions and time constrains 1.3 List of Materials No. 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Circuit Section Voice Disguiser Volume Display Description ...
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...1 A DSP A-Z http://www.unex.ucla.edu Digital Signal Processing An “A” to “Z” R.W. Stewart Signal Processing Division Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Eng. University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XW, UK Tel: +44 (0) 141 548 2396 Fax: +44 (0) 141 552 2487 E-mail: r.stewart@eee.strath.ac.uk M.W. Hoffman Department of Electrical Eng. 209N Walter Scott Eng. Center PO Box 880511 Lincoln, NE 68588 0511 USA Tel: +1 402 472 1979 Fax: +1 402 472 4732 Email:hoffman@unlinfo.unl.edu © BlueBox Multimedia, R.W. Stewart 1998 2 The DSPedia DSPedia An A-Z of Digital Signal Processing This text aims to present relevant, accurate and readable definitions of common and not so common terms, algorithms, techniques and information related to DSP technology and applications. It is hoped that the information presented will complement the formal teachings of the many excellent DSP textbooks available and bridge the gaps that often exist between advanced DSP texts and introductory DSP. While some of the entries are particularly detailed, most often in cases where the concept, application or term is particularly important in DSP, you will find that other terms are short, and perhaps even dismissive when it is considered that the term is not directly relevant to DSP or would not benefit from an extensive description. There are 4 key sections to the text: • • • • DSP terms A-Z Common Numbers associated with DSP Acronyms References page 1 page 427 page 435 page 443 the...
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...to control the inevitable slight differences in frequency and to minimize the effects of jitter and wander. There is no such thing as a perfect clock or a set of network equipment clocks that all operate at exactly the same frequency and that have the same stability characteristics. Buffers temporarily overcome slight frequency differences (offset) and absorb jitter and wander. However, any sustained frequency offset between clocks or excessive jitter and wander amplitudes cause buffer overflow or underflow. Overflow leads to the deletion of a block of bits in the buffer and underflow leads to repetition of a block of bits in the buffer (data bits are deleted or repeated by changing the buffer read pointer address). Synchronization Supply Unit (SSU) is an equipment, which minimizes the excess accumulated jitter and wander in the network due to cascading of SDH. It can accept no. of inputs and can select on priority. Two types of SSU are there – Transit and Local - Transit confirming to ITU-T Rec....
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...partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science. The thesis is equivalent to 20 weeks of full time studies. Contact Information: Author(s): Imran Ashraf Address: c/o Gulfam Abbas, Älgbacken 4 LGH 081, 37234 Ronneby, Sweden E-mail: im_qamar@yahoo.com Phone: +46 700746734 Amir Shahzed Khokhar Address: c/o Gulfam Abbas, Älgbacken 4 LGH 081, 37234 Ronneby, Sweden E-mail: amir_ask@yahoo.com Phone: +46 760811926 University advisor(s): Professor Lars Lundbarg School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden External advisor(s): Magnus Vigerlöf Ericsson AB Address: Ölandsgatan 1, 371 23 Karlskrona Phone: +46 10 7140404 School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology Box 520 SE – 372 25 Ronneby Sweden Internet Phone Fax : www.bth.se/com : +46 457 38 50 00 : + 46 457 102 45 2 Abstract Centralized databases are becoming bottleneck for organizations that are physically distributed and access data remotely. Data management is easy in centralized databases. However, it carries high communication cost and most importantly high response time. The concept of distributing the data over various locations is very attractive for such organizations. In such cases the database is fragmented into fragments and distributed to the locations where it is needed. This kind of distribution provides local control of data and the data access is also very fast in such databases....
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...53-nW 9.1-ENOB 1-kS/s SAR ADC in 0.13- m CMOS for Medical Implant Devices Dai Zhang, Student Member, IEEE, Ameya Bhide, Student Member, IEEE, and Atila Alvandpour, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—This paper describes an ultra-low power SAR ADC for medical implant devices. To achieve the nano-watt range power consumption, an ultra-low power design strategy has been utilized, imposing maximum simplicity on the ADC architecture, low transistor count and matched capacitive DAC with a switching scheme which results in full-range sampling without switch bootstrapping and extra reset voltage. Furthermore, a dual-supply voltage scheme allows the SAR logic to operate at 0.4 V, reducing the overall power consumption of the ADC by 15% without any loss in performance. The ADC was fabricated in 0.13- m CMOS. In dual-supply mode (1.0 V for analog and 0.4 V for digital), the ADC consumes 53 nW at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s and achieves the ENOB of 9.1 bits. The leakage power constitutes 25% of the 53-nW total power. Index Terms—ADC, analog-to-digital conversion, leakage power consumption, low-power electronics, medical implant devices, successive approximation. I. INTRODUCTION EDICAL implant devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators, target increasingly advanced signal acquisition and signal processing systems. Such devices, which are to be implanted in the human body, require extremely low power consumption in order to operate up to 10 years or more [1]. Analog-to-digital...
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