...The Analysis of Law and Courts in Today’s Business Environment Tabitha Merkow ETH 321 10/13/2014 Laurie Wicker The Analysis of Law and Courts in Today’s Business Environment In today’s business environment there is no exact definition of law. Law is a set of rules, standards and principles that outlines the behavior we practice in business. The legal system is a major institution that assists us in defining acceptable social behavior. Laws limit the activities that are not in the best interest of the public. All people have different values and desire different things in life laws act as a way to dispute resolution. Laws play a role in maintaining honesty and integrity in a social environment. The legal system is a tool used to implement changes in acceptable behavior. Laws and courts have many purposes in today’s business environment for example consumer protection, employee protection, environmental protection, and taxation. The laws government enacts are a way to enforce rules. The government’s role in business is to protect consumers from bad business practices by enforcing rules, regulations and laws that the businesses have to go by if they want to practice business. The government is also responsible for protecting the employees that work for these businesses by making sure they provide a safe work environment and that they are protected against discrimination. The environment has to be protected from...
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...Judicial Review: proposals for reform December 2012 Consultation Paper CP25/2012 Consultation start date: 13 December 2012 Consultation close date: 24 January 2013 Judicial Review: proposals for reform Presented to Parliament by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice by Command of Her Majesty December 2012 Cm 8515 £16.00 © Crown copyright 2012 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk Where we have identified any third party copyright material you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to Michael Odulaja, Administrative Justice, Court and Tribunal Fees and Coroner’s Policy Team, Ministry of Justice, Post Point 4.34, 102 Petty France, London, SW1H 9AJ. This publication is available for download at www.official-documents.gov.uk and on our website at www.justice.gov.uk ISBN: 9780101851527 Printed in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office ID 2529331 12/12 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. Judicial Review: proposals for reform Contents Foreword 1. Introduction 2. Background 3. The case for change 4. Time limits for bringing a claim...
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...U.S. Supreme Court. A man’s finger was bitten off by a bear while attending a community auction. Issue: Does the Texas statute violate a constitutional right to have an abortion? Holding: (Vote: 7-2) Yes: The statute is unconstitutional because the constitution contains a right to an abortion. Majority Reasoning: (Justice Blackmun) A. Rule: The State of Texas asserts it’s rule (a law banning all abortions) is furthered by 2 interests: (1) Protecting prenatal life and (2) the medical safety of woman. The court accepts these interests, but rejects Texas’s absolute rule because: 1. There are 2 counter-weighing interests of the woman: a. The woman has a privacy right grounded in a "penumbra" of Amendments 1, 4, 5, 9, 14, because "activities relating to marriage, procreation, family relationships, and child rearing and education" are "fundamental" and "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty." b. The woman also has an interest in avoiding possible severe physical and psychological harm if an abortion is denied. 2. Also, a fetus is not a "person" within the meaning of the constitution, so it doesn’t get protection as a person. 3. Therefore, a proper rule balances the interests of the state v. the interests of the woman: in the early stages of pregnancy, the woman has stronger interests than the state, but as a fetus becomes more advanced, the state interests in prenatal life and a woman’s health grow to be "compelling," thus overriding the woman’s interests. This results...
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...Within the prison system there are various key issues that surrounded the operations of the daily activities as well as the administration of the judicial system. Some of these key such as prison violence, prison rape and the drug policy issues are negative and does affect the prison. On the issue of prison violence, over the years, prison violence has been on the rise. This has causes major changes within the prions system, such as implementing strategies to control the prisoners and their criminal behaviors. Prison rape also has continues to rise. This issue has been will probably continue to exist. This is because the prison officials have yet to be able to control this kind of activity. Another issue that has been affects the prison system is the sentencing that are being handed out for drug charges. This has cause the prisons to be overcrowded. Prison Violence on the Rise Prison violence is on the rise, many prison conditions are a recipe for violence, by being overcrowded, understaffed, insufficient staff training, excessive solitary confinement, insecure facilities, mistreatment of mentally ill inmates, policies that weaken family ties, a culture of disrespect between staff and prisoners, and little accountability for wardens. These facilities are causing concern not only for inmates but, for those employed to supervise the convicted offenders. Inmate population continue to grow, staffing levels in most facilities either have stopped or decreased. Violence has increased...
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...Remedies: Breach of Contract Introduction There are various remedies available to an innocent party where there has been a breach of contract. The main remedy is damages, but in certain situations, equitable remedies are available. 1. Unliquidated Damages Unliquidated damages are assessed by the court and are designed to compensate the innocent party for any losses incurred as a result of a breach of contract. However, where loss can not be proved, the innocent party will only be entitled to claim nominal damages. In the case of Surrey CC v Bredero Homes (1993), damages were not awarded defendant who had failed to comply with planning permission because the council had not suffered any loss. This can be contrasted with the case of Chaplin v Hicks (1911) where the court awarded damages to the claimant for the loss of a chance to win a competition. Unliquidated damages are not a means by which to punish the defendant and punitive damages will not be awarded for a breach of contract. They are also not a way to recover any gain made by the defendant as a result of a breach. Loss includes any harm or damage to the claimant themselves or any of their property, including any reduction of value of such property caused by the breach of contract. However, in calculating the loss and awarding damages, if the claimant has obtained any benefit from the breach the court will not usually allow the claimant to be put in a better position than they would have been had the breach not occurred...
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...Court and Judicial Review Should the Supreme Court's power of judicial review be strictly limited by a constitutional amendment? Yes, the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review should be strictly limited to the constitution; because their judicial power is in all cases, in law and equity, arising under the constitution. Meaning they are over stepping their initial jurisdiction and have been given the power to have judicial reviews, even though it’s unconstitutional. The only power the Supreme Court is supposed to have is; all cases affecting ambassadors, or the public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party in the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction as stated in article III section 2 of the constitution. The Supreme Court is supposed to be the weakest of the three branches of government. The legislative, and executive branches are supposed to control the judiciary branch, even the states are supposed to have more say than the court. But they have been made more powerful and they are telling the legislative and executive branches what to do. There is no such system of checks and balances any more that protect the states and people when most government branches, are acting in cohorts with one another, eroding and destroying the rights and powers of the states and we the people. Even if the system was working right; who is watching and how will they stop the court from being unconstitutional? Every time the court holds judicial review it commits...
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...Entorno Político y Social Ensayo: Kenia Carlos Vidales Barbedillo – Grupo B Antecedentes: Oficialmente República de Kenia, es un país del este africano, que tiene fronteras con distintos países como Etiopía al norte, Somalia al este, Tanzania al sur, Uganda al oeste y Sudán del Sur al noroeste. Cuenta con litorales en el océano Índico en su costa sureste y el lago Victoria situado al suroeste. Su capital es Nairobi y tiene alrededor de 3 millones de habitantes. Kenia se divide geográficamente en varias áreas con un demografía muy variable. Existen distintas zonas como sabanas, áridas y semi-áridas, además de un gran litoral con el Océano Índico. Las regiones centrales y el occidente tienen bosques y montañas mientras que las regiones del norte son más áridas. La capital de Kenia, Nairobi, ciudad de gran importancia comercial en África. La economía de Kenia es la de mayor producto interior bruto de la región Este y Central de África. La religión principal es la Protestante (45%) y le siguen la católica (33%), creencias tradicionales indígenas (10%), musulmanes (10%) y otras (2%). El país está separado por varios grupos étnicos cómo los Kikuyu (22%), Luhya (14%), Luo (13%), Kalenjin (12%), Kamba (11%), Kisii (6%), Meru (6%), otros grupos africanos (15%), no africanos (1%). Su PIB es de $66.03 mil millones de dólares mientras que el PIB per cápita es de tan solo $1,600 USD. La principal fuente de ingreso de Kenia es el turismo (63%) aunque los cultivos representan 30%...
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...Constitutionalism has a different meanings and one of them is that ; Constitutionalism refers to a system of government based on a constitution, a government which demonstrates adherence to the principles of the constitution. Constitutionalism can also be defined as a modern concept that desires a political order governed by laws and regulations. Within the concept of constitutionalism is the idea of limited, open, transparent and accountable government which must truly represent the will of the people and not simply smoke-screen the will of the people. Mwansa (2013:10),explains that it is a complex ideas, attitudes and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law. Constitutionalism is there to tame wayward governments that see no limits to their powers or simply ignore such limits in the guise of pursuing a common or greater good. In a state that recognizes the importance of constitutionalism, the leaders are bound to observe both limitations of power and the procedures which are set out in the supreme constitutional law of the community. Constitutionalism ensures that governmental powers are limited beyond theory, and in practice. Constitutionalism goes beyond a good constitution and beyond constitutionality of governmental action or a country’s laws.Constitutionalism is a concept associated with the political theories of John Loce and the founders of the American republic and equated...
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...Further provision with respect to the liability of the railway administration as a carrier of luggage 74. The railway administration shall not be responsible for the loss, destruction or deterioration of any luggage belonging to or in charge of a passenger unless the railway servant has booked and given a receipt therefor. Further provision with respect to the liability of the railway administration as a carrier of articles of special value 75. (1) When any articles mentioned in the second schedule are contained in any parcel or package delivered to the railway administration for carriage by the railway, and the value of such articles in the parcel or package exceeds three hundred Taka, the railway administration shall not be responsible for the loss, destruction or deterioration of the parcel or package unless the person sending or delivering the parcel or package to the administration caused its value and contents to be declared or declared them at the time of the delivery of the parcel or package for carriage by the railway, and, if so required by the administration, paid or engaged to pay a percentage on the value so declared by way of compensation for increased risk. (2) When any parcel or package of which the value has been declared under sub-section (1) has been lost or destroyed or has deteriorated, the compensation recoverable in respect of such loss, destruction or deterioration shall not exceed the value so declared, and the burden of proving...
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...Noah Messersmith English Comp 101 4/14/14 Persuasive Essay First Draft Did you know that due to mandatory minimum sentencing, the U.S. federal prison populations have almost grown 800 percent in the last three decades? What is mandatory minimum sentencing you ask? Well it is the set sentencing that is given to someone that the judge cannot shorten because it is a set time and they can’t shorten it, even for extenuating circumstances (“What Are Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws”). The U.S. Supreme Court should review the mandatory minimum sentences, weigh the positives and the negatives, look at the possible advantages and disadvantages, and then do what they need to do to enforce what they decide. Although many people are for mandatory minimum sentences and think that they are fine and don’t need to be refined and changed, there are many reasons why they should be shortened. One reason is that it will make the prison system is overpopulated and it will make it a safer place for the inmates and for the prison guards. It will make it safer for the inmates because there won’t be as many inmates in there for long periods of time and they don’t have to worry about their safety as much because right now, there are so many inmates that the guards are losing some of their control over them. It will make it safer for the prison guards because they won’t have as many people to look over and they will feel like they have more power and authority because they won’t feel as overwhelmed...
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...The US Constitution, written in Philadephia in 1787 by the Founding Fathers was the product of the revolutionary war of independence, with it’s foundations strongly influenced by the works of political theorists such as Montesquieu and Locke. The Founding Fathers favoured a government that prevented any individual or particular group becoming tyrannical. Furthermore, they strongly opposed the notion of excessive government power, seen as the potential threat to individual freedom, wanting to protect minorities as well as the population as a whole, from arbitrary or unjust rule. Consequently, the Founding Fathers outlined main provisions within the US constitution in order to avoid tyranny: the separation of powers, a federal structure of government and also providing citizens inalienable and entrenched rights through the implementation of the Bill of Rights. Arguably, these provisions as a result mostly ensure, as the Founding Fathers had hope to achieve, limited government, in so much as the size and scope of the federal government is limited to an extent in which it is necessary only for the common good of people. The separation of powers prevalent in the USA, whereby political power is distributed between the executive, the legislature and the judiciary branches of government, were adopted from the Founding Fathers by the principles of Montesquieu, who argued for a separation of powers into legislative, executive and judiciary branches in order to avoid tyranny. This framework...
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...Tema: LA DEMOCRACIA EN EL PERÙ Capítulo I : La Cultura Democrática Perú ha tenido experimentar en los años 2000 y 2001 su más reciente transición política hacia la democracia. En sentido estricto, una transición constituye un momento parcial y discreto en la transformación política de una sociedad, ella se refiere al conjunto de dialogo, arreglos y compromisos por medio de los cuales un conjunto de agestes que ejercen el poder de manera autoritaria acepta abandonarlo y dar campo libre a la instauración de un poder legítimo y a la restauración de la reglas de juego básicas de la democracia: alternancia en el gobierno, división efectiva de poder, respeto de los derechos fundamentales y vigencias de las garanticas constitucionales , se trata, pues de un proceso de negociación que conduce a un relevo den el poder y la instauración de ciertas reglas por las que dicho poder será ejercido en el futuro. La ciencia política, y en particular esa rama de ella que se ocupa de las transiciones diferencia este proceso de otro posterior en el cual el nuevo régimen conseguirá establecerse como el único juego posible en la vida política del país, la consolidación de la democracia , como se denomina a este segundo momento, constituye un proceso más largo y complejo que se orienta a la implantación de los democrático como el único régimen aliado para administrar el poder y resolver los antagonismos consustanciales toda sociedad libre Los términos transición y consolidación designan...
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...sentencing, the courts adopted the law. These longer more harsh sentences have had a positive outcome on the war on drugs. It has helped by getting offenders off the streets and the substances out of the hands of Americans. The criminals that are being sentenced to these long terms deserve the time they are given because they chose to break the U.S. law and came into contact with illegal controlled substances. By giving these mandatory minimum sentences, the criminals are off the streets and away from the pressures of drugs and crime where they used to live, and have the chance to regain a new life through prison rehabilitation. The mandatory minimum sentences are given not only to help punish criminals individually, but also to help the judicial system by way of giving the judges a guideline and a standard to enforce in court. As discussed in "The House I Live In", the start of the1950s brought a large influx in narcotic drug use in the United States. This greatly supplemented the already high drug use in urban America. Although the drug use was centered in a very small majority of the population, it was putting a large burden on society. With this burden, the United States politicians...
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...1. El derecho fundamental a la vida, ¿incluye el derecho a decidir sobre el momento y la forma de su terminación? No, el Tribunal Constitucional se ha pronunciado al respecto en su Sentencia 120/1990 de 27 de junio de 1990, indicando que el contenido del derecho a la vida es el de protección positiva, lo que no permite entenderlo como un derecho de libertad que incluya el derecho a decidir la propia muerte. Sin embargo, el Tribunal reconoce que al ser este derecho un bien jurídico que se integra en el ámbito de la libertad personal, la privación de la propia vida (suicidio), o la aceptación de la propia muerte es un acto que la ley no prohíbe, pero en ningún caso se configura como un derecho subjetivo que deba ser apoyado por los poderes públicos para vencer los obstáculos que puedan impedir su consecución, amparado por los artículos 9 y 24.1 de la Constitución. Por tanto, el Tribunal Constitucional entiende que no es posible admitir que la Constitución garantice en su artículo 15 el derecho a la propia muerte, si no que esta decisión constituye una manifestación de libertad genérica. 2. La situación de cumplimiento de condena en establecimiento penitenciario, ¿implica que la Administración del Estado es responsable de la protección de la vida de los reclusos? Si, el hecho de estar recluido en un centro penitenciario desarrolla una serie de derechos y deberes entre el preso y la Administración, tal como expresa la Constitución en su artículo 25.2 y ha ratificado el Tribunal Constitucional...
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...y leyes que han logran el resultado esperado. En este ensayo estaremos explicando el sistema judicial de Puerto Rico en términos de estructura, jerarquía y funcionamiento. A su vez lo compararemos con el sistema federal de Estados Unidos. El sistema judicial o poder judicial se define como un poder que tiene el país, en el cual administrar la justicia en la sociedad a través de normas o leyes jurídicas que sean creadas en base a conflictos o situaciones que hayan sucedido. El sistema judicial de Puerto Rico entro en vigor El 25 de julio del 1952, en ese día fue creado lo que hoy conocemos como la constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. La constitución establece el poder judicial que tendrá Puerto Rico. En ese entonces la Constitución estableció un juez presidente y cuatro jueces asociados pero concedió al propio tribunal el poder de solicitar a la legislatura aumentar o reducir el número de jueces. Este poder que se le otorgo a la legisladora crea conflictos de intereses ya que se puede ver claramente que hoy en día él aumentar y reducir jueces sea a convertido en politiquería más que merito propio. La estructura del sistema judicial de Puerto Rico ha sido modificada en tres ocasiones. La primera estructura fue creada para el año 1952, la segunda fue para el año 1994 y la tercera fue para el 2003. Actualmente vigente la nueva estructura del sistema judicial del año 2003. Esta ley conocida como la “Ley de la Judicatura del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto...
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