...ukessays.com http://www.ukessays.com/essays/education/transistor.php The transistor SOURCE OF NOISE IN TRANSISTOR FOR DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION AbstractHere in this term paper I am going to discuss the history of the transistors,its importance and its limitations.Basically the term paper is on the sources of noise in transistors for different configurations. HISTORY A replica of the first working transistor. The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. On 17 November 1947 John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, at AT&T Bell Labs, observed that when electrical contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, the output power was larger than the input. William Shockley saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors and is considered by many to be the "father" of the transistor. The term was coined by John R. Pierce. IMPORTANCE The transistor is considered by many to be the greatest invention of the twentieth-century, or as one of the greatest. It is the key active component in practically all modern electronics. Its importance in today's society rests on its ability to be mass produced using a highly automated process (fabrication) that achieves astonishingly...
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...The MOSFET – Metal Oxide FET As well as the Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET), there is another type of Field Effect Transistor available whose Gate input is electrically insulated from the main current carrying channel and is therefore called an Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor or IGFET. The most common type of insulated gate FET which is used in many different types of electronic circuits is called the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor or MOSFETfor short. The IGFET or MOSFET is a voltage controlled field effect transistor that differs from a JFET in that it has a “Metal Oxide” Gate electrode which is electrically insulated from the main semiconductor N-channel or P-channel by a very thin layer of insulating material usually silicon dioxide, commonly known as glass. This ultra thin insulated metal gate electrode can be thought of as one plate of a capacitor. The isolation of the controlling Gate makes the input resistance of the MOSFET extremely high way up in the Mega-ohms ( MΩ ) region thereby making it almost infinite. As the Gate terminal is isolated from the main current carrying channel “NO current flows into the gate” and just like the JFET, the MOSFET also acts like a voltage controlled resistor were the current flowing through the main channel between the Drain and Source is proportional to the input voltage. Also like the JFET, the MOSFETs very high input resistance can easily accumulate large amounts of static charge resulting in the MOSFET becoming...
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...S T R AT E G I C P L A N 2007 - 2011 education Department: Education REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Strategic Plan 2007-2011 1 Mrs Naledi Pandor, MP Minister of Education Mr Enver Surty, MP Deputy Minister of Education 2 Mr Duncan Hindle Director - General: Education TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Statement by the Minister of Education 4 2. Legislative mandates 6 3. Vision, mission and values 9 4. Introduction by the Director-General 11 5. Five-year Broad Priorities 12 6. Five-year Branch Plans 15 7. Physical and Financial Asset Acquisition Plans including Information and Communications Technology 77 8. Administration Service Delivery Improvement Plans 83 9. Education Provision Service Delivery Improvement Plans 87 10. 2007/08 Operational Branch Plans 101 11. Statutory bodies 175 12. Structure of the Department 179 3 1. STATEMENT BY THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION, MRS NALEDI PANDOR, MP In my statement in the 2006 Strategic Plan, I indicated that Education received the largest share of the National Budget. This year Government has once again reaffirmed its commitment to the education system. Building on the transformation successes of the past but also recognizing the huge backlogs that exist in many parts for the system throughout the country, additional funds have been allocated to further address backlogs in the system. This investment is...
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...Graduate Unemployment in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Nature and Possible Policy Responses Research Report Compiled for Business Leadership South Africa Funded by Standard Bank March 2006 Development Policy Research Unit School of Economics, University of Cape Town Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701 http: //www.commerce.uct.ac.za/dpru/ Executive Summary Overview The Development Policy Research Unit (DPRU) has been commissioned by Business Leadership SA to undertake an analysis of the growing problem of unemployment among South African graduates at the request of Deputy-President Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka. The research was funded by Standard Bank. Research of this nature is both timely and important, especially w ithin the context of the Accelerated and Shared Growth in South Africa (ASGISA) programme and the Joint Initiative for Priority Skills Acquisition (JIPSA). The ASGISA initiative recognises skill shortages and the poor quality of education as binding constraints to accelerated growth in South Africa. The first phase of the project involved a detailed review of the South African literature on the subject of graduate unemployment and more broadly, youth unemployment, as well as empirical analyses of various Labour Force Surveys (Statistics South Africa). The second phase attempted to acquire more practical insight into the problem through a series of interviews with some of South Africa’s largest companies, across a range of different sectors. The interviews, broadly...
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...idea of the number of electrons per second that represents current of the usual order of magnitude is readily possible. F'or example, since the charge per electron is 1.60 X 10- 19 C, the number of electrons per coulomb is the reciprocal of this nutnber, or approximately, 6 X 10 18 Further, since a current of 1 A (ampere) is the flow of 1 Cis, then a current of only 1 pA (1 picoampere, or 10- 12 A) represents the motion of approximately 6 million electrons per second. Yet a current of 1 pA is so small that considerable difficulty is experienced in attempting to measure it. The charge of a positive ion is an integral multiple of the charge of the electron, although it is of opposite sign. For the case of singly ionized particles, the charge is equal to that of the electron. For the case of doubly ionized particles, the ionic charge is twice that of the electron. The mass of an atom is expressed as a number that is based on the choice of the atomic weight of oxygen equal to 16. The mass of a hypothetical atom of atomic weight unity is, by this definition, onesixteenth that of the mass of monatomic oxygen and has been calculated to be 1.66 X 10- 27 kg. Hence, to calculate the mass in kilograms 1 2 /...
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...his well being while showing just how powerful he can be to his rivals. He attacks unseen, and silent, killing quickly and efficiently before retreating back into his cave and place of rest. Should Grendel not view them as invaders of territory, he could view them as his prey. In the Beowulf, it is stated that Grendel kills and eats one of Beowulf’s warriors named Hondscio. In detail it states that Grendel devoured everything even "fet ond folma" (745), which means his hands and feet. This would imply that Grendel is killing for food and not for sport. Animals kill each other all the time in order to feed on them to stay alive, that is simply how nature made these animals to work. Grendel could be judged for eating humans but it is with the same mentality that a wolf has when tearing into the flesh of a deer. To call the wolf a murdered and blood thirsty monster would be foolish as it is common knowledge that the wolf just kills to keep itself alive, not because it wants to kill the creatures that it does. Grendel drags his kills back to his lair to eat them for nourishment, not wasting any part of the body proving that he does not fight for sport or for glory, instead he just kills for nourishment like all carnivores do. Grendel lived in a cave as an outcast from society, something that many people can somewhat relate to as everyone has been an outcast at some point. Most people agree that being the outcast can make life difficult and in some cases make people suicidal; Grendel...
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...Electrical Engineering 101 Third Edition Electrical Engineering 101 Everything You Should Have Learned in School… but Probably Didn’t Third Edition Darren Ashby AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/ permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating...
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...728 7268 PGDBM January 2016 Intake Declaration: I hereby declare that the assignment submitted is an original piece of work produced by myself. Signature: K.Naidoo Date: 15/04/2016 3 Table of contents 1. Assignment questions 2. Answers 3. Bibliography 4 QUESTION 1 (50) Individuals and organisations are entering an era where adapting to a developing learning society and a knowledge economy forge the way for many organisations. In the case above, Finland has realised the benefits of a knowledge-based economy. Bearing this in mind: 1.1 Critically discuss how effective HRD practices and an effective HRD strategy in the workplace can provide the levers of control for the future of a growing knowledge-economy in countries like South Africa, Russia and the country in which you reside. (30) 1.2 Discuss the impact of linking HRD to the key strategic drivers of an organisation’s macro- and micro-environment in order to deliver the advantageous returns of HRD. (20) QUESTION 2 (50) In the case of South Africa, which is a developing African country, skills development legislation has fundamentally changed the face of education and training. In light of this statement: 2.1 Critically discuss the...
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...Projecte Norma Civil http://civil.udg.es/normacivil/ Projecte realitzat per l’Àrea de Dret Civil de la Universitat de Girona amb el suport del Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya Llei 5/2006, de 10 de maig, del llibre cinquè del Codi civil de Catalunya, relatiu als drets reals (DOGC núm. 4640, 24-05-2006, p. 23167-23202; correció d’errades DOGC núm. 4655, 15-06-2006, p. 26128). El President de la Generalitat de Catalunya Sia notori a tots els ciutadans que el Parlament de Catalunya ha aprovat i jo, en nom del Rei i d'acord amb el que estableix l'article 33.2 de l'Estatut d'autonomia de Catalunya, promulgo la següent LLEI Preàmbul I Finalitat El dret civil té un paper clau en la configuració de Catalunya com a societat moderna perquè permet d'adaptar el marc jurídic a la realitat d'avui i satisfer les necessitats quotidianes dels ciutadans, que, d'acord amb aquell, poden exercir plenament la llibertat en l'àmbit privat. És per això que té, a més, una significació especial com a element d'identificació nacional i com a instrument de cohesió social. La recuperació de les institucions polítiques operada l'any 1980 per l'Estatut d'autonomia ha permès que, en un quart de segle, el Parlament de Catalunya hagi acomplert una tasca legislativa intensa, en un procés de modernització del dret civil tradicional que ha estat àmpliament participatiu, progressiu i constant, cosa que l'ha dotat de la solidesa que calia per a superar les interpretacions restrictives de les competències...
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...Promote the Best Qualified, or Consider Diversity? Eric B. Olsen Excelsior College LA498M: LA Capstone-(Military Focus) Mr. Larry Fegans 4 June 2015 Abstract The Army, as part of the Department of Defense (DOD), is the premier military organization in the world. Part of what makes the Army an outstanding organization is the diverse backgrounds that their soldiers are come from. There are African-Americans, Hispanics, Asian-Americans, Native-Americans, Pacific Islanders, and more that help balance out its demographic profile. Soldiers who are Caucasian make up the majority of the Army demographic (Army G1, 2014). What is most impressive is the ability for everyone to work together to accomplish the Army’s mission with so few cases of equal opportunity violations per capita. While the Army celebrates diversity by recognizing different women and minorities during certain months, does the Army sacrifice the best-qualified person for diversity? Surprisingly, there have been times where the Army has gone against its own policies and training to enhance diversity; failing to recognize the best-qualified soldiers for promotion. Promote the Best Qualified, or Consider Diversity? One of the strengths of the Army is its soldiers come from a wide background with unique talents and abilities. This diversity helps the Army accomplish its goals and soldiers have successful careers based on their performance and potential for increased responsibility. However, can an organization...
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...GEOTAST Tallers Gastronòmics Aida Morera Gort Carlora Errando Zamorano Òscar Ferré Ferrer Ivàn Zapatel Aranda Curs 2015-2016 Tutor: David Beltran Aguilar Projecte Final de Curs Aida Morera Gort Carlora Errando Zamorano Òscar Ferré Ferrer Ivàn Zapatel Aranda Curs 2015-2016 Tutor: David Beltran Aguilar Projecte Final de Curs ÍNDEX DEL TREBALL 1. INTRODUCCIÓ 1.1. Presentació del equip, motivació, valoració del procés 2. AREA FUNCIONAL ECONÓMICA - FINANCERA 2.1. Concepte de empresa 2.2. Constitució de empresa 2.3. Forma mercantil 2.4. Pressupost 2.5. Control de costos 2.6. Finançament 2.7. Estructura organitzativa 3. AREA FUNCIONAL DE PRODUCCIO I DE SERVEI 3.1. Presentació de l’oferta gastronòmica 3.2. Desenvolupament de l’oferta 3.3. Sistemes de producció 3.4. Control de costos : Escandalls, fitxes de producció... 3.5. Pautes de fixació de preus 3.6. Proveïdors 3.7. Instal·lacions 3.7.1. Aprovisionament i conservació 3.7.2. Producció 3.7.3. Servei 3.8. Higiene: anàlisi APPCC 4. AREA FUNCIONAL DE MÀRQUETING O COMERCIALITZACIÓ 4.1. Pla de màrqueting 4.1.1. Bloc Analític A)Anàlisi del entorno: Oportunitats i Amenaces B)Anàlisi de la competència: Punts Forts y Punts Dèbils C)Anàlisi de la demanda: (facturació, clientes, àpats) D)Anàlisi intra-empresa 4.1.2.Bloc Estratègic A)Segmentació B)Posicionament C)Objectius de màrqueting D)Estratègia de negoci 4.1.3. Bloc Operatiu A)Polítiques de Producte/Servei ...
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...CURRICULUM Introduction As part of transforming South Africa, the educational landscape has undergone dramatic changes where ultimately teachers have to decide to either implement a curriculum as mandated or to adapt the curriculum to take into account their particular context. Teacher’s in South Africa battle on a daily basis with the effects of teaching large number of learners in an under-resourced context. Teachers are expected to adapt to those changes and such changes impact heavily on the roles of teachers in the classroom. They must find a way to facilitate teaching, learning and assessment despite difficult conditions. The gap between curriculum as intention and curriculum as reality confronts teachers regularly. The aim of this essay will address the narrow and broad definitions of the concept curriculum, as well as the official, explicit, implicit, covert and hidden curriculum as they are viewed by different authors. Defining Curriculum Two views on curriculum: Narrow and Broad Many educationists argue that awareness of different interpretations is important in developing a Good understanding of what curriculum is (Booyse & Du plesis, 2014: 4). However they make a point that different approaches, either as a blue print or adaption approach, may be appropriate for different situations. Take a closer look at the various interpretations: Eisner (1985) defines curriculum as a series of planned events that are intended to have educational consequences...
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...http://www.elsolucionario.blogspot.com LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS LOS SOLUCIONARIOS CONTIENEN TODOS LOS EJERCICIOS DEL LIBRO RESUELTOS Y EXPLICADOS DE FORMA CLARA VISITANOS PARA DESARGALOS GRATIS. CHAPTER 5 THE CMOS INVERTER Quantification of integrity, performance, and energy metrics of an inverter Optimization of an inverter design 5.1 5.2 5.3 Exercises and Design Problems The Static CMOS Inverter — An Intuitive Perspective Evaluating the Robustness of the CMOS Inverter: The Static Behavior 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 Switching Threshold Noise Margins Robustness Revisited 5.5 5.4.2 5.4.3 Propagation Delay: First-Order Analysis Propagation Delay from a Design Perspective Power, Energy, and Energy-Delay 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 Dynamic Power Consumption Static Consumption Putting It All Together Analyzing Power Consumption Using SPICE 5.4 Performance of CMOS Inverter: The Dynamic Behavior 5.4.1 Computing the Capacitances 5.6 Perspective: Technology Scaling and its Impact on the Inverter Metrics 180 Section 5.1 Exercises and Design Problems 181 5.1 Exercises and Design Problems 1. [M, SPICE, 3.3.2] The layout of a static CMOS inverter is given in Figure 5.1. (λ = 0.125 µm). a. Determine the sizes of the NMOS and PMOS transistors. Solution The sizes are wn=1.0µm, ln=0.25µm, wp=0.5µm, and lp=0.25 µm. b. Plot the VTC (using HSPICE) and derive its parameters (VOH, VOL, VM, VIH, and VIL)...
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...Міністерство освіти і науки України Національний технічний університет України „Київський політехнічний інститут” Англійська мова професійного спрямування Методичні вказівки для розвитку всіх видів мовленнєвої діяльності на основі автентичних текстів з електроніки Для студентів 3-го курсу всіх спеціальностей ФЕЛ Затверджено Методичною радою НТУУ ”КПІ” Київ «Політехніка» 2005 Міністерство освіти і науки України Національний технічний університет України „Київський політехнічний інститут” Англійська мова професійного спрямування Методичні вказівки для розвитку всіх видів мовленнєвої діяльності на основі автентичних текстів з електроніки Для студентів 3-го курсу всіх спеціальностей ФЕЛ Затверджено Методичною радою НТУУ ”КПІ” Затверджено на методичному засіданні кафедри англійської мови №1. Протокол №1 від 04.10.05 Київ «Політехніка» 2005 Методичні вказівки з дисципліни „Англійська мова професійного спрямування” для розвитку навичок з аналітичного і самостійного читання для студентів 3-го курсу всіх спеціальностей факультету електроніки. /Уклад. Н.Е. Доронкина, Л.С. Петрова. – К. „Видавництво «Політехніка»”, 2005. – 72 с. Рецензент: Л.М. Захарова, кандидат філологічних наук, доцент. Передмова Методичні вказівки для розвитку всіх видів мовленнєвої діяльності на основі автентичних текстів з електроніки для студентів 3-го курсу побудовані відповідно до програми, яка передбачає навчання студентів вмінню працювати з англійською літературою за фахом, збагаченню...
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...Gate Effect on Nanowire Tunneling Field Effect Transistor (FET) Bai Ke, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore Abstract—The simulation study on Si Nanowire Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor (TFET) has been conducted in this project. A device performance comparison was carried out between Double Gate (DG) Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor and Gate All Around Si Nanowire (GAA SiNW) Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor. The device physics and electrical characteristics of the GAA SiNW TFET are investigated for better performance of gate control and low power consumption for the future scaling applications. Due to the high electric filed generated under the gate bias GAA SiNW TFET has high Ion and steep subthreshold swing. It is shown for the first time that subthreshold swing S is proportional to the diameter of the SiNW TFET and decreasing the diameter will lead to a better Ion /Ioff ratio. Device design and physics detailing the impact of drain and source engineering was discussed for SiNW TFET for lower off-state leakage current and a higher Ion with a steeper subthreshold swing S. Lastly, we have also investigated the effect of using high-k dielectric material and shorter gate length for SiNW for the future device applications. I. INTRODUCTION gate modulation gives a better Subthreshold swing which is smaller than 60 mV/decade and Lower Ioff Leakage Current of 10-14 A/um.[1],[2] Apart from Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor (TFET), Si...
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