...and Emigration, and Their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in the Developing World Migration, Immigration, and Emigration, and Their Effects on Religion, Women, and Minorities in the Developing World Migration/Immigration Issues Bolivia has a population of 10 million regular citizens and approximately 1.6 million emigrants. Migration is an important issue in this country, and there are currently efforts underway to establish a law of migration that will serve as a basis for the implementation of a policy to meet the needs of foreigners in Bolivia. In addition, because of the huge socioeconomic gap between the rich and the poor, migrants are highly vulnerable to human trafficking and labour exploitation (IOM, 2011, para. 1). About half of Bolivia citizens have migrated inside or outside to other countries; however, Bolivia also receives many immigrants from Brazil, Paraguay, Eastern Europe, and Japan. Some Bolivians migrate to other properties only wanting to return home; however, many stay permanently. Spainish immigrants have the largest portion living in Bolivia. In the earlier days, it was easy to migrate to Spain with not having a visa; however, today it is not as easy to immigrate. The issues for Bolivia migration are that people are worried about increased crime, increased pollution, congestion, and loss of traditional cultural practices and values. Let us take a look at the issues people are worried about. The crime rate is connected to drug-trafficking...
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...This article was downloaded by: [Tsinghua University] On: 19 March 2014, At: 22:22 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK The Journal of Peasant Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fjps20 Land grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean Saturnino M. Borras Jr. , Jennifer C. Franco , Sergio Gómez , Cristóbal Kay & Max Spoor Published online: 28 May 2012. To cite this article: Saturnino M. Borras Jr. , Jennifer C. Franco , Sergio Gómez , Cristóbal Kay & Max Spoor (2012) Land grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39:3-4, 845-872, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2012.679931 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.679931 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently...
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...International Business – Bolivia Lithium William Ratliff Tarleton State University Dr. Baeza BUSI 4344 International Business – Online The Scenario The main objective of this assignment is to watch a video clip and answer some of the main questions that are addressed in this particular assignment (Buckley, 2004). This entire video clip is focused on the country of Bolivia and lithium, one of its major natural resources. The salt flats of Bolivia are estimated to contain over six million tons of untapped lithium. According to the video clip, Bolivia is also the poorest country located on South American continent. The acute poverty results in certain issues that need to be addressed, thereby allowing Bolivia to grow into a prosperous nation. Analysis & Discussion What are the Main International Management Problem(s)? After viewing the video, it is found that the major problem lies in the poverty and lack of education of its people and the corruption of its politicians (Buckley, 2009). There are many reasons why other countries, both within and outside of the region, would not want to see Bolivia prosper and increase its financial potential. Many of Bolivia’s neighbors are economically stable and their strength grows yearly. On the other hand, Bolivia itself is going in the opposite direction i.e. the standard of living in this country is extremely low (Eun and Resnick, 2007). One of the biggest problems or issues associated with this managerial problem is the lack...
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...REVIEW MATERIALS: Conceptual considerations: Discuss paradoxes and four orientations with which John Chasteen characterizes the changing foci of U.S. thinking on Latin America from the early 20th century to the present. •Racial/Cultural and Environmental Determinism: An image by Americans which suggested that Latin Americans are “Hot-Blooded Latins” with too much “non-white” blood, and do not have the self discipline needed in order to make a more democratic, stable society. There were Catholics, lacking a protestant work ethic. Americans also pictured Latin Americans to be lazy individuals. •Modernization Theory: Once the previous idea was settled, it came to the reality that the Latin American countries had to go through modernization, such as the United States, and their feeble network on which their society rested upon was that being criticized. •Dependency Theory: Students were sure that these two previous explanations were merely methods to blame the victims of abuse. They believed that Latin American economies stood in a dependent position relative to the world’s industrial powers. Therefore other nations took their overpowering stand, and forestalled Latin America’s industrialization. “Economic dependency” is why the nation did not follow the path it was supposed to follow. •Social Constructionism: The way race, gender, class, and national identities are “constructed” in people’s minds. Discuss Michel Rolph Trouillot’s theory of historical narratives ...
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... • Financial System • Employment VII. Trade Patterns • Trade Regulations • Imports • Exports • Labor VIII. VII. Conclusion Introduction South America was named in 1580 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a New World unknown to Europeans. Continent of South America/Brazil South America is the 4th largest continent. It connects to North America by the Isthmus[1] of Panama. The country of Brazil accounts for more almost half of the continent and contains about half of the people. The countries that make up this continent include Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The northern section near Suriname, the continent also contains French Guiana which is a French dependency. The largest metropolitan areas on the continent are Sao Paulo in Brazil and Buenos Aires in Argentina. The population of South America as a whole...
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...Coca: a gift from Mother Earth or poison for the body and madness for the mind. For the people of the Andean region of Bolivia and Peru, the growing and chewing of the coca leaf is a part of everyday life. It is not unusual for these people to chew coca leaves or drink coca tea in much the same way that people in the western world might drink a cup of tea or coffee. The problem comes in separating the traditional everyday use of a mild stimulant with its much stronger and highly addictive alter ego, cocaine. Indeed, it could be argued that cocaine is truly “poison for the body and madness for the mind”, but should this misuse of a valuable commodity justify the complete eradication of the coca plant? Or is the coca plant a gift from Mother earth, to be cherished and appreciated? The following pages shall compare and contrast the pros and cons of the coca plants controversial existence in an attempt to gain a greater understanding of this dilemma. The opposing sides of the argument and their standpoints shall be identified. The difficulty in differentiating coca from cocaine will be examined. A comparison of the health benefits of coca verses the negative impacts of cocaine shall be made. The economic importance of the coca plant in the Andean region scrutinised. Firstly, we must identify the two sides of this argument. The Andean people believe that coca is a gift from mother earth and an integral part of their culture and way of life. The United Nations Narcotics...
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...What is the current state of Latin American international relations, particularly relations with the United States? What is unique or “new” about the present situation? How much have we seen before? Make sure to discuss both economic and geo-political/security dimensions, and make reference to at least two historical periods, whether identified by particular doctrines, presidencies, or regimes of international relations. Current state of Latin Ameican international relations with the US— * Emerging independence from US—US is no longer the immediate partner of choice. Regional resentment of US perceived self-serving exercises of power * Economics: * Increased intra-regional economic integration—ALBA, UNOSUR * Expanding economic partners outside the hemisphere—China * Security: * States worry about subordination to the “gringos.” Address problems themselves or with immediate neighbors, rely less on US— * LatinAmerican presidents joined together to defuse tension between Colombia and Ecuador/Venezuela after Colombia’s March 2008 raid inside Ecuador * South American Defense Council (2008)—aimed at institutionalizing and coordinating “defense and security policies in the region while preventing and mediating conflicts within South America * United States: * Economic dependence on the region on the rise— * 50% of US energy imports (largest share accounted for by any region) * 32% of all US FDI ...
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...Introduction The world is full of inequality, inequality exists in many areas, for example, a girl who is born in Norway is more likely live on to old age, while I that same girl was born in Sierra Leone, she would have a one in four chance of dying on her birthday, (Green, 2012) this is just a minute example of inequality in this world. It exists on the basis of, race, caste, gender, economy, health, education and lots more. It is up to the people in various countries to put an end to inequality and therefore alleviate poverty. it is believed by some economists that redistribution is the only way to make the world equal again , these economists also believe that redistribution is the role of the government (Browning, 1989) while others believe it is the role of the citizens and the government . Inequality is a major global problem which leads to loss of GDP, health, lives and others. Inequality is a cancerous growth that needs to be cut down (Gostin, 2007) in this research report will elaborate on the inequalities of the world and how it ties to poverty, using the theme of discrimination, based on race, caste and gender. It will show how discrimination leads to inequality and poverty, with the help of various case studies and examples, it will also give recommendations on how the inequality can be reduced. The global inequality shows that 80% of global health is in the hands of 15% of the "privileged." (Milanovic, 2011) What is poverty? Poverty is described as the thing...
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...institutions are collective choices that are the outcome of a political process. The economic institutions of a society depend on the nature of political institutions and the distribution of political power in society. As yet, we only have a highly preliminary understanding of the factors that lead a society into a political equilibrium which supports good economic institutions. However, it is clear that it is the political nature of an institutional equilibrium that makes it very difficult to reform economic institutions. We illustrate this with a series of pitfalls of institutional reforms. Our analysis reveals challenges for those who would wish to solve the problem of development and poverty. That such challenges exist is hardly surprising and we believe that the main reason for such challenges is the forces we have outlined in this paper. Better development policy will only come when we recognize this and understand these forces better. Nevertheless, some countries do undergo political transitions, reform their institutions, and move onto more successful paths of economic development. We also can learn a lot from these success stories. JEL classification: O10, P10, P17 Keywords: economic growth, development,...
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...Peru, officially the Republic of Peru is a country located on the western side of South America, whose territory borders the Pacific Ocean to the west and bounded on the north with Ecuador, northeastern Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia and southern Chile. It has a complex geography is dominated by the elevations of the Andes and the Pacific currents, which makes the climates and landscapes as widely varied as the desert coast, the highlands of the high Andes and the rainforest of the Amazon basin, all environments that shape the country as a land of great variety of natural resources. The heterogeneity of geographic and climatic rigors of the country led to the first settlers early Peruvians to the twelfth millennium B.C. to adapt by developing one of the widest range of cultural traditions, as the oldest civilization of Caral that five thousand years ago, around the production cycles of each region, many of which resulted in a regional theocratic states. In early second century B.C., states began to be played, by periods, control of the peoples of the Andes. By the sixteenth century, the later and vast domain of these states, the Inca Empire was annexed by the Spanish conquerors with the support of dissident ethnic groups to Inca. The Spanish crown had established a viceroyalty that included most of its South American colonies. In 1821 the country became independent, basing a state that was immersed in internal and external conflict periods alternating...
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...Stroessner's economic policies took a middle course between social reform, desarrollismo, and laissez-faire, all in the context of patronage politics. Relative to previous governments, Stroessner took a fairly active role in the economy but reserved productive activities for the local and foreign private sectors. The new government's primary economic task was to arrest the country's rampant and spiraling price instability. In 1955 Stroessner fired the country's finance minister, who was unwilling to implement reforms, and in 1956 accepted an International Monetary Fund (IMF) stabilization plan that abolished export duties, lowered import tariffs, restricted credit, devalued the currency, and implemented strict austerity measures. Although the sacrifice was high, the plan helped bring economic stability to Paraguay. Labor unions retaliated with a major strike in 1958, but the new government, now firmly established, quelled the uprising and forced many labor leaders into exile; most of them remained there in the late...
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...territorial hierarchy (Crook and Manor 1998, Agrawal and Ribot 1999). This official power transfer can take two main forms. Administrative decentralisation, also known as deconcentration, refers to a transfer to lower-level central government authorities, or to other local authorities who are upwardly accountable to the central government (Ribot 2002). In contrast, political, or democratic, decentralisation refers to the transfer of authority to representative and downwardly accountable actors, such as elected local governments” (Larson). • “The term decentralisation is used to cover a broad range of transfers of the "locus of decision making" from central governments to regional, municipal or local governments” (Sayer et al.). • Decentralization reform refers to “transforming the local institutional...
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...Federative Republic of Brazil My article will be about the Federative Republic of Brazil. First I will give a brief introduction about the history of the country. Brazil is the only Latin American nation that derives its language and culture from Portugal. The native inhabitants mostly consisted of the nomadic Tupí-Guaraní Indians. Adm. Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed the territory for Portugal in 1500. The early explorers brought back a wood that produced a red dye, pau-brasil, from which the land received its name. Portugal began colonization in 1532 and made the area a royal colony in 1549. During the Napoleonic Wars, King João VI, fearing the advancing French armies, fled Portugal in 1808 and set up his court in Rio de Janeiro. João was drawn home in 1820 by a revolution, leaving his son as regent. When Portugal tried to reimpose colonial rule, the prince declared Brazil's independence on Sept. 7, 1822, becoming Pedro I, emperor of Brazil. Harassed by his parliament, Pedro I abdicated in 1831 in favor of his five-year-old son, who became emperor in 1840 (Pedro II). The son was a popular monarch, but discontent built up, and in 1889, following a military revolt, he abdicated. Although a republic was proclaimed, Brazil was ruled by military dictatorships until a revolt permitted a gradual return to stability under civilian presidents. President Wenceslau Braz cooperated with the Allies and declared war on Germany during World War I. In World War II, Brazil again cooperated...
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...Research Pilot Project Research Tittle Inflationary cause and remedies in Latin American countries. Research Objective Aimed at trying to find out the precursors of inflation and its feasible cures. The paper examines the critical relationship between the cause of a problem and its possible solution. It emphasizes on the views of two theories– the monetarist and the structuralist theories. Overall, this paper seeks to answer the following question: what are the main determinants of inflation rates and the stabilization policies in Latin American countries according to those theories? Theoretical Background The two rivalling theories concerning causes of inflation include the monetarist view and the structuralist view. Monetarists consider inflation as a problem caused by the surplus of money supply. They [the problem and the cause] are positively correlated – when one goes up, the other follows. This is otherwise known as the Quantity Theory of Money which is the foundation of the monetarist view. Sometimes, an excess in money supply will result in the public seeking to reduce the excess by increasing spending. This in turn will cause an increase in prices, if they are free to change. If prices are fixed, this will result in either higher supply to meet higher demand or in shortages of supply which will cause overall price level to increase. Basically, the monetarist explanation proposes that an excess supply of money causes inflation. Long run changes in...
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...History of Mexican Revolution Anthony Zermeno LALS 262/HIST 262: Latin America Since 1850 April 16, 2016 HISTORY OF MEXICAN REVOLUTION The Mexican Revolution which started in 1910 and ended in 1920, is recognized as the first major political, social, and cultural revolution on the 20th century. It was a war that started when liberals, which are people that believe that the governments action is to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all, and intellectuals began to challenge the regime of dictator Porfirio Diaz, who had been in power from 1876 to 1911, which is a term of 34 years called El Porfiriato, violating the principles and ideals of the Mexican Constitution of 1857. The constitution established individual rights such as freedom of speech; freedom of conscience; freedom of the press; freedom of assembly; and the right to bear arms. It also reaffirmed the abolition of slavery, eliminated debtor prison, and eliminated all forms of cruel and unusual punishment, including the death penalty. As a result of El Porfiriato there is economic crises, anti re-election campaigns, inter-elite alliances crumbled, mobilization of subaltern sectors (peasants, workers, small landholders, etc.). Since so much corruption was taking place a revolution emerged. It was a revolution that was led by different factions, representatives of the poor peasant sector (Emiliano Zapata), poor northern ranchers (Pancho Villa), marginalized provincial middle class people (Alvaro...
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