...Christine Burrill November 19, 2012 AA Flow Dynamics, Mauna Loa 1984 by Peter W. Lipman & Norman G. Banks I. Introduction The paper on ‘a’a flow dynamics written by Lipman and Banks is one of the first comprehensive studies regarding detailed observations of a long and complex ‘a’a lava flow. This paper was also one of the first to establish connections between lava flow morphology and changes in lava properties, specifically gas and crystal content. The flow that was studied was generated by the 1984 eruption along the northeast rift zone of Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii (fig. 1). The major flow reached 27 km from the source vent after four days from the start of the eruption (Lipman and Banks, 1987). A decrease in the eruption rate, related to an increase in microphenocrysts and decrease in gas content of erupted lava, generated lava boats that blocked the flow. Blockages led to lava overflowing channel levees, redirecting the lava supply and leading to a stagnation of the major flow. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the key points from the study of the 1984 eruption, investigate some of the impacts this study has had on subsequent research and give a critical evaluation of the study. II. Major Points of Paper Flow Types Lipman and Banks (1987) observed distinctive types of ‘a’a that developed at certain distances from the vent, with certain changes in slope of the terrain and the way the flow advanced. The four types...
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...constructed from lava and tephra erupted onto the Earth’s surface, usually the crust. The opening through which the lava and tephra are emitted is called the volcanic vent. Lava is magma that reaches the Earth’s surface. Magma is melted rock at high pressure and temperature. Magma rises because it is initially less dense than the rock surrounding rock. It eventually equals the density of the surrounding rock and becomes a magma chamber. Tephra is pumice or ash that is blown into the air during eruptions. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates converge and diverge; but are usually not created where tectonic plates slide past one another. As a result volcanoes can be found in all sorts of climate locations. There are four primary types of volcanoes which all have varying effects on the environment. This paper will explore these various types of volcanoes and show how they differ, as well as giving examples of eruptions for each of the types discussed. Principle Types of Volcanoes Cinder cones: Cinder cones are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent; they are the simplest forms of volcanoes. Gas charged lava is violently blown into the air and breaks up into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most of these types of volcanoes have a bowl shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings. Lava flow can flow...
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...the terrestrial planets and moons of our solar system” (p. 316). Hotspots that reach the earth’s surface may have three distinct origins as discussed by Courtillot et. al (2003). Between the boundary of the lower mantle and core is the deepest approximately 15-20% show features such as the presence of a linear chain of seamounts with an age progression, large igneous provinces (LIPs) at the origin of the hotspot track, the He3 to He4 ratio are consistent with deep origin. Pitcairn, Samoan and Tahitian hotspots all seem to occur at the top of large, transient, hot lava domes or superswells in the mantle. The rest seem to be of upper mantle origins and may be caused by breaking of plates when they...
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...understanding. Anti-patterns have a negative effect on the comprehension and maintainability of a software system, and thus, understanding and detecting Anti-patterns provides the knowledge to prevent or recover from them. This paper discusses the anti-patterns of object oriented design, their symptoms, and consequences and issues related to their detection. This study also discusses some of the tools and approaches that are currently being developed and used in the software industry to detect anti-pattern. Towards the end, this paper also highlights some of the problems that are still open, to drive future research direction in this field. 1. Introduction Now-a-days, most of the software projects deal with large number of components that make the software more complicated and hard for novice designers to design. A design pattern is one of the most simple and powerful techniques used to improve the software design. Unfortunately, due to a number of market/customers constraints, anti-patterns may get introduced into the software systems and deteriorate its software quality. Hence, anti-patterns need to be carefully detected and monitored and, consequently, refactoring operations should be planned and performed to deal with them. In this paper, we will focus to present the different types of anti-patterns in object-oriented design, their symptoms and consequences, and the challenges and issues...
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...interaction of the rigid lithosphere. Geomorphological hazard – an event causing harm to people or property, caused by Geomorphological processes e.g. plate tectonic movement. Francis Bacon 1620 As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912 other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. Robert Mallet 1870s Robert Mallet was a nineteenth century scientist who managed to measure the speed at which earthquakes spread. Alfred Wegner 1911 While at Marburg, in the autumn of 1911, Wegener was browsing in the university library when he came across a scientific paper that listed fossils of identical plants and animals found on opposite sides of the Atlantic. Intrigued by this information, Wegener began to look for, and find, more cases of similar organisms separated by great oceans. Orthodox science at the time explained such cases by postulating that land bridges, now sunken, had once connected far-flung continents. But Wegener noticed the close fit between the coastlines of Africa and South America. Might the similarities among organisms be due, not to land bridges, but to the continents having been joined together at one time? As he later wrote: "A conviction of the fundamental soundness of the idea took root in my mind." Such an insight, to be accepted, would require large amounts of supporting evidence...
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...IGNOU FEG-02 Solved Assignment 2013 Free Foundation Course in English-2 (FEG-02) Assignment Course Code: FEG-02 Assignment Code: FEG-2/TM A/2012-13 Max. Marks: 100 All Questions are compulsory 1. Read the following passage and make notes in the appropriate formal. (15) 'The perpetual cycle of change which has created the face of the Earth, with all its rugged and Fascinating variety usually happens too slowly to be noticed. But occasionally it is rapid and Violent. Volcanoes disgorge molten lava, earthquakes rip open the landscape, landslides, carry away Whole mountainsides. Then human beings become aware of the awesome forces that are shaping Their planet. These forces are fuelled by three powerful sources of energy - heat from within the Earth, heat from the Sun, and the force of gravity. Every landform in the world has been shaped by these ttu.ee energy sources. 'the continents that drift across the surface of the globe, setting off volcanoes and earthquakes and Building mountains. are driven by heat from the Earth's interior which has a temperature of about 5000"C (9000'F). Most of this heat is created by the breakdown of radioactive elements. Earth is unique among the planets of the Solar System in having liquid water on the surface and water has a major role in shaping the planet. The warmth of the Sun evaporates water from seas and lakes. The vapor rises and condenses to form clouds and then falls again as rain and snow. It is then that its landscaping...
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...creatures of the sea. Rarely do individuals think about the sea floor or the creation process of it. Sea floor spreading and plate boundaries are not a common subject to anyone outside of a scientific or marine biology lab. The purpose of this paper is to identify plate boundaries. Compare and contrast ideas behind plate tectonics and the theory of the continental drift. There are many types of plate boundaries. Each one is unique in its own way. Below three of the primary types are described in detail. There are several natural events that occur as a direct result of plate boundary interaction. To properly understand the what and how of plate boundaries one must first know what they are. According to Annenberg Foundation (2014), “The border between two tectonic plates is called a boundary. All the tectonic plates are constantly moving — very slowly — around the planet, but in many different directions. Some are moving toward each other, some are moving apart, and some are sliding past each other” (para. 3). Divergent, convergent, and transform are the three primary types of plates. According to "Plate Tectonics" (2010) “A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Along these boundaries, lava spews from long fissures and geysers spurt superheated water. Frequent earthquakes strike along the rift. Beneath the rift, magma—molten rock—rises from the mantle” (divergent boundary). According to "Plate Tectonics" (2010), “When two plates...
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...mountains in Colorado and the white mountains of New Hampshire few places match Connecticut’s regal terrain. Growing up in Bristol I would hike up to Pinnacle Mountain in Plainville, my friends and I would stand in awe of the magnificent rock structures. In the summer I would go on vacation to Old Lyme, it was there I fell in love with the earth’s most beautiful contrasts, the ocean meeting the rock and vice a versa. But until now I never educated myself on how all this magnificence came about. In this paper I will chronologically describe the eras and events that formed Connecticut’s geologic history. The oldest rocks provide a window through time telling a story of continental collisions so powerful that they raised mountains thousands of feet high. Others reveal evidence of a slow but constant attack from the elements that wore down those same majestic peaks (Mchone 2004). Giant monoliths stand testament to a time when the earths crust was cracked and lava flowed over the state. Beaches and enormous boulders are the remains of when Connecticut was frozen beneath a sheet of ice (Mchone2004). The Archeozoic era Archean period: The story begins about 400 million years ago when the North American continent was formed. It...
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...Tim’s Auto Repair 6543 Gary Avenue Philadelphia, PA 19142-0569 TimRepairs@gmail.com April 10, 2014 Mr. Dan Grove Security Manager Treasury Alarm Co. 5734 Tulip St Philadelphia, PA 19569-7812 Dear Mr. Grove: Please let me know about your security products and services. I own a small auto repair business that have been prone to break in attempts and would like to find a solution to this problem. Please send me a brochure that shows me your products, services, and rates for your business. I would appreciate hearing from you by April 25th and would like to have this problem resolved as soon as possible. My email address is TomRepairs@gmail.com, or you can call my cell phone (215-806-5333) anytime between 12-10 p.m. Should you be able to help me install a new security system, I would be more than happy to meet with you to discuss my issue. Thanks for your help. Sincerely yours, Thomas Green Owner Seafood Nextdoor 1276 Greenway Avenue New York, NY 87457-0758 Phone: (534) 564-2364 Email: SouthernGrille@gmail.com www.SouthernGrille.com April 12, 2014 Joe McCarly Financial Director Wellington Group 500 Mero Street Frankfort, KY 40601 Dear Mr. McCarly: Did you know you could get premium quality seafood and sushi without the premium price? Just because you don’t live near the coast, it does not mean you should pay more for a terrific seafood dining experience. Special menus will be offered...
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...“Earthquake - Shake, Rattle, & Roll” Submitted by: Dana Peebles For Instructor: Stephen Underwood July 14, 2014 PHSC 210-A02 Liberty University Online Elements of Earth Science I. Introduction Music can be calming and even sometimes relaxing. However, the only music that might describe an earthquake, would be the song “Shake, Rattle, and Roll”. The very nature of earthquakes cause us to get anxious, and there is nothing calming about the “earth moving under your feet.” In this short report, I will be giving a general overview of how earthquakes are formed and what causes them. I will also discuss the methods that seismologist use to study these occurrences. As humans, curiosity can get the best of us. This curiosity causes us to ask questions and seek further discoveries as to why these events happen. In addition, I will also talk about the new inquiries concerning earthquakes and what leads up to these questions that may still be unanswered. II. General Overview To understand how earthquakes form, what causes them, and the components that make it up, one must know exactly what an earthquake is. Webster’s Dictionary states that an earthquake is the “shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin.” While this describes the movement and the cause, it doesn’t describe why. Earthquakes happen when the underground rock immediately burst against the fault. This activity causes seismic waves that travel along the earth’s crust...
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...It was about how Mary Leakey, who founded these footprints, dated them. These footprints got fossilized because of a volcanic eruption, the lava from this eruption turned into a cement like texture because of the rain. Whoever left these footprints walked through the right place at the right time because they were very well preserved in the cement. The way that they dated these were by potassium-argon dating and stratigraphy. As we learned in class potassium-argon dating is when you can date volcanic rock but not any other fossils. Stratigraphy dating is when you date by going back on layers, the lower the layer is the older it is. After using these dating techniques they found out that these footprints are about 3.7 million years ago. These footprints were interesting because the shape of them weren’t ape or chimp like, they were more shaped like human feet. These footprints had...
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...TERM PAPER SUSTAINABILITY OF LOW-PRICED SEGMENT OF SMART PHONES SUBMITTED BY: MBA(IB)- Section F Richa Bhalla- A1802010121 Udai Bir Bhasin-A1802010332 AMITY INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL, NOIDA AMITY UNIVERSITY – UTTAR PRADESH ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Every endeavor in itself is an impression of the efforts of not only those who pursue it but of those as well who provide guidance and motivation towards its successful completion. Likewise, this project bears an imprint of all those who helped us at various stages and it would be unfair on our part not to thank them. The successful completion of this project could not have been possible without the co-operation and encouragement of our Class Mentor and Faculty, Mrs. Kokil Jain and Mrs. Meenakshi Malhotra who provided us with their unending support from the very beginning of the project, which helped in the timely completion of the project. The faculty members at AIBS, who continued to have an impact on our thinking which helped us to complete this project. And all other staff members at the institute. Richa Bhalla Udai Bir Bhasin INDEX S.NO. | PARTICULARS | PAGE NO. | 1. | Executive Summary | 4 | 2. | Introduction | 5 | 3. | Difference between a Smartphone & Feature Phone | 7 | 4. | Indian Telecom Industry | 8 | 5. | SWOT Analysis of Mobile Industry | 12 | 6. | Low-Priced Segment of Mobile Phones | 13 | 7. | Market Structure & Segmentation | 15 | 8. | International Business | 20 | 9. | The Case of Micromax...
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...exactly how rifting comes about, but the process is so well displayed in East Africa (Ethiopia-Kenya-Uganda-Tanzania) that geologists have attached a name to the new plate-to-be; the Nubian Plate makes up most of Africa, while the smaller plate that is pulling away has been named the Somalian Plate (Figure 1). These two plates are moving away form each other and also away from the Arabian plate to the north. The point where these three plates meet in the Afar region of Ethiopia forms what is called a triple-junction. However, all the rifting in East Africa is not confined to the Horn of Africa; there is a lot of rifting activity further south as well, extending into Kenya and Tanzania and Great Lakes region of Africa. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the general geology of these rifts are and highlight the geologic processes involved in their formation. What is the East Africa Rift System? The oldest and best defined rift occurs in the Afar region of Ethiopia and this rift is usually referred to as the Ethiopian Rift. Further to the South a series of rifts occur which include a Western branch, the "Lake Albert Rift" or "Albertine Rift" which contains the East African Great Lakes, and an Eastern branch that roughly bisects Kenya north-to-south on a line slightly west of Nairobi...
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...Chapter I Introduction Business is a part of modern society. It is an organized and systemized activity for profit. It is concerned with activities of people working towards a common goal. The modern society cannot exist without business. Baking is a food cooking method that uses prolonged dry heat by convection, rather than thermal radiation, normally in an oven, but also on hot ashes, or a hot stones. The most common baked item is bread but many other types of food are baked. Heat is gradually transferred “from the surface of cakes, cookie and bread to their centre. As heat travels trough, it transform batters and dough’s into baked goods with a firm and dry crust and softer centre”. Baking can be combined with grilling to produce a hybrid barbeque variant by using both methods simultaneously one before the other, cooking twice. Baking is related to barbequing because the concept of the masonry oven is similar to that smoke fit. Baking has been traditionally done at home by women for domestic consumption, is the backbone of modern y man in bakeries and restaurants for local consumption and when production was industrialized, by machines in large factories. The art and skills of baking remains a fundamental one and important for nutrition, as baked goods, especially breads, are a profession called a baker. All types of food can be baked but some requires special care and protection from direct heat. Various techniques have been developed to provide this protection. As...
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...Deric D. Jackson International Trade & Policy, ECO 466 Spring 2014 Term Research Paper Outline I. Introduction II. Geography a. Location b. Physical Features c. Climate III. History IV. Government d. Country’s official name e. Type of government f. Current government leader i. Name, Title, residence V. Economy g. Major Industries h. Major agriculture i. Trade ii. Exports iii. Imports iv. Trade policies j. Currency VI. People k. Statistics v. Population vi. Ethnic Groups vii. Major Religions l. Language m. Education viii. Literacy rate ix. Length of Schooling x. Funding The island country of island is situated several hundred miles northwest of the British Isles and directly below the Arctic Circle. Iceland is often known for its natural Beauty; volcanoes, hot springs glaciers, and auroras are prominent features. It is affectionately called the land of fire and ice. Iceland is relatively small yet modern and industrialized state with a modest population of just under 340,000 and total area of 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq. mi). Iceland has a varied topography but it is one of the most volcanic regions, in the world. Iceland started to form in the Miocene era about 20 million years ago from a series of volcanic eruptions on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where it lies...
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