...Life Expectancy To understand the many ways of life expectancy you have to understand the social determinants that makes an individual live longer it may be due to their gender, region or location, their eating habits, all the way to their income. According to World Health Organization people are actually living longer than the expected rate, based on global averages, a girl who was born in 2012 can expect to live to around 73 years, and a boy to the age of 68. This is six years longer than the average global life expectancy for a child born in 1990. Typically a woman lives longer than a man. Women in Japan have the longest life expectancy in the world at 87 years, followed by Spain, Switzerland and Singapore. Female life expectancy in all the top 10 countries was 84 years or longer. Life expectancy among men is 80 years or more in nine countries, with the longest male life expectancy in Iceland, Switzerland and Australia. Income and the location of an individual can set there life expectancy to be longer or shorter due to resources. For instance, a male in the USA may be able to live longer compared to a man who may live in South Africa due to the simple fact of healthcare whereas here in America medical services are not hard to come by but in South Africa they may not even have medical services to provide. Life expectancy varies for each country and it’s different due to the way that people live and take care of their...
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...The average life expectancy in MEDCs is rising. This is due to: * improvements in health care and medicine * increased leisure and recreation time * improved knowledge about the importance of a balanced diet and regular exercise * improved living standards and quality of life Birth rates in MEDCs are falling as people choose to have smaller families later in life. Contraception is easily available and well understood. An ageing population * As people live longer, the structure of a population changes. * Many MEDCs are now experiencing a significant increase in the number of elderly people as a proportion of the population. * As birth rates fall and people have smaller families, the number of young dependants is falling and the number of elderly dependants is rising. * In the near future this will mean that there are fewer economically active people to support the elderly population. * To try to balance out an ageing population, some countries adopt a pro-natalist policy - that is, they encourage people to have more children by offering them benefits, such as access to childcare and maternity leave. * a cash incentive of £675 monthly (nearly the minimum wage) for a mother to stay off work for one year following the birth of her third child * the 'carte famille nombreuse' (large family card), giving large reductions on train fares * income tax based on the more children the less tax to pay * three years paid parental leave...
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...Impact of Human Life Expectancy Increases in life expectancy in the world’s human population has measurable effects on the environment. Since recorded history, the age that people die has expanded to approximately 75 years, on average. Most experts believe that this is due to social reforms and technology, rather than evolution. People did not start evolving to increased life expectancies; rather they became more efficient at using medicines, disease prevention, processing food and energy sources and this had an increasing effect in simply living longer. Sex, age, geographic location, demographic groups, time period and wealth certainly are factors when calculating life expectancy. In the middle ages, a child living past the age of five could potentially live well beyond a projected age of 25 years. This depended greatly on surviving birth or disease and if they happened to be a member of higher social class, having access to better or a higher abundance of food. Statistics for women actually surviving child-birth are much higher in recent history than 200 years ago, Simply because we are better suited medically to overcome the problems they experienced. Geographic and economic status are another big part of the increases. Developed nations have significant increases when compared to many lesser developed nations. The World Health Organization shows no real large increases in life expectancies in many nations in Africa and the Mid-East...
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...average life span was between the averages of 45-50 years of age in the United States. Apparently in this day and time we live to see 80 years or more. Many people analyze the disparities between people who wouldn’t be able to reach that number. Reasons for disparities in life expectancy: healthcare, race, education, environment, and fitness. The United States health care leaded the nation to ridiculously high rates of insurance with a poor health care outcome which was compare too many other countries. In the United States from 2000- 2007 life expectancy change rates changed around the countries. If United States compared itself against a series of life expectancy in the 10 different nations with the less amounted mortality, United States would range from being close to 15-20 calendar years ahead to over 50 calendar years behind for men and 17-20 calendar years ahead to over 50 calendar years behind for women. Life expectancy for African American males men are ranged from 59.7 to 77.2 years, with counties ranging from seven to over 50 calendar years behind the international frontier; for black women, the range is 70 to 82 years, with counties ranging from eight to over 50 calendar years behind. During the year 2000 through 2007, 90% of males and 92% women of American counties dropped in standing against the international life expectancy standards. The United States have extremely large geographic and disparities. Many communities that have low- life expectancies already...
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...Effects of higher life expectancy The survey shows that in many countries, the people are living longer but increased life expectancy has many implications for the aging individuals and for society as a whole. What are the possible effects of longer living for individuals and society ? Answer: People are living longer due to improved medical breakthroughs, healthier lifestyle and other factors. There are some positive effects of longer living. Since we have higher life expectancy, our study life becomes longer which means there is more time for us to choose, try and learn different subjects and to find out what we are passionate for. We also have more time to spend with family and friends, and enjoy doing our favorite things. Furthermore, we devote more time to our careers, and therefore having more possibilities to succeed. For talented people, they can produce more influential works. For example, if Mozart is living in today, he might compose more great songs. Society benefits from increased life expectancy too. When people have more leisure time, depression and stress are reduced, people's health is improved, hence people feel more satisfied with their societies. Moreover, having people work for a longer time will increase productivity and total GDP. But living longer is a double-edged sword. There also are negative effects. In the past, most people had only few years to live after they retired, but now they can live up to fifteen to thirty years. As the...
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...Could Changing the Way Drug Companies Create Profits Raise Global Average Life Expectancy? Do you believe the “Fixed Reward Pool” model could help raise global life expectancy? Explain how you came to this decision giving at least 4 pieces of supporting evidence. I do believe that the “Fixed Reward Pool” could potentially raise global life expectancy greatly. The program focuses on rewarding pharmaceutical innovators for their activities. This means pharmaceutical innovators will be driven to help more people, because it will correspond with the amount of profit they will gain. Firstly, the program has a fixed budget. It is a $6 billion plan to decrease unequal distribution of medicine globally, focus more money towards research on diseases with the highest global burden, as well as deliver more medicines cheaply to the poor and develop new medicines for the diseases of the poor. This portends that areas of low income will be more focused on (such as Africa). Areas like Africa with low income are usually areas with low life expectancy, which means these areas will be treated. The people in these areas will get good medical care and medicines, and with a life expectancy rise in this one area, the global life expectancy can potentially have a big rise. The current diseases more looked upon currently, are the less dangerous, more common diseases. In less developed countries, about 50,000 people die daily from diseases caused by poverty (diarrhea, tuberculosis, malaria, etc)...
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...Differences 1 Reasoning for differences of life expectancy between men and women Latesha Mays Dr. Davis SOCI 402 May 9, 2006 Differences 2 Reasoning for differences of life expectancy between women and men In most countries the life expectancy at birth of women is longer than that if men. Historically it has been assumed that this was generally due to biological reasons. But on the basis of my graveyard data which consisted of 50 cases of people from High Point North Carolina, tables and graphs, the relationship between race, gender, and average age of death are summarized with four empirical generalizations that I got from the data. I will only present three to adequately summarize the data because only three have similar commonalities to express why women live longer than men. The first empirical generalization was on the basis of the gender table. The data showed that males have a 36 percent average age of death and females have a 64 percent average age of death and therefore males have 28 percentage points lower average age of death than females. The second empirical generalization was on the basis of the race and gender graph. In this graph females had a higher median age of death than any other category. The last empirical generalization expresses a graph that shows the data of race and sex. The data showed that white females have a significantly higher median age of death than men and black females...
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...According to the latest WHO data published in 2013 life expectancy in Luxembourg is: Male 79.9, female 84.2 and total life expectancy is 82.2. All over the Europe, and also Luxembourg, the demographic projections confirms that the population is ageing. The decreasing of the fertility rate in our country, and the increasing of the life expectancy shows that Luxembourg will be confronted to an ageing population. Referring to WHO in 2010, life expectancy at birth in Luxembourg was 77.8 years for men and 82.9 years for women and the demographic projections show that in 2060, men’s life expectancy is 84.9 years and women’s life expectancy is 89.5 years. 5 years ago, 60 000 retired persons (+65), were insured at the CNS, and only 1000 people were over 85. Projections shows that in 2060, the CNS will have more than 120 000 retired people (over 65) and more than 5000 persons over 85. We can assume that an ageing population will need more long-term health treatments. http://www.who.int/countries/lux/en/ Mortality rate An easy way to understand the switch of the demographic pyramid is...
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...An analysis of the impact food consumption and healthcare may have on life expectancy. Econ413 SP2011 Introduction Life expectancy is important not only to individuals but also to the nation. To individuals, longer life expectancy gives people more time in their lives to do things they want and gives them opportunity to see their children and grandchildren grow up. To the nation, studying life expectancy helps the government plan for pension benefits and contributions. I want to analyze the impact of food consumption on life expectancy because today people care about eating healthier and America’s eating habit has been criticized for the consumption of too much unhealthy food. In order to measure the country’s eating habits, I used data over the past 40 years that includes annual meat consumption, fish consumption, milk consumption, fruits and vegetable consumption and etc. I will analyze the life expectancy over 1970-2008 and the corresponding food consumptions over that time period. In addition to eating habits, I believe that the nation’s healthcare spending and GDP are important determinants of life expectancy. Excluding them will result in a biased model. Therefore, I also included healthcare and GDP as independent variables in my analysis. Prior Research and Theory In the past few years, life expectancy and its determinants have been widely discussed in economics. In the U.S., life expectancy rapidly increased in the past century and led to a rapid aging of the...
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...Relationship of GNP and Living Standard Phuong Le SUNY Morrisville State College Project 2- Part 2 Part I: Description of the data set: I collected data from Journal of Statistics Education (JSE). Its original data set which is named “The Statistics of Poverty and Inequality” includes birth rates, death rates, infant death rates, life expectancies for males and females, and Gross National Product for 97 countries in the world divided into 6 groups (97 observations, 8 variables total.) However, I just took 6 variables: infant death rates, life expectancies for males and females, Gross National Product, country and country groups. Variables Descriptions: * Country: 30 countries were taken randomly. * Country groups: divided into 6 groups 1= Eastern Europe 2=South America and Mexico 3=Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia, New Zealand 4=Middle East 5=Asia 6=Africa * Infant deaths per 1000 of population under 1 year old * Life expectancy at birth for males * Life expectancy at birth for females * Gross National Product per capital in US. Dollars Part II: Description of Statistical Analysis: * Descriptive: Numerical, tabular and graphical * Inferential: Sample Part III: Description and Interpretation of the RESULTS: 1. Gross National Product per capital in US. Dollars: Groups | Gross National Product | 1 | 12132 | 2 | 12110 | 3 | 108290 | 4 | 8548 | 5 | 12030 | 6 | 1430 | Total | 154540 | ...
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...GNI per capita $976 - $3,855 (Asian Pacific - $1,600) Low income = GNI per capita $975 or less (Africa - $300) Exercise 2. Starting with a hypothetical population of 14,000 people and an even age distribution (1,000 in each age group from 1-5 to 66-70 years), assume that the population initially has a total fertility rate of 2.0 and an average life span of 70 years. Using the spreadsheet for exercises 1-3, estimate how the population will change from this generation to the next under each of the following conditions. a. Total fertility rate and life expectancy remain constant. Population stays at 14,000. b. Total fertility rate changes to 4.0; life expectancy remains constant. Population goes from 14,000 to 28,000. c. Total fertility rate changes to 1.0; life expectancy remains constant. Population goes from 14,000 to 7,000. d. Total fertility rate remains at 2.0; life expectancy increases to 100. Population goes from 14,000 to 20,000. e. Total fertility rate remains at 2.0; life expectancy decreases to 50. Population goes from 14,000 to 10,000. F. Total fertility rate changes to 4.0; life expectancy increases to 100. Population goes from 14,000 to 40,000. Most developed countries have infant mortality rates of around 5...
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...Life Insurance Price Discrimination on Indigenous Australians The ethical conflict For many years, the average life expectancy for Indigenous Australians has been lower than the non-indigenous population. Although the life expectancy gap has been gradually decreasing from 2005 to 2012, the remaining differences of 10.6 for males and 9.5 for females are still problematic for the future welfare of the Aboriginal community (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2014). Also, it persists a big challenge to the society as a whole. From the life insurance company’s perspective, the existence of statistical evidence means that insured who belongs to Indigenous population is highly likely to bring more risk to the pool. Correspondingly, a higher premium should be charged to cover the higher death risk this particular group is entitled to. However, discriminating based on Aboriginal status has been increasingly questioned and many people believe that such practice violates the social equality and is simply unfair to the Aboriginal community. The ethical dilemma faced by insurance companies is whether they should sacrifice the benefit of the minority in order to achieve the best possible outcome for the majority. The moral principle of utilitarianism may provide justification for why insurer chooses to charge different premiums for Aboriginal people. However, those who believe more in deontology will argue that the maximum benefit achieved for everyone under the utilitarianism ethical...
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...in a population (morbidity) and frequency of death at a particular age (mortality) represent vital and gross health statistics (McKeown 1978). Basically, improved health is reflected in decline of mortality. Determinants of health can be sought in various health theories or models. One of these is ‘life course model’ which offers an interdisciplinary framework for guiding research on health, human development and aging. Life course epidemiology is defined as the study of long term effects on later health or disease risk of physical or social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood and later adult life (Kuh and Hardy 2002). The aim is to elucidate biological, behavioural, and psychosocial determinants of health that operate across an individual’s life course, or across generations, to influence the development of disease risk. Combining the definition, quantifiers and determinants, if health trends are to be evaluated there has been a major transition in health status and its indicators. An Upside Trend Life expectancy has seen an upward trend worldwide. In the UK, for England and Wales, the Human Mortality Database or HMD shows that life expectancy at birth and at age 65 have increased for both males and females from 1841 to...
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...In the future, the process of aging will likely be renamed as a disease, of which science will be able to find a solution to. Life extension is the study of slowing down or even reversing the process of aging to extend the greatest and average lifespan. As of now, the average human life expectancy in the United States is about seventy-nine years of age. Although the human life expectancy has increased over the years, it has done so considerably slower than it should have. But, by the year of 2067, the human life expectancy will be significantly increased by many new and improved technologies. These life extension technologies consist of nanotechnology, gene editing, and organ replacement. Nanotechnology will be a very interesting way to aid...
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...What Will 2113 Bring? Life Expectancy There is an evolutionary theory of aging; however the life expectancy has changed throughout the years. In 1913, the average man’s life expectancy was 50.5 for men and 55 years for a woman due to health precautions. But as time passed, the life expectancy has increased to 75.98 for men and 88.08 for women. These conclusions can be drawn because of better technology and more intelligence. Over 100 years, the life expectancy increased by about 30 years and in another 100 years, 2113, the expectancy will change once again. Instead of 75.98 and 88.08, the life expectancy would be more around 105 and 118. Transportation With an image from a man named Karl Benz in 1886, others have sparked on his invention of the car and transformed the whole idea. By developing Benz’s first model of the car, scientists, engineers, and inventors has used technology to control the outcome of an automobile. With endless possibilities, due to the fact that technology always grows stronger and minds become sharper, transportation in 2113 would be considered of lightning-fast travel that is almost like teleporting. The plan for the future in Japan already is the Maglev Train that can hit 310 miles per hour. If the plans for Japan are a success, than there truly is no stopping for technology then. There will be bigger and better things in 2113. Fashion Starting in 2013 fashion has created new and exciting ideas for clothing options and it also has repeated many...
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