...‘How do adults perceive that significant others in their lives (i.e. people who are or have been important to them) have affected their development?’ Abstract John Bowlby’s theory of attachment asserts that in childhood attachments are formed between the infant and the caregiver. It also asserts that these attachments form the basis of adult relationships. This qualitative thematic analysis of an interview with Chloe attempts to show how early attachments form a framework of later development. This study shows some support for Bowlby’s theory of the continuity of attachment behaviour but also shows that the nature of attachments can change throughout life in particular due to adult relationships and life experience. Introduction The field of developmental psychology is concerned with understanding how our mental outlook can change over the course of a lifetime. It considers both the effects of cultural and environmental factors and the internal motivations of the individual. One of the main area of research is understanding the degree of continuity in how behaviour is formed and to what degree it can be influenced by past experience. In the area of human relationships, Attachment theory (as cited in Wood et al., 2007) explores how relationships develop. Bowlby (as cited in Wood et al., 2007) proposed that we have a basic biological drive to form an attachment to a ‘mother figure’ at birth. The nature of the attachment gives rise to a ‘internal working model’ in...
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...Discuss the research into different types of attachment Attachment promotes survival; babies will always need their caregivers. This is the idea that Bowlby put forward. Bowlby explained the three main ways in which secure attachment provides survival. Firstly, safety results in a desire to maintain proximity ensuring safety of the baby and is reflected by both the infant and caregiver being distressed when separated. Attachment enables babies to form healthy emotional relationships. This is the continuity hypothesis – the idea that there is a direct link between early attachment behaviour and later emotional behaviour. The final way attachment promotes survival is a secure base for exploration. Having an attachment is important for protection. A child can explore the world e.g. when they go school and have a safe haven (a safe place) to come back to for protection and comfort. This will ensure that the child develops well intellectually, socially and emotionally. Bus and Van Ijzendoorn (1988) found that securely attached children showed more interest in written material than did the insecurely attached children regardless of their intelligence and the amount of preparatory reading instruction. Maccoby (1980) argued that you can tell two people have an attachment by looking at their behaviours. There are 4 areas he put forward. The first is seeking proximity. This is the desire of the infant and caregiver to be near one another and spend time together for example playing...
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...Informational Analysis Exploring the Deep By: Savanna Wills For the final literary analysis that was assigned, I went into writing this paper with the notion that this might just be the least exciting analysis of Children’s Literature that we were ever going to have to do. To my surprise, I gained much knowledge from taking the time to read an informational non-fiction children’s book. I realized that if I were to find a concept in a children’s informational book that interested me, I would gain knowledge I didn’t realize I wanted or needed as a sophomore in college. For our final analysis, I chose the book Exploring the Deep by Chloe Rhodes. In all honesty, I didn’t have a lot of choices for books that I really wanted to read, but Exploring the Deep stood out to me because I realized that our oceans are wondrous and full of mystery. This strange and interesting piece is a fantastic non-fictional book for children who want to learn about the planet’s oceans and everything that occurs, lives, and is found within it. As soon as I began reading I found the book very intriguing. It captivated my attention, and taught me things I probably never would have learned in the rest of my years living. This book was filled with interesting facts about our planet’s oceans. It gave significant details of some living creatures that make the Earth’s oceans their home. Along with giving detailed facts, there were very real pictures of the wildlife that lurks beneath the waves, allowing...
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...butterflies, dancing over the fire. Everybody always enjoyed listening to his flute play. One of the people was a beautiful girl. She always listened attentively, with those passionate eyes looking at him. Lawongo knew there was a beautiful girl who always paid attention to him. Lawongo fell in love with her. The girl also loved him, later they got married. They were very happy. They loved each other and promised to be always together. They would be together until they died. On one night, Lawongo had a strange dream. In his dream he was hunting a very big wild hog. The hog attacked him. He did his best to kill the hog, with monstrous tusks. He used his knife to stab the hog and it finally died. Its dead body, was as big as the moon in the sky that night. On the next morning, Lawongo went hunting. It was still early in the morning and he did not want to wake his wife up. In the jungle ha did not see any animals. He could not find any wild hog either. He felt very strange. He walked and he felt very thirsty. He picked a coconut. And when he wanted to open it using his knife, he saw his knife was full of dried blood. He was confused. Suddenly he remembered his wife. Somehow he had a bad feeling about his wife. He immediately went home. When he arrived home, many people were in front of his house. One of the people said,"We're sorry for your wife, Lawongo. Please accept our...
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...The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) By Robert L. Stevenson Dr Lanyon’s Narrative COMPREHENSION 1. What was suspicious about the visitor’s behaviour before he entered the house? 2. What emotional state was the visitor in? 3. How did Lanyon react when the visitor touched his arm? 4. Does Lanyon give the visitor what he wants immediately? What eventually convinces him to show his guest the drawer? 5. When the visitor removes the sheet from the drawer, how does he react to the contents? 6. Dr Lanyon’s guest offers him the choice of leaving without witnessing what is about to happen or staying and witnessing a prodigy. Which does Lanyon choose to do and why? 7. What happens to the visitor when he drinks the potion? 8. What is Lanyon’s reaction to the scene he has just witnessed? ANALYSIS 9. At what time does the episode take place? What associations do you make with this particular time? What kind of atmosphere does this time setting create? 10. Find words and expressions in the text which express Lanyon’s repulsion for his visitor. Is his repulsion psychological or physical or both? Give examples. 11. Identify the statement in which Lanyon suggests that his revulsion for the visitor represents something more than personal dislike. 12. Line 3 and 13-18 provide some vague descriptive details of the visitor but for the most part the reader is invited...
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...Breon Ebanks Ms. Masciantonio AP English Literature 23 February 2012 Hamlet Analysis Essay “It’s is sometimes an appropriate response to reality to go insane”. (Philip K Dick). Hamlet is always questioning himself about his father’s murder, his mother’s guilt and his life. His obsession causes his insanity. Hamlet is depressed, confused, and paranoid the traumatizing events on his life. Hamlet is depressed at his mother’s lustful behavior towards his uncle, so he’s taking his anger out on Ophelia. In doing so, Hamlet was saying mean things that made her feel bad about her especially when he told her “Get thee to a nunnery, why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? I am myself indifferent honest, but yet I could accuse me of such things that it were better my mother had not borne me,” (3.1. 123-126). Hamlet shows a strange way of loving Ophelia because one minute he loves her the next minute he’s rude to her. These actions prove his instability. Normal people do not love someone one minute and curse her the next because that is just unrealistic. Lidz said, “Perhaps he seeks to hide the meaning of his embittered and melancholic behavior under the guise of being depressed over Ophelia’s withdrawal of her affection, but it seems a cruel and deceitful way to treat his beloved” (Lidz, Theodore). Hamlet is depressed because of Ophelia’s withdrawal even though he is just being manipulative to her. Hamlet is confused and disorientated. He considers...
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...view to show readers how areas where they may already have an opinion on can be seen from other perspectives. In Part I, readers will be shown from an etic perspective how Americans have, over time, developed an addiction to indebtedness and live in abundance on credit, not caring of growing deficits and interest burdens. In his 2013 book, “Cultural Anthropology,” Crapo describes an etic analysis as “an outsider’s or observer’s allegedly “objective” account.” In Part II, the Japanese culture surrounding death will be described as how an insider would understand it. Crap described an emic analysis as “an insider’s or native’s meaningful account.” (Ch. 1.1). For various cultures around the world to truly understand and empathize with one another, it is important to be able to see things from each other’s perspective. Being able to understand an issue in America as an outsider would see it, and likewise to look at something that might seem strange to us as an insider would will help us grow beyond our preconceived notions and ignorance. Part I This section of the paper will detail an etic analysis of American economics, specifically revolving around debt. Americans do not see debt as an issue that threatens their existence but instead as a nuisance to be delayed as long as possible. This section will discuss how Americans used to strive to be one of the world’s greatest producers. It will also detail how America shifted into a culture of...
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...| the alienation of labor 1 karl marx economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844 | | In political economy 2 and its terminology, we have shown that the laborer sinks to the level of a commodity and indeed becomes the most miserable commodity possible, that the misery of the laborer stands in an inverse relationship to the power and size of his production, that the natural result of competition is the accumulation of capital in a few hands, which is the most frightening type of monopoly, that finally the difference between the ground-rentier 3 and the capitalist 4 as well as the difference between the farmer-renter and the factory laborer disappears and the entire society must fall into two classes: those with property and those propertyless souls who labor. Political economy begins with the fact of private property. It does not explain this fact to us. It describes the material process of private property--by which it actually passes from hand to hand--in general, abstract formulas, which it then raises to the status of laws . It does notunderstand these laws, that is, it does not show how the existence of private property comes about. Political economy gives no explanation concerning the foundation of the division between labor and capital and between capital and land. When, for instance, it describes the relationship between wage-labor and the profit of capital, its fundamental point of departure is the interest of the capitalist, that is, it accepts as given what...
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...Attachment Paper Life Span Human Development Lela Lambe 10/25/15 Kristin Scott-Grove Introduction: Attachment is a strong, affectionate bond we have with our mother. Also, with special people in our lives during a lifetime. Attachment leads us to experience pleasure when we interact with time. Besides, to be comforted by nearness in times of stress. Lasting emotional connection that connects people to another within space and time. Attachment is a strong emotional and social bond of trust between the child and parents. That is very important for social and emotional development. In childhood, particular the first couple of years of life, attachment relationships help the immature brain use the mature functions of the parent’s brain to develop important capacities related to interpersonal functioning. The baby’s bond with their attachment caregiver. Offer experience-dependent neural avenue to develop. Particularly in the frontal lobes where the capacities are wire into the developing brain. Attachment Theory devised by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth to account for the impact of early separation and trauma on the child. Has revolutionized our views of development, psychopathology, and clinical work. Is the most prominent theory today regarding early socio-emotional development. The empirically based and support the research. The child is highly motivated beginning birth to form and maintain attachments to a few caregivers. Healthy attachments have successful...
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...Literary Analysis “There’s a Man in the Habit of Hitting Me on the Head with an Umbrella” Fernando Sorrentino This story by Fernando Sorrentino is short, sweet, and at first glance, potentially absurd. To picture a man, with no physiological needs, hitting a man on the head for 5 years is absurd. How can something so ludicrous possibly be real, which begs the question is the man with the umbrella actually real, or just a figment of his imagination, or something else entirely? This story begs many questions, most of which are never answered by Sorrentino. It is obvious after reading this, that it is not just a story about a strange man hitting another man over the head with an umbrella. There aren’t many people I know who would grow accustomed to someone constantly hitting them in the head. Early on in life we are told if someone is doing something to piss you off, pretend its not bothering you, and eventually they will admit defeat and leave you alone. Soon after this strange man starts “automatically” and “impassively” hitting this other man on the head, he has to endure a “terrific punch in the face”. Safe to say if he were just hitting him with his umbrella to piss this random stranger off, he had succeeded. But this theory is quashed in the opening paragraph, when the narrator says “it is five years to the day since he began hitting me on the head with his umbrella”. No man would go to such lengths to piss off a random stranger, at least not an ordinary...
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...Joe Calabro, 07 Intro Sociology Cultural Analysis Paper Scuba Diving has been a passion of mine since I obtained my open water diver license in August of 2013. I have always been fascinated with exploring beneath the surface of Earth’s oceans. Since most of the Earth’s surface is underwater, scuba diving is one of the only ways to explore most of the planet. Scuba diving is not only a sport, and a career, it is also a Subculture. Scuba diving is a subculture because we have our own material culture, form of communication, folkways, values, and positive and negative sanctions. There are multiple elements of our material culture that can help others easily identify who we are. An important part of our material culture is the type of clothing and gear that we wear. All divers wear something called a wetsuit. A wetsuit is a tight fitting piece of clothing usually made of neoprene or other types of spandex which we wear while diving to keep us warm. The deeper we dive the colder the water gets that’s why a wetsuit is needed to help combat hypothermia. Another piece of material culture that we use is our fins and mask. Our fins are things we put on our feet to help us move quickly and efficiently beneath the surface. Just like the fins of fish and other aquatic mammals, our fins are flat and sometimes are split down the middle to increase speed. In addition to our fins we also need to wear a mask that covers our eyes so that we can see. Without this there is no point to...
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...result of the cocaine use. Freud’s theories however sparked an all new era of Psychology. Although Freud’s theories seemed very radical, when put into life situations they actually make perfect sense. Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism refers to literary criticism or literary theory which, in method, concept, or form, is influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis begun by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic literary criticism is a very common method of analyzing stories such as The White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett, Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allen Poe. Sylvia, a shy girl, who is rather naive and innocent. For most of her life has been sheltered from the atrocities of life. Being shielded from the outside world she hasn’t come to the conclusion that people can be bad. However this changes when a handsome and mysterious stranger wanders in her area. At first she intimidated by the man but is very eager to assist the man and wants to make a good impression. When finding the heron true changes begin to form in Sylvia. In sparing the heron she is more confident in her decision and assertive, she is willing ignore a person’s approval in order to preserve a beautiful part of nature. The white heron can represent Sylvia’s purity or innocence. According to psychosexual analysis the tree in which Sylvia climbs can be a phallic symbol for the ornithologist. While going through the forest with the ornithologist, he takes the lead...
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...PSYCHOLOGY AQA A – UNIT 1 Attachment is an emotional bond between two people, it is a 2 way process that endures over time, serving the function of protecting the infant and leading to certain behaviours (seeking proximity, distress on separation, pleasure on reunion and general orientation of behaviour) There is a Primary attachment figure (PAF) EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT: LEARNING THEORY Learnt rather than inborn Classical: Association Proposes that food (UCS) naturally produces a feeling of pleasure (UCR). The feeder (NS) becomes associated with the food (UCS) when the infant is fed. The mother eventually produces the sense of pleasure associated with the food. Pleasure is now a Conditioned Response which causes attachment Operant: Reinforcement (DOLLARD AND MILLER 1950) When an infant if hungry, they feel uncomfortable and I drive is produced to reduce this discomfort. When the infant in fed, the drive is reduced and this produces a feeling of pleasure. The infant learns that the food is rewarding (Primary Reinforcer) and begins to recognise the person that provided the food (Secondary reinforcer). Attachment occurs because the infants seeks to be around the person that supplied the award. Evaluating learning theory Research by Harlow (1959) suggests attachment may not totally based upon the provision of food. Harlow removed baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers, and placed them into a cage. In the cage there were 2 wire mesh cylinders. One covered in towelling...
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...FICTION ESSAY WRITING STYLE USED: APA OUTLINE I. THESIS: A thorough analysis of Jackson’s “The Lottery” and Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown” reveals that different literary elements, such as tone and setting, are used to convey the characters’ arrival at dark, sinister places. II. INTRODUCTION III. SHIRLEY JACKSON’S “THE LOTTERY” A. Setting the tone: Peaceful and relaxing B. Irony: Even though the mood is relaxing, there is a premonition of something bad to come C. Ending: The ending is implied IV. NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S “YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN” D. Setting the tone: feeling of something evil to come E. Symbolism i. Faith – the wife and commitment to Jesus ii. Venture in to the forest – Journey of life iii. Traveler’s staff – Satan in the Garden of Eden F. Ending: Was it real or was it a dream? V. CONCLUSION A thorough analysis of Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown” reveals that different literary elements, such as tone and setting, are used to convey the characters’ arrival at dark, sinister places. Jackson’s “The Lottery” and Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown” are two short stories that use completely opposite ways to get to the same destination: a dark, sinister place. Both stories are very dark, and almost morbid, but one story keeps the reader oblivious to the tragic event that is being set up, while the other story lays it...
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...Wilfred Owen letter: My own dearest Mother, Immediately after I sent my last letter, more than a fortnight ago, we were rushed up into the Line. Twice in one day we went over the top, gaining both our objectives. Our A Company led the Attack, and of course lost a certain number of men. I had some extraordinary escapes from shells & bullets. Fortunately there was no bayonet work, since the Hun ran before we got up to his trench. You will find mention of our fight in the Communiqué; the place happens to be the very village which Father named in his last letter! Never before has the Battalion encountered such intense shelling as rained on us as we advanced in the open. The Colonel sent round this message the next day: 'I was filled with admiration at the conduct of the Battalion under the heavy shell-fire.... The leadership of officers was excellent, and the conduct of the men beyond praise.' The reward we got for all this was to remain in the Line 12 days. For twelve days I did not wash my face, nor take off my boots, nor sleep a deep sleep. For twelve days we lay in holes, where at any moment a shell might put us out. I think the worst incident was one wet night when we lay up against a railwav embankment. A big shell lit on the top of the bank, just 2 yards from my head. Before I awoke, I was blown in the air right away from the bank! I passed most of the following days in a railway Cutting, in a hole just big enough to lie in, and covered with corrugated iron. My brother...
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