...5: Mitosis and Meiosis SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Processes of Transcription and Translation A. Genetic information from DNA in transcription is transcribed in RNA. Using the mRNA instruction translation makes body structures. SC.912.L.16.14 Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome numbers during asexual reproduction. Cell Cycle and Mitosis A. The cell cycle is the growth and division of cells. There are three main parts of the cell cycle: Interphase,mitosis, and cytokinesis. 1. In Interphase the cell begins to grow...
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...somatic cell- all the diploid body cells of an animal that are not involved in a gamete formation. gametic cell- a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually, homologous chromosome , sister chromatid, karyotype, autosome and sex chromosome. How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell? 46 How many homologous chromosome pairs are in a human somatic cell? 22 How many chromosomes are in a human gamete? 23 How many homologous chromosome pairs are in a human gamete (trick question)? 46 Which stage of the human life cycle is diploid (2n)? Which is haploid (n)? Which processes form the transition from haploid to diploid and diploid to haploid? Meiosis- The goal of meiosis is to produce four haploid gametes from one diploid somatic cell. This occurs through two cell divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. Interphase - as in mitosis, the DNA content of the cell doubles from 2n to 4n. Meiosis I- Prophase I. DNA supercoils, tetrads form and crossing over occurs between maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes. Metaphase I. Homologous chromosome pairs line up along the equator of the cell in stacks instead of end to end. The random alignment of the homologous chromosomes during metaphase I is known as independent assortment. Anaphase I. Homologous chromosome pairs separate toward opposite poles of the cell. Nondisjunction can occur at this stage. Telophase I/cytokinesis. Nuclei reform in each of the two daughter cells as the mother cell is...
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...2/24/2013 Cell division • The human body is made up of trillions of cells… Mitosis and Meiosis • …But started with one Understanding Cell Division • What instructions are necessary for inheritance? • How are those instructions duplicated for distribution into daughter cells? • By what mechanisms are instructions parceled out to daughter cells? Reproduction • Parental cells produce a new generation of cells or multicelled individuals like themselves • Parents must provide daughter cells with hereditary instructions, encoded in DNA, and enough metabolic machinery to start up their own operation The roles of mitosis Chromosome • A DNA molecule & attached proteins • Duplicated in preparation for mitosis 1 2/24/2013 Chromosomal Organization A chromosomes is DNA associated with proteins. The entire complex is tightly wound and compressed into a discrete, linear structure. The Cell Cycle • • • • • Interphase Usually longest part of the cycle Cell increases in mass Number of cytoplasmic components doubles G1, S, and G2 phases Chromosomes duplicate in S phase of interphase Chromosome Duplication a One chromosome (unduplicated) Duplication allows a whole copy of the genome to reside in each daughter cell one chromatid one chromatid b One chromosome (duplicated) two sister chromatids Each duplicated chromosome will split. One sister chromatid will be in each new daughter cell 2 2/24/2013 Chromosome Number • Sum total...
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...|2.3 Cell Continuity |Objectives | |2.3 Cell continuity + Mitosis |Explain the terms: cell continuity & chromosomes. | | |Define the terms: haploid & diploid number. | | |Describe the cell activities in the state of non-division: Interphase and | | |Division (mitosis). | | |Define the term: mitosis. | | |Define cancer and state causes. | | |State the primary function of mitosis for single-celled vs multi-cell. Organisms.| | |Define the term: meiosis. | ...
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...over time. EX. Include aphids, some types of lizards SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – requires genetic info from two parents. Advantageous in changing environments. GAMETES – products of meiosis, haploid sex cells that carry genetic info from each parent (sperm/eggs) ZYGOTE – diploid product of fertilization, new offspring. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION – males and females release gametes into the same environment and fertilization occurs outside the body. Especially common in aquatic animals. Unique “recognition” proteins on the surface of gametes keep sperm cells from fertilizing eggs of the wrong species. EX. Salmon, sponges, corals, sea urchins, some amphibians INTERNAL FERTILIZATION – a male deposits sperm inside a female’s body, where fertilization occurs. After copulation, animals may lay hard-shelled eggs or bear live young. B. DEVELOPMENT IS INDIRECT OR DIRECT DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTS – study the stages of an animal’s growth as cells specialize and interact to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Differentiation and pattern formation involve complex interactions between the DNA inside cells and external signals such as hormones, interactions regulate formation of each structure. Homeotic Genes- develop control development in humans and all other animal species. DIFFERENTIATION – the process by which cells in organs activate unique combinations of genes to acquire their specialized functions. PATTERN FORMATION – process by which genes determine the overall shape...
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... | | | | | |Date: ____________ | | | | 1. a) Describe the two main phases of the cell cycle. (2 points) The cell cycle constitutes of 2 main phases , The G1 growth phase where it the volume increases and makes RNA after which it can opt for a rest stage or enter into G2 Growth phase where more RNA is synthesized and than it enters mitosis , and interphase . b) What must happen before mitosis can begin? (1 point) The chromosomes must replicate. c) What is produced by mitosis? (1 point) two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. If the parent cell is haploid (N),...
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...University of Phoenix Material Comparing Cell Cycles Complete the Cell Cycle charts below. Describe the events in each phase for Cell Cycle A. Compare the steps in mitosis and meiosis for Cell Cycle B. Cell Cycle A |Phase |Describe the events in each phase | |G1 (1st growth stage) |This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this| | |time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles. | |S (Synthesis) |DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each | | |chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister | | |chromatids | |G2 (2nd growth stage) |This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this | | |phase the cell makes final preparations for division. | |Prophase of mitosis |Prophase occupies over half of mitosis. The nuclear membrane breaks down to form a number...
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...Sex chromosomes produce very unique patterns of inheritance in living organisms. In humans, there is an X chromosome and a Y chromosome that determines the sex of the offspring. A male has an X and Y chromosome, whereas a female has two X chromosomes. The sex of an offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell that fertilizes the egg is made up of an X or a Y chromosome; ultimately the male is the determining factor of the sex of the offspring. Even though the Y chromosome determines if the offspring will be male, the X chromosome has genes that control certain human characters; these genes are called sex-linked genes because they are linked to a certain sex. There are approximately 1,098 sex-linked genes that code unusual inheritance patterns other than the female sex trait. Some of these sex-linked genes carry unusual inheritance such as color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. (O’Neil, 2012). In the case of the recessive mutation that causes hemophilia, a female has to be the carrier of the mutated allele, since she has the X chromosomes only. If the female carrier of the disease mates with a male who has hemophilia (XhY), there would be a one-quarter chance that they would produce a female offspring that has hemophilia (XhXh). Males though are more susceptible to inheriting the hemophilia trait if the mother is a carrier, because the dominant gene (XH) will prevent the disease. (Simon, 2015). Since males can only have an X and a Y chromosome, there...
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... CH. 10 STUDY GUIDE-REGULAR SECTION 1: MEIOSIS In your textbook, read about meiosis I and meiosis II. Label the diagrams below. Use these choices: |anaphase I |anaphase II |interphase |metaphase I |metaphase II | |prophase I |prophase II |telophase I |telophase II | | |1. prophase I |2. prophase II |3. telophase II |4. interphase |5. anaphase I | |6. telophase I |7. anaphase II |8. metaphase I |9. metaphase II | 10. Using the pictures & phases above, describe what is happening in each phase: a. Interphase: G1 – cell grows; S-DNA is duplicated; G2 – cells grows & makes sure all the organelles are duplicated. b. Prophase I: nuclear membrane breaks down; nucleolus disappears; centrioles begin to migrate to opposite sides of the cell; spindle fibers begin to form; homologous chromosomes form; crossing over occurs c. Metaphase I: homologous chromosomes are lined up down the middle of the cell d. Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes are pulled apart & sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell, cell has gone from diploid to haploid e. Telophase I: nuclear membrane reforms, nucleolus reappears; spindle fibers disappear; cell divides in 2 f. Prophase II: nuclear...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...10th 2011 The Cell Cycle Directions: Answer the following questions. Cite references as needed. Be sure to read the required Module 3 readings and view the required Web sites before completing the assignment. Cell Cycle Questions for Cell Cycle 1) . Briefly describe all phases of the cell cycle and tell what happens in each. a) Interphase: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase Interphase: Before a cell can enter cell division, it needs to take in nutrients. All of the preparations are done during the interphase. Interphase proceeds in three stages, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase. Cell division operates in a cycle. Therefore, interphase is preceded by previous cycle mitosis and cytokinesis (Module 3 Readings). a. G1 phase: The cell increases the supply of proteins and increases its organelles. b. S phase: Linear chromosome is replicated. c. G2 phase: Increases protein preparing to replicate. (Module 3 Readings) b) M phase: M phase is a method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. 2) Which phase is the shortest? Anaphase is the shortest phase of mitosis because its where the chromatids twins are all pulled apart at the centromere by the spindle fibers. 3) What is G0 (Gap 0/Resting phase)? A resting phase is when or where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing. 4) If a cell never entered the...
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...1. Is it possible for a female carrier to have a daughter who has hemophilia? Explain your answer using terms such as sex-linked inheritance, sex-linked genes, dominant, recessive, and X and Y chromosomes. Sex-linked inheritance is when a gene is located on a sex chromosome, usually a mutated gene that can cause a disorder. The sex chromosomes are X and Y. The combination of two sex chromosomes determines a person’s sex. XX is female and XY is male. Hemophilia is a rare, sex-linked inherited blood clotting disorder that causes blood to clot abnormally resulting in slower clotting. Hemophilia is a recessive disorder that is passed along the X chromosome (National, 2013). A recessive gene will not manifest itself unless paired with a like recessive gene or in an absence of a dominate gene to suppress it. A carrier is a person who has the gene for a disorder, has the ability to pass on the disorder, but does not develop the disorder because there is not a matching recessive gene to activate it and there is a dominant gene to block it. A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia will be represented as XXh. If a male is XhY the hemophilia gene on the lone X chromosome is enough for the condition to manifest itself (National, 2013). A woman who is a carrier of hemophilia can give birth to a daughter who has hemophilia only if the male has hemophilia and transmits the recessive gene on his X chromosome. If a woman who is a carrier mates with a man who has the disorder they could have...
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...reproduction is true? A) Cell division only occurs after sexual reproduction. B) Only offspring from asexual reproduction inherit traits from two parents. C) Sexual reproduction typically includes the development of unfertilized eggs. D) Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than is asexual reproduction. E) Only asexual reproduction results from the union of a sperm and an egg. Answer: D 3) Strictly speaking, the phrase "like begets like" refers to A) all forms of reproduction. B) sexual reproduction only. C) asexual reproduction only. D) production of gametes from a premeiotic cell. E) sexual reproduction between different species. Answer: C 4) Asexual reproduction requires ________ individual (s). A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4 Answer B 5) With the exception of identical twins, siblings who have the same two biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, to each other because we have A) identical chromosomes, but different genes. B) identical genes but different chromosomes. C) the same combination of traits, but different genes. D) only a 20% chance of sharing the same combination of genes. E) a similar but not identical combination of genes. Answer: E 6) Virchow's principle, stated formally in 1858, was that A) animals must always reproduce. B) photosynthesis is the center of all life. C) animals must develop. D) every cell comes from a cell. E) all life evolves. ...
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...please visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center. | Part 1: An organism is born, lives, and then dies. Similarly, a cell has a life cycle.After reading pages 164 – 165 in your textbook, outline the six stages of the cycle of a cell. | 10 points | Answer:1. Interphase- when the cell is going about regular activities 2. Prophase- when the DNA chromosomes first become visible 3. Metaphase- When the chromos line up in the middle 4. Anaphase- when the chromos form pairs and are apart 5. Cytokinesis- when the cell has two separate nuclei and is about to split into two different cells | Part 2: The portion of the life cycle that involves the separation of the nuclear (DNA) material of the cell is termed mitosis. Two cells that are formed from one during this type of division are identical to each other and to their parent cell. So as to understand this complicated process, scientists have identified and named specific events that occur. After reading pages 166 – 167 in your textbook, outline the six stages of mitosis. | 10 points | Answer: 1. Early Prophase 2. Prophase 3. Transition to Metaphase 4. Metaphase 5. Anaphase 6. Telophase | Type your name here: Chanulae M. Smith Type your name here: Chanulae M. Smith (See next page for part 3) Part 3: Mitotic cell division needs to be finely regulated. The cell cycle has checkpoints that...
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...involve meiosis, ploidy reduction, or fertilization. The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the parent, except in the specific case of automixis. A more stringent definition is agamogenesis which is reproduction without the fusion ofgametes. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the archaea, bacteria, and protists. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well. While all prokaryotes reproduce asexually (without the formation and fusion of gametes), mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such asconjugation, transformation and transduction are sometimes likened to sexual reproduction.[1] A complete lack of sexual reproduction is relatively rare among multicellular organisms, particularly animals. It is not entirely understood why the ability to reproduce sexually is so common among them. Current hypotheses [2] suggest that asexual reproduction may have short term benefits when rapid population growth is important or in stable environments, while sexual reproduction offers a net advantage by allowing more rapid generation of genetic diversity, allowing adaptation to changing environments. Developmental constraints[3] may underlie why few animals have relinquished sexual reproduction completely in their life-cycles. Another constraint on switching from sexual to asexual reproduction would be the concomitant loss of meiosis and the protective recombinational repair of DNA damage afforded as one function of meiosis.[4][5] (Also...
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