...Running head: CASE STUDY: SKIN CANCER 1 Case Study: Skin Cancer ITT Technical Institute Case Study: Skin Cancer 2 The skin is one of the largest organs in the body in surface area and weight. The skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. Beneath the dermis lies the hypodermis or subcutaneous fatty tissue. The skin has three main functions: protection, regulation and sensation. The skin is an also an organ of protection, its primary function is to act as a barrier. An individual can get skin cancer one of the risk factors is sun exposure. Sun exposure is known as the major factor associated with all types of skin cancers. There are different types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, known as BCC, squamous cell carcinoma, known as SCC and melanoma. Chronic sun exposure incurred by consistent, repetitive sun exposure, by individuals who work outside is a risk factor. Individuals who go on vacation and spend hours in the sun are at risk, due to their skin has not adapted to the sun, which would be called acute sun expose. Acute sun exposure, depending on the time spent in the sun and your skin type, can result in sunburn. Sunburn is an injury to your skin which can cause pain and/or blistering. Childhood sun exposure may also play an important part in the development of these cancers later in adult life, where children play outside for hours in the summer. (http://www.ccohs.ca) Family history has...
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...Drug Development for Melanoma As the director of the drug development unit in a biotech company we are always looking for new drugs to treat a variety of different cancers. There are many things that have to be considered when trying to get a drug to go from being an idea in a laboratory to something that can be used by cancer patients everywhere. The process of getting a drug development can be very lengthy. It could take many years and a lot of money before it could get approved to be used by doctors. In order for a drug to be developed it has to go through many testing periods. In order for a new drug to be taken by people, there must be an application submitted to the Investigational New Drug (IND) to the Food and Drug Administration....
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...xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx English 101 25 March 2011 Student/Teacher Memo 1. What was your purpose? What effect were you trying to achieve? My purpose was to write about tanning as a cause of the skin cancer, and about skin cancer as a consequence of tanning. 2. What was interesting about the process you went through in writing this paper, and what did you learn from it? It was very interesting to research about skin cancer, as I am particularly interested on the subject. I also did not know tanning or any ultraviolet radiation exposure can have such serious consequences. 3. What was the most difficult aspect about this paper, and what did you learn from the attempt? It was difficult to give it a clear structure on cause/effect, although the subject clearly illustrates this structure. 4. What do you see as the strengths of the paper, and what would you try to do if you were to revise it some more? The strength of the paper is the very reliable sources. 5. What’s not a part of your paper that you think might help a reader understand or appreciate it more? What didn’t you put in? I did not further develop on skin cancer, how it presents and develops. 6. What kind of grammar or formatting feedback would you like from your instructor? I would appreciate full feedback on both. 7. When using the APUS Online Library article databases, did you evaluate the credibility of the sources you chose? Yes. 8. Are your memo and essay in correct MLA format? Yes. 9. Did you save...
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...Trevor Johnson Professor Culbert Composition I 8 April 2016 Research Paper: Indoor Tanning Bed For the past twenty years, it has become very apparent that indoor tanning beds damages skin. Based on scientific research tanning can also lead to blinding eye diseases and have many other negative effects. The prolonged use of indoor tanning facilities has resulted in serious chronic conditions for the users. “The indoor tanning business has been one of the fastest growing industries in the United States, with $5 billion in estimated annual revenue (Woo, Eide par. 3).” When driving through any community or city you will almost always see a sign or window, maybe even more than one, which says “Tanning” thus making it very accessible for many women or men of any age. The reason behind this growth? Around twenty to forty percent of white females 18 years old to 25 use indoor tanning facilities (Rabbitt p. 2). Many high schoolers have picked up on this wave of increase by tanning for things such as prom, summer and even just to fit in with the social norms. “One fifth of girls in grades 9 through 12 have bathed in ultraviolet rays from a tanning device within the past year…(Ban the Tan par. 2).” Reports show that many women say tanning is addicting because of the “desire to achieve an attractive look and trim, and for warmth, light, and relaxation (Woo, Eide p. 63).” Also ladies believe that tanning beds will you give you the vitamin C needed for the day, while tanning will...
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...actually the body’s response to injury of the skin cells. Many people do not realize that tanning beds emit up to 15 times more UV radiation than the sun. Two and a half million teens use tanning beds each year. The increased risk of melanoma associated with tanning bed use is 59%. That risk increases with the number of tanning bed sessions per year. Melanoma, which is the worst type of skin cancer, kills one person every 50 minutes. It is the second most common cancer for people aged 15-29 years old. The rates of melanoma are increasing faster than nearly all other cancers (Dangers of Tanning). A daily average of people using tanning salons in the United States is more than 1 million. Nearly 30 million people use indoor tanning in the United States annually and 2.3 million of these are teenagers. Of people who have reported using tanning beds in their lifetime, 35% were American adults, 59% were college students, and 17% were teens. More than 70% of tanning bed users are Caucasian women aged 16-29 years old. The United States Department of Health and Human Services and the World Health Organization’s International Agency of Research on Cancer has declared UV radiation from indoor tanning as a known carcinogen. 419,000 cases of skin cancer, including melanoma, are linked to indoor tanning use each year (American Academy of Dermatology). Some states have started to make laws regarding indoor tanning use. California, Hawaii, Delaware, Illinois, Minnesota, Nevada, Vermont, and Texas prohibit...
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...past knowledge and straight to intervention. In order to implement these strategies, attitudes towards sun protective behaviours must be challenged (Kristjansson, Ullen & Helgason, 2004). The theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) has often been used to explain the relationship between one’s behaviour to use sun protective measure and their intentions. The TPB facilitates that social factors, perceived barriers/control and attitudes all play a role in deciding whether certain behaviours will be performed (Ajzen, 1991; Hardeman et al, 2002). Many studies have adapted the TPB to predict participant’s intentions to use sun protective measures (Hillhouse et al, 2000; James et al, 2002) and the general norm has validated the TPB as a suitable predictor of intention towards sun-safe behaviours (Araujo-Soares et al, 2012; Bachleda et al,...
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...Introduction The number of cases of skin cancer each year is on the rise and skin cancer is becoming more prominent in our society today, especially among young adults. For this reason, it is vital to evaluate the causes of skin cancer and the ways to prevent it. Skin cancer can be defined as the abnormal growth of the cells of the skin. Currently, it is the most common type of cancer in the United States. Skin cancer is caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun’s rays and artificial sun lamps. Most cases of skin cancer could have been easily prevented if the proper precautions were taken, including limiting exposure to sunlight and radiation. The purpose of this report is to prove that using tanning beds has been linked to...
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...in the genetic background although it has been broadened to encompass a variety of personalization measures [1]. Some use cases of personalized therapies, devices, or technologies that demonstrate...
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...Alternative Cancer Therapies Table of Contents 714-X ABM Mushroom AHCC Aloe Vera Anticoagulants Antineoplastons Antioxidants Anvirzel Artemisinin Asparagus Berries Boluses Bovine Cartilage Cancell Cansema Carnivora Alternative Cancer Therapies Page 1 Updated 05/17/11 Bookmark this page...as we learn of more therapies throug Please report any broken links by contacting info@mnwelldir.org Perhaps we should call these "unproven therapies" since many of them are on the American Cancer Society's infamous black list. Simply because something is "unproven" does not mean that it has been "disproven." And if a therapy fits the following— 1. It works. Castor Oil Packs Cayenne Pepper Chaparral Chinese Bitter Melon Chiropractic Clodronate Coley's Toxins Contortrostatin C-Statin D-limonene DMSO Electrolyzed Water Ellagic Acid Enzyme Therapy Escharotics Essential Oils 2. It's inexpensive. 3. Few, if any, negative side effects. 4. It's not patentable. —odds are it will stay on the black list because no one is going to spend a dime to prove its effectiveness. Medicine is a business. Cancer is a business. The FDA is running a protection racket, protecting drug companies and the AMA from anyone with an inexpensive and effective treatment for money making diseases. The following therapies are not guaranteed to work, at least by us. They are presented to you for information purposes only. For many, their effectiveness has been shown in limited clinical trials, but each one, by itself, is not...
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...cardiovascular to neurodegenerative disorders. A major example for the use of stem cell therapy is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Pharmacological treatments for PD have been developed; however, neuronal degeneration prevents these drugs from working for extended periods of time. Stem cell therapy does have the potential for providing a permanent treatment for this disorder. In order for stem cell therapy to be effective and safe, the stem cells must be at a certain differentiation state, which is currently defined by a combination of surface markers, prior to implantation. One major obstacle preventing translation of stem cell therapy into a clinical setting is the inability to determine and isolate stem cells at particular differentiation states. In the case of PD, the optimal stem cell for transplantation would be a dopaminergic neuroblast which is differentiated enough to allow neural integration thereby reversing disease progression. Additionally, optimal differentiation will prevent tumor formation resulting from an overly immature stem cell (Wernig et al, 2008). Thus, there is an urgent need to identify and track the differentiation state of cells in order to realize therapeutic potential. Our long term goal is to identify and purify appropriately differentiated stem cells for use in multiple therapies utilizing a universal and adaptable method. The overall objective of this application, which is the next step toward attainment of our long-term goal, is to develop an assay that effectively...
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...Behavioural Finance Martin Sewell University of Cambridge February 2007 (revised April 2010) Abstract An introduction to behavioural finance, including a review of the major works and a summary of important heuristics. 1 Introduction Behavioural finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners and the subsequent effect on markets. Behavioural finance is of interest because it helps explain why and how markets might be inefficient. For more information on behavioural finance, see Sewell (2001). 2 History Back in 1896, Gustave le Bon wrote The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, one of the greatest and most influential books of social psychology ever written (le Bon 1896). Selden (1912) wrote Psychology of the Stock Market. He based the book ‘upon the belief that the movements of prices on the exchanges are dependent to a very considerable degree on the mental attitude of the investing and trading public’. In 1956 the US psychologist Leon Festinger introduced a new concept in social psychology: the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, Riecken and Schachter 1956). When two simultaneously held cognitions are inconsistent, this will produce a state of cognitive dissonance. Because the experience of dissonance is unpleasant, the person will strive to reduce it by changing their beliefs. Pratt (1964) considers utility functions, risk aversion and also risks considered as a proportion of total assets...
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...Behavioural Finance Martin Sewell University of Cambridge February 2007 (revised April 2010) Abstract An introduction to behavioural finance, including a review of the major works and a summary of important heuristics. 1 Introduction Behavioural finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners and the subsequent effect on markets. Behavioural finance is of interest because it helps explain why and how markets might be inefficient. For more information on behavioural finance, see Sewell (2001). 2 History Back in 1896, Gustave le Bon wrote The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, one of the greatest and most influential books of social psychology ever written (le Bon 1896). Selden (1912) wrote Psychology of the Stock Market. He based the book ‘upon the belief that the movements of prices on the exchanges are dependent to a very considerable degree on the mental attitude of the investing and trading public’. In 1956 the US psychologist Leon Festinger introduced a new concept in social psychology: the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, Riecken and Schachter 1956). When two simultaneously held cognitions are inconsistent, this will produce a state of cognitive dissonance. Because the experience of dissonance is unpleasant, the person will strive to reduce it by changing their beliefs. Pratt (1964) considers utility functions, risk aversion and also risks considered as a proportion of total assets. Tversky and Kahneman...
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...[pic] Resolution of the World Health Organization After meeting in Geneva in May 2003 for the Fifty-Sixth World Health Assembly, the WHO outlined its Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness, or VISION 2020 plan. The WHO urges national governments to: • Set up, not later than 2005, a national VISION 2020 plan, in partnership with the WHO and in collaboration with NGOs and the private sector. • Establish a national coordinating committee for VISION 2020 or a national blindness prevention committee, which may include consumer or patient groups, to develop and implement the plan. • Commence implementation of such plans by 2007 at the latest. • Include effective information systems with standardized indicators and periodic monitoring and evaluation, with the aim of showing a reduction in the magnitude of avoidable blindness by 2010. • Mobilize resources for eliminating avoidable blindness. In turn, the WHO agrees to: • Maintain and strengthen the WHO’s collaboration with governments and all partners of the initiative. • Ensure coordination of the implementation of the VISION 2020 plan, by setting up a monitoring committee grouping all those involved, including national government representatives. • Provide support for strengthening national capability, especially through development of human resources, to coordinate, assess, and prevent avoidable blindness...
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...Essay Nonheritable Cellular Variability Accelerates the Evolutionary Processes of Cancer Steven A. Frank1,2*, Marsha Rich Rosner3 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, 3 Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America Summary: Recent cancer studies emphasize that genetic and heritable epigenetic changes drive the evolutionary rate of cancer progression and drug resistance. We discuss the ways in which nonheritable aspects of cellular variability may significantly increase evolutionary rate. Nonheritable variability arises by stochastic fluctuations in cells and by physiological responses of cells to the environment. New approaches to drug design may be required to control nonheritable variability and the evolution of resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer progression is a series of evolutionary changes. Those changes include enhanced cellular proliferation, reduced cellular death by abrogating normal apoptotic mechanisms, greater invasiveness by increased expression of proteases, and improved colonizing ability to achieve metastasis [1]. In response to drug treatment, cancer cells often evolve resistance and continue to spread. Each evolutionary step typically proceeds by acquisition of genetic or heritable epigenetic changes...
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...registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners and are hereby acknowledged. Do not make illegal, unauthorized copies of the PhraseBook. The PhraseBook and digital version are protected by copyright law and international treaties. The publisher and authors have striven to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the PhraseBook; however, they can accept no responsibility for any loss or inconvenience as a consequence of use, information or advice contained in the PhraseBook. PhraseBook versions ISBN 978-1-903384-02-2 paperback ISBN 978-1-903384-01-5 digital version (download) ISBN 978-1-903384-00-8 digital multiple user version (CD-ROM) for research groups, departments and universities For PhraseBooks and English books for education, visit EnglishforResearch.com ▪ EnglishforStudents.com ▪ EnglishforSchool.com End User Licence Agreement End User Licence Agreement 1. You must accept the...
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