...Presumption: The term 'presumption' in its largest and most comprehensive signification, may be defined, where in the absence of actual certainty of the truth or falsehood of a fact or proposition, an inference affirmative or dis-affirmative of that truth or ft is drawn by a process of probable reasoning from something which is taken for It is, however, rarely employed in jurisprudence in this extended sense. Like “presumption it has there obtained a restricted legal signification, and is used to of an inference, affirmative or dis-affirmative, of the existence of some fact, drawn by a judicial tribunal, by a process of probable reasoning, from some matter of fact, either judicially noticed or admitted or established by legal evidence to the satisfaction of the tribunal. Presumptions are drawn from the course of nature for instance, that night will follow day, the seasons follow each other, death ensues from a mortal wound, and the like; or from the course of human affairs from a familiarly with the ordinary springs of human action, from the usages of society, domestic relationship and transactions in business [Norton, p 97; see post, s 114].J Shortly speaking, a presume is an inference of fact drawn from other known or proved facts. It is a rule of under which courts are authorized to draw a particular inference from a particular fact unless and until the truth of such inference is disproved by other evidence. Divisions of Presumption: Presumption according to English...
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...Strategic Management Topic: PEST ANALYSIS OF JAPAN. Submitted To: Sir Faiez H. Sayel Submitted By: Ali Ahmad Majoka 006 Ifrah Javaid 045 Muhammad Habibullah 084 Nayab Ameen 115 Sharjeel Arslan 139 Zahid Yousaf 166 Qaiser Abbas 175 Section: MBA-13C COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore PEST Analysis of Japan: Political analysis: • Political System: Japan is a democratic country, but it is a very different kind of democracy to that prevailing in most of Europe in countries like France and Germany. The main reason for this is the dominant position of one party – the Liberal Democratic Party – which held power almost unbroken for more than 50 years. • The Diet Japan is a parliamentary kingdom governed by a Prime Minister and his cabinet. The parliament is called the Diet and is composed of the upper House of Councilors and the lower House of Representatives. The House of Representatives can be dissolved anytime by the Prime Minister. The lower house holds most of the decision power. The party which achieves a majority in the lower house can nominate the Prime Minister (usually the party president). • Political parties The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) is the only stable party of the last 4 decades. It has been in power since its foundation in 1958, keeping an undisrupted majority in parliament. At the moment, the second most popular party is the newly founded Democratic Party...
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...analysis Strategic Management Topic: PEST ANALYSIS OF JAPAN. Submitted To: Sir Faiez H. Sayel Submitted By: Ali Ahmad Majoka 006 Ifrah Javaid 045 Muhammad Habibullah 084 Nayab Ameen 115 Sharjeel Arslan 139 Zahid Yousaf 166 Qaiser Abbas 175 Section: MBA-13C COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore PEST Analysis of Japan: Political analysis: • Political System: Japan is a democratic country, but it is a very different kind of democracy to that prevailing in most of Europe in countries like France and Germany. The main reason for this is the dominant position of one party – the Liberal Democratic Party – which held power almost unbroken for more than 50 years. The Diet Japan is a parliamentary kingdom governed by a Prime Minister and his cabinet. The parliament is called the Diet and is composed of the upper House of Councilors and the lower House of Representatives. The House of Representatives can be dissolved anytime by the Prime Minister. The lower house holds most of the decision power. The party which achieves a majority in the lower house can nominate the Prime Minister (usually the party president). Political parties The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) is the only stable party of the last 4 decades. It has been in power since its foundation in 1958, keeping an undisrupted...
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...be. The exploration of people to America and the start of America brought over people from every continent searching for a better life. The discovery and expansion of America caused for people to migrate over and begin new, and better lives. The American people dreamed of a new beginning and a flourishing lifestyle, driven by hard work and dedication. The American dream can be accomplished through perseverance and working hard to achieve our goals. In Alexis de Tocqueville’s, That the Americans Combat the Effects of Individualism by Free Institutions, it is made clear from the beginning that the American dream can be accomplished by oneself through hard work but it can be made easier through the help of other men trying to accomplish the same goals or objects. “Men...
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...example of Dickinson’s use of marriage is in “I Gave Myself To Him.” The first stanza asserts, “I gave myself to him/ and took Himself- for Pay/ The solemn contract of a Life/ Was ratified,- this way-” The use of ‘solemn contract’ in this poem indicates that marriage, to Dickinson, where a woman places herself into marriage for the exchange of financial security.(K. 2016, May 11) The lines “Myself a poorer prove/ Than this great Purchaser suspect-” indicates that the speaker is no longer a person but a product bought. This shows that Emily Dickinson knew the deemed role of women in the 19th century and was not pleased by it. The final stanza expresses “Some- found it- Mutual Gain/ Sweet Dept of Life- Each night to owe-/ Insolvent- every Noon.” The use of ‘some’ in this stanza indicates that the speaker is not happy with the marriage. In other words the depiction of marriage as oppression through social relations by men is a recurring topic in poetry by Emily Dickinson. (K. 2016, May 11) This topic is possibly influenced by the suffrage movement in America happening at the...
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...Forgiving a Director’s Breach of Duty: A review of recent decisions By Steven Wong1 1 Senior Associate, Corrs Chambers Westgarth, Perth. The author can be contacted at steven.wong@iinet.net.au. 4980429v3 Forgiving a Director’s Breach of Duty: A review of recent decisions Introduction Amid fears of a global recession, directors may well be concerned that their conduct will be scrutinised should they be involved in a corporate collapse. Honest directors risk becoming embroiled in litigation and face “the associated reputational damage and the potential for ultimate financial ruin”2. A director must make commercial decisions. These decisions often involve some form of commercial risk and are sometimes made on the basis of limited information. It would be unjust to hold directors personally liable for a breach of duty, regardless of the situation. Section 1318 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Corporations Act) provides some protection for company officers3 against the consequences of a breach of duty in limited circumstances4. The section confers a discretionary power on courts, which reads: If, in any civil proceeding against a person to whom this section applies for negligence, default, breach of trust or breach of duty in a capacity as such a person, it appears to the court before which the proceedings are taken that the person is or may be liable in respect of the negligence, default or breach 2 John Story, Chairman of Suncorp and Tabway quoted in the article...
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...local population; therefore, there were many differences. The economy of US significantly improved, due to the defeat of Germany and other Central territories, which caused technological advancements; this led to mechanization and introduction of new materials like plastic and this greatly improved the economy of the country. The USA also took over the overseas markets of the Europeans. As a result, many American industries became more successful and more competitive than their European counterparts (Alchin). The USA became the world’s leading producer of a range of products like dyes and fertilizers, replacing Germany, who held that position for a long time. On the issue of women suffrage, the status of women in the society greatly changed. Most women took jobs instead of staying at home. In 1919, the Women Suffrage Clauses was ratified, and it gave the woman a right to vote (Alchin).The era also led to many political reforms by Roosevelt, Wilson, and Taft, that positively changed the lives of the citizens. With all the benefits, there also exists many negative ones. After the war, the economy improved, but it also led to inflation and the living standards increased too. The prices of essential needs like food and clothing rose 15 %. The war also resulted in unemployment because of inflation. It resulted in many companies laying off their employees so as to maintain operation costs, and those who were retained got reduced salaries. There were also not enough employment opportunities...
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...Chapter 22 Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: A “Magic Bullet” for Reducing Poverty? Michelle Adato and John Hoddinott I n 1997, the government of Mexico introduced a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program called Programa de Educación, Salud, y Alimentación (PROGRESA) to provide assistance to about 300,000 extremely poor households. The essential premise of a CCT program is a cash transfer to households conditioned on their participation in health, nutrition, and education services. Ten years later, PROGRESA, now Oportunidades, covers more than 5 million households in all 31 Mexican states. Approximately 20 countries have adopted a pilot or full-scale CCT program, and another 20 countries have expressed interest in starting one. Most current programs are in Latin America, but others can be found in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean, and interest is increasing among African countries struggling with extreme poverty and low human capital. CCT programs are increasingly perceived as being “a magic bullet in development.” Are they? This chapter presents a review of the rationale for and operation of CCT programs, an assessment of their effectiveness, and a discussion of key issues facing countries considering these interventions or reforming existing programs. How Do CCT Programs Work? CCT programs have the following characteristics: they are targeted to poor households, and the cash transfers are usually paid to mothers. Some programs also include transfers such as nutritional...
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...Activity 1 ------------------------------------------------- 1. Describe the internal and external factors that impact on the employment relationship Internal factors that impact employee relations are Organisational Culture Each Organisation and company has its own culture. Company culture consist of many things, how managers relate to their employees. It also shows how employees are treated. For instance how the company rewards its employees creates an enviornment of loyality and high morale. The company which embraces the attributes of employees tend to improve employment relationship between managers and employees. Wages: is the significant factor influencing employee relations. When company provides employees with pay that are above the market standards employee feel value and employee relations run smoothly. External Factors Family Life Employee’s family life can have a direct impact on their behavior, if there’s a conflict in the family life, it can affect the employee’s relation with the colleagues, they may respond negatively to criticism at work. Economic Environment Economic climate, interest rates, pay cuts and redundancies are few of the factors that affect employee relations. Employee’s worry about the job cuts and losing their colleagues puts extra strain on the morals. ------------------------------------------------- 1.2. Explain Different types of employment status The scope of this easy is to discuss three types of employment status...
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...TRUCT ACADEMY SUCCESS IN BUSINESS LAW FOR C.I.S, Z.I.M CERT., ZAAT, IAC, I.C.M M. MAVHUNGA LLB (S) (UZ) 3RD EDITION 2000 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS` I would like to thank the Director of Trust Academy, Mr Mataka, The Principal, Mr Sauti and the Registrar Mr Kucherera whom without their support this study pack would not have been a success. To them I say keep the god spirits for enhancing the college and making it a force top reckon with according to international standards. Would also like to thank the Trust Academy Secretaries and Typists of this book, particularly, SHELTER MAVHUNGA, MISI MAKUZWA, AMANDA MANDA and JESCA KAMUNGA for their commitment to duty. Again their handwork in the production of this copy is highly appreciated. Anyone who directly contributed to the success of this module I say, God bless you. However none of the above will be accountable for any errors of omission or commission which might appear in this study pack. M. MAVHUNGA 2 Dedication This study pack is dedicated to the targeted students who commit themselves to passing the interesting course of business law. Foreword Business Law is a very broad course and covers many aspects. It is a challenging course a proper approach is not advised to new students but an interesting and very simple course once one grasps the concepts. The objective of this module is to simplify Business Law to be understood by Ordinary Advanced Level students who may be taking any of the above courses. The field has...
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...gov.bd/ Cover Design -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shamim Mohammad Kamrul Ahsan Programmer, Palli Pragati Prakalpa, BRDB. & TMPS, Training Division, BRDB, Dhaka. Printed by : Titly Printing & Packaging 28/C-1, Motijheel C/A, Dhaka-1000 Phone : 9553303, 9550412 1 BRDB Annual Report – 2007 - 2008 PREFACE Bangladesh Rural Development Board (BRDB) has been playing a prominent role in improving the rural economy of the country. Originating from the widely acclaimed "Comilla Model" of the 1960s, BRDB has expanded its development initiatives in different areas including operating micro-credit, imparting training, mobilizing capital, transferring technology ,empowering women , accelerating family planning and reproductive health, improving public health and sanitation etc. to help...
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...Human Development of Bangladesh Topic: Human Development of Bangladesh Subject: Macroeconomics Subject Code: ECO-502 Submitted to: Dr. Salehuddin Ahmed Course Instructor BRAC Business School BRAC University Submitted by: |Sl. No. |Name |ID | |01. |Sigma Sharmeen Khan Prema |141 64 010 | |02. |Rubaiya Binte Mustafa |141 64 005 | |03. |Mahmudur Rahman Polash |141 64 015 | |04. |Md. Mohsin Alam |132 64 001 | |Section: 01 | Date of Submission: 28-03-2015 Letter of Transmittal March 28, 2015 Dr. Salehuddin Ahmed Course Instructor BRAC Business School BRAC University Subject: Submission of report on “Human Development of Bangladesh” Dear Sir, With due respect & humble submission, we the students of M.B.A. Spring 2015, are submitting the report on “Human Development of Bangladesh”. It gives us immense pleasure to inform you that we have completed the report under your kind hearted direct supervision. ...
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...Introduction The familiarity with the love tradition makes it easily mistakable for a natural and universal phenomenon and even brings a laxity of enquiring into its origins. However, it is difficult of not impossible to show love to be anything more than an artistic phenomenon or construct- a literary per formative innovation of Middle Ages. Courtly love was a medieval European formation of nobly, and politely expressing love and admiration. Courtly love was secret and between members of the nobility. (Simpson). The term "courtly love" was first popularized by Gaston Paris in 1883. It has since come under a wide variety of definitions and uses, even being brushed off as nineteenth-century romantic fiction. Its understanding, beginning, and weight persist as an issue of significant question. Origin of the term ‘courtly love’ The term courtly love was given its original definition by Gaston Paris in 1883 in the journal Romania in the article "Études sur les romans de la Table Ronde: Lancelot du Lac, II: Le conte de la charrette" a treatise inspecting Chretien de Troyes's Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart (1177). The term courtly was derived from the term ‘amour courtis’ which according to Paris was an admiration and an ennobling discipline. The lover accepts the autonomy of his mistress and tries to make himself worthy of her attention by trying to act bravely and doing whatever deed she desires. In order to prove to her his passion and his unwavering commitment and, he...
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...Jurisprudence: Compare our case to prior cases in order to convince judges they should rule in our favour. Lower court judges are obligated to follow decisions of higher courts in similar cases (stare decisis). We will do the same with our cases. Case Summary The facts: The evidence in the case allows us to compare to our case. Legal Issues: What legal questions need to be determined? Decision: What is the ruling? Ratio decidendi: What are the reasons for the decision? What laws are applied? This can be applied to future cases (and exams). Law vs. Ethics Ethics are voluntary rules of behaviour; Designed to create conditions allowing people to live a good life; Laws are coercive rules on conduct; Imposed on society through the social contract; Origin of ethics Jeremy Benthem (18th century). Utilitarianism – political and social institutions (law) should be used to maximum utility. Maximize pleasure and minimize pain. John Stuart Mill (19th century). Actions are wrong if they produce unhappiness. Actions are right if they produce happiness. Contrast to Nicolo Macchiavelli; the end justify the means. Illegal but Ethical Marijuana is an illegal narcotic; Marijuana is no longer frowned upon; Legal but Unethical Abortion; - Ban on abortion overturned by the Supreme Court; No law on the books today; Abortion is only regulated by ethical considerations; Doctors may refuse abortions for religious or conscientious reasons; British Columbia may pass a law to forbid it; ...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION China’s emergence on the world scene is one of the most important and challenging developments of the 21st century. Its remarkable growth since the early 1980s has the potential to greatly expand the global economy, and with it, global wealth, more than any other nation in history. China’s more proactive global engagement and the modernization of its military have already greatly altered the economic and political balance of power in East and Southeast Asia and has added yet another actor to the world scene. Several scholars recently have speculated that China and India will emerge as two great superpowers as the twenty-first century progresses. China’s uninterrupted economic growth of about ten percent GDP per year since the late 1970s is unprecedented and there are few signs that the world’s fastest growing economy will taper off any time soon. Real per capita output in 2005 was nine times that of 1978, which is when real economic reform began. Depending on how one calculates and interprets economic data, by 2007 China had become the third or fourth largest economy in the world. While economic growth is most notable in the large cities along China’s east coast like Shanghai and Beijing, virtually everybody across China is much better off now than in 1978. Rapid economic growth has brought vast improvements in the quality of life throughout China over the past three decades. Life expectancy rose to 71 years by 2000, the last time China...
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