...CRITIQUE ASSIGNMENT FOR MGMT 650, SPRING2013 Name Institution Lindsay, C. A. (2011). All Middle-Class Families Are Not Created Equal: Explaining the Contexts that Black and White Families Face and the Implications for Adolescent Achievement. Social Science Quarterly, 92(3), 761–781. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00791.x Introduction There are various contexts that influence achievement outcomes amongst adolescents from different racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. However, racial achievement gap still exists and is still a persistent problem. Lindsay (2011) in the article, All Middle-Class Families Are Not Created Equal: Explaining the Contexts that Black and White Families Face and the Implications for Adolescent Achievement, aims at exploring the relationship that exist between socioeconomic status, race and achievement in adolescents. This is aimed at offering an explanation as to why achievement gaps between whites and blacks all levels persist. Lindsay (2011) is right to narrow the focus of this study down to three specific contexts including parenting practices and styles, neighborhood characterisitics and adolescents time usage. This, according to Bronfrenbrenner (1979), is important since neighbouhoods and familial characteristics have a greater influence on achievement. Statement of Thesis and...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND As presented, this chapter discusses the problem and its background. This will help the reader to have an overview of the study specifically on the introduction, statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation. I. INTRODUCTION Teenage pregnancy is formally defined as a pregnancy in a young woman who has not reached her 20th birthday when the pregnancy ends, regardless of whether the woman is married or is legally an adult (age 14 to 21, depending on the country). In everyday speech, the speaker is usually referring to unmarried minors who become pregnant unintentionally. The average age of menarche (first menstrual period) is 12 years old, though this figure varies by ethnicity, and ovulation occurs only irregularly before this. Whether fertility leads to early pregnancy depends on a number of factors, both societal and personal. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under fifteen and those living in developing countries. For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors. In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are associated with many social...
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...Name Tutor Course Date The Helicopter Parent Phenomena Helicopter parenting is the parental involvement in a child’s life in a way that is overprotective, over controlling, and over perfecting. Some argue that this kind of parenting ruins the child’s life but others support this mode of parenting, as parents have an active role in their children’s lives. For example, the parent regularly calls the dean of students to ask about a child’s academic performance and selecting their preferred classes. These parents like to micro-manage every aspect of their children’s lives including school, work, and relationships. In this way, the child has no alone time and cannot learn to solve problems that arise in life. Most people think that parents should allow their children to have difficulties when they are children. Through facing challenging situations, they learn to deal with hardships and to develop the internal stamina needed to handle similar situations in the future. Although some people think, that helicopter parenting is beneficial in some cases, the negative effects far outweigh the purported benefits. As with any other controversial topic, helicopter parenting has its disadvantages and advantages. On one hand, helicopter parents want the best for their children and some even manage to help the children in their endeavors (Jayson para3). Children with helicopter parents usually have a close bond with their parents even during their adulthood. Additionally, helicopter parents...
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...RUNNING HEAD: CULTURE AND PARENTING Culture and parenting Introduction Parenting is the first and likely most important mechanism through which culture is reproduced (Cauce, 2008). Every child is born into a certain circumstance and learns through interactions with the surroundings. Parents are generally the first and key people in a child’s life, so it should come as no surprise that parenting has influences on the development of children’s temperament, which later impacts their school performance. This article is going to explore how parenting varies among different ethnic groups including Asian Americans, African American, Latinos, and European Americans. More specifically, what factors should be included when considering the parenting characteristics of a unique ethnic group and what implications might they have for schooling today. Theories Two of the modern theories that are concerned with cultural influences on human development are Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Ecological Systems Theory proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. First, Vygotsky’s theory defined culture as the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group. His Sociocultural Theory focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, social interaction – in particular, cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society – is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking...
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...Organization Description Be Great is a nonprofit agency providing mentoring programs for middle and high school youth in the Southeast Texas region. The program will form partnerships with local school districts, churches, shelters and the juvenile court system. Be Great is a program that is in direct response to the growing number of young people that are either falling through the cracks at school or are already entangled with the juvenile court system. The goal of the program is to identify youth who are having major difficulties throughout the middle and mainly high school years. Be Great is geared towards being a positive support system for the youth so that any pitfall or distraction may be avoided while on their journey to adulthood....
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...his paper is devoted to the issue of singe parenting as one of the important family problems. A single parent is a parent who lives with one or more children without the second parent. Usually the definition of single parenting depends upon the local laws, but there are other cases as well, for example if a parent is left alone after the divorce, after another parent just leaves the family or the child, if the second parent is put to the jail or is dead. It is not necessary that the single parent is natural mother or father of the child, some people choose to adopt a child or become a parent through artificial insemination or just take care of a child, who was left by his natural parents. The household of a single parent differs a lot from a usual household. Certainly all situations are unique, some people choose the path of single parenting consciously, and some are made to bring the child up alone. There are a lot of negative moments about single parenting, there are some positive as well. For example, if a person takes care of a child alone, he has always the freedom to choose and to make all the decisions on his own. On the other hand making decisions can be really hard sometimes and really often people feel the need for somebody’s support and a piece of advice. Usually single parents do not have enough time to do all the house work and thus involve children from the early age in doing chores. Single parents have to discuss most of house matters that should be actually solved...
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...Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Background of the Study In any given classroom and school activity of relatively extended duration and complexity, students’ engagement is never homogeneously high and productive, but rather it fluctuates depending on a number of factors (Mcwayne et al., 2012; Mattingly et al., 2013) such as parental involvement (Ho & Williams, 2008; McNeal, 2009; Jose et al., 2010;). Students engage better in school when parents play a positive role in their learning process (Jackson, 2010; 2011; Green et al., 2012). Students are more likely to make a personal commitment to engage in rigorous learning when they know parents care about how well they do (Kilgore, Snyder & Lentz, 2008; Keyes, 2010). However, despite the crucial role of parents, studies in relation to their involvement remain scarce. Students’ low engagement with academic activities is considered the main reason for dissatisfaction (Kuh, 2009), negative experience, and dropping out of school (Linnenbrink&Pintrich, 2009; Jimmerson, Campos & Greif, 2010). One of the contributory factors is the level of parents’ positive interference to the academic journey of the school (Brookmeyer, Fanti&Henrich, 2008). More significantly, most findings show positive relationship between parental involvement and students’ engagement in school and in the classroom (Dauber & Epstein, 2008; Gorard, Rees &Fevre, 2009;Cotton, 2011;Fantuzzo et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the understanding...
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...The impact of early education as a strategy in countering socio-economic disadvantage Research paper for Ofsted’s ‘Access and achievement in education 2013 review’ Professor Chris Pascal and Professor Tony Bertram UK Research Team: Sean Delaney, Selma Manjee, Marjory Perkins and Manja Plehn International Research Team: Alice Bennett, Carol Nelson, Sarina Razzak and Maureen Saunders Centre for Research in Early Childhood (CREC) © Centre for Research in Early Childhood (CREC) 2013 The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of Ofsted. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to Elizabeth Boulton at publishing@ofsted.gov.uk or Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2 6SE This publication is available at www.ofsted.gov.uk/accessandachievement. No. 130155-RR-005 In June 2012, Sir Michael Wilshaw, HMCI, stated his determination to address the issue of narrowing the gap of educational achievement between disadvantaged pupils and others. To support this intention, The Centre for Research in Early Childhood has been commissioned by OfSTED to conduct a review looking at the impact of Early Childhood Education (ECE) initiatives to combat social and economic disadvantage, both in the UK and internationally. This paper: Examines the impact of nati...
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...Introduction 2.1 Fathers – And a Secure Base 2.2 Fatherhood - The Changing Role 2.3 Feminist Theory – Gendered Roles 2.4 Fatherhood and its Complexities … 2.5 Fathers in other cultures 2.6 Working-Class Fathers … 2.7 Fathers and the Family Friendly Workplace 2.8 Research Question Chapter Two Literature review The literature relevant to research into fatherhood is diverse and describes some dynamically interactive elements constitutive of the social construction of fatherhood. This chapter provides a summary of those topics considered to be most relevant to the research problem. It begins with a discussion of the significance of the father to the development of children followed by a brief description of the changing role of fatherhood. This is followed by an analysis of gendered parenting roles and the contradictions that exist for men between dominant patriarchal views of fatherhood and those fathering behaviours that are resistant to dominant beliefs. A comparative analysis is provided through the examination of cross-cultural experiences followed by a discussion on oppression and resistance and the relevance of this to working-class men. Finally there is a review of the current literature on the development of Family Friendly Workplace Policy 2.1 Fathers – And a Secure Base Move 1. The importance of attachment to the child leading to the importance of attachment...
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...researcher reviewed the related literature from the different resources that includes research journal, articles, books, magazines, encyclopedias, dissertations, abstracts, international year books, theses and most important in the present era the internet access. The detailed account of review of related literature pertaining to variables under study, namely academic achievement, parental encouragement, achievement motivation and intelligence is presented here under. 2.1 STUDIES RELATED TO ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT Krishnan (1977) conducted a study on non-intellectual factors and their influence on academic achievement. The sample comprised of 180 students of sixth to ninth class studying in central school Tirupati and was divided into three groups depending on their parents‟ education as high, middle and low. The results indicated that parents‟ educational status had significant influence on the academic achievement of their children. Saini (1977) undertook a study on academic achievement as a function of economic status and educational standard of parents. The sample consisted of 196 students from four colleges of Chandigarh. The findings revealed that educational standard of parents had significant effect on the academic achievement of...
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...RESEARCH/LITERATURE REVIEW OF ISSUES RELATED TO CHILDREN LIVING IN POVERTY _________________________________________________ A PAPER SUMBITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR FS 5833: FAMILY ECONOMICS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY SCIENCES TEXAS WOMAN’S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION BY SARAH KERAMATI ______________________________________________ DENTON, TEXAS APRIL 2012 Introduction Over the last few decades, the world has drastically changed, and the effect on the family dynamic has been profound. Today, there are more single parents, dual earner couples, and parents with more than one job living in both rural and urban areas in the United States than at any time in history (Miller, 2007). There is approximately one in five American children who live below the national poverty level (Meyer, Cancian & Nam, 2007). In today’s society, many people live below the poverty line and those numbers continue to increase because of our high unemployment rates. The Census Bureau reported that 12% of Americans live in poverty. According to the Department of Health and Human Services, the poverty level in 2009 for a family of four was $22,050. Working parents have no time and their finances are often strained. Welfare reform in the United States may pressure single mothers to be employed even though child care is expensive and they may barely make minimum wage (Miller, 2007). If a child experiences poverty during their preschool...
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...SENECA COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF APPLIED ARTS AND HEALTH SCIENCES SCHOOL OF COMMUNITY SERVICES SOCIAL SERVICE WORKER PROGRAM SUBJECT OUTLINE SUBJECT TITLE: Community studies – families in change Professor: Linda Sciberas linda.sciberas@senecacollege.ca SUBJECT CODE: SWL 227 SEMESTER: Winter 2015 ____________________________________________________________________________ SUBJECT DESCRIPTION This course will examine the multiple variations in the structure of families as well as the changing role of the family in today's society. Students will learn about healthy and less healthy characteristics of family functioning. Various styles and problems of modern family living are explored. In addition, gender,ethnicity, culture and the family will be studied. The implications of all the aforementioned factors for both service delivery and social policy and planning will be considered. LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon successful completion of this course the student will be able to: 1. Trace the evolution of the family over the last century 2. Identify the different family structures operating in Canadian society today 3. Consider his/her own life experience in the context of patterns and trends in their family over at least two generations 4. Identify the role of culture in family structure and functioning 5. Identify the stages of the family life cycle 6. Identify the theoretical frameworks used to understand and assess...
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...Abstract This paper reviews the interrelationship among family structure, patterns of single parent decision making and deviant behavior among adolescents. It reviews family income and non custodial parent involvement. Patterns of family decision making and family structure both have a significant effect on adolescent deviance behavior. Data on the child’s behavior, the child’s life at home, and parental relation with the child are collected through self reports. Understanding the family structure can have an important role in the intervention and prevention of deviant behavior in the child. More parental monitoring was associated with less delinquency in a single parent household. We examine family structure including two parent families, single mother families, single father families, and stepfamilies. This paper addresses the implications of different theories and findings designed to reduce deviance. Single Parent Home Effect on Adolescence Deviant behavior among youth has increased in the United States (Steinberg, 1987). According to the Nature and Meaning of Deviance (2008), Deviant behavior is described as actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including enacted rules and social norms. This paper will examine the social factors associated with deviant behavior among juveniles. It will explore the correlation, if any, between single parent homes and the rise in deviant behavior in juveniles. The two...
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...enough on examinations to get into college, but now students take examinations to get out of high school. Some policy makers, during sometime, have suggested a school’s funding will be determined by how well their students perform on the tests. In theory it is wonderful, the schools that do well will be rewarded for their excellence. In practice it will most likely become another opportunity for the rich school districts to succeed and the poor school districts to fail. Revenue caps and high stakes testing appear to be an inevitable part of our future so we must find affordable, effective means for inspiring students and their families to improve student outcome. One way may be parental involvement. Another way might be to teach effective parenting skills which could in turn increase parental involvement in education particularly home economics. Numerous studies have been done to confirm the assumption that students do better when their parents are involved in their education especially in their course of study (Bronfenbrenner, Karnes & Lee, Florin & Doke are cited by the State of Iowa Department of Education, 1998 p. 1). “Henderson and Berla’s study (as cited in Bowen,1999 p. 1), stated, “According...
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...CAN THE MIDDLE CLASS BE SAVED? ANDREW NELSON MGMT 6400 PROFESSOR R. BING JUNE 14, 2014 CRITICAL ANALYSIS-ACADEMIC LITERATURE The severe economic downturn known as the Great Recession of 2008, has spurred the hastening of the challenges of the middle class in America. It has also highlighted the deepening chasm between the mass populace and the income elite. The resultant course has carved out significant consequences and changes that have widened the gap. The critical question is: what can we do to bridge that gap? According to research by a Citigroup a team of analysts in 2005, it was reported that the average U.S. consumer had essentially retreated relative to the patterns of growth for the U.S. economy. The 2005 report clearly outlined that America was composed of two disparate groups. Simply put, the two groups are the wealthy and everybody else. From an investment standpoint it was further noted that the rich were really the only group that mattered, and that everybody else had very little impact in terms of involvement with investment capital. From an analytical standpoint, the spending habits and savings rates of the second group had little to no impact because all of the influential factors for the American economy were coming from the top. In other words, the wealthiest 1% of households earn as much each year as the bottom 60% put together. Furthermore in terms of wealth, the top 1% possessed as much wealth as the bottom 90%...
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