...Middle Childhood and Adolescence Louis Gibbs PSY/280 05/18/2012 Michael Johnson The introduction of middle childhood and adolescence, a crucial period of development, for the child and parent can become a time of uncertainty. The parenting styles of the parent makes a difference in the out-come of the child. All children need parents that care about them. The different parenting styles include; authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. In the best interest of the child’s development, parents have to make an evaluation of the parenting methods that work well with the personality of the child. During these years the child’s temperament also begins to have an effect in their lives. “A child’s temperament matters (Kagan & Fox, 2006). If they do not consider the personality of the child, authoritarian parents might terrorize children who are innately fearful or anxious, or permissive parents might watch their impulsive children flail out of control.”(Berger, 2010). Environmental circumstances also have a role in children’s development for example: a parent gaining or loosing employment. There will be many changes that take place for middle childhood and adolescent children. Middle Childhood For many people puberty is a time in their life that will not be forgotten. The ages from 7 to 11 are sometimes called the school years. “The...
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...an early will more likely prevent the child from committing at an adult age. If a child proceeds in criminal activity they are likely to become violent not only to themselves but to innocent people in their destructive path. Juvenile crimes do not affect just one race. It doesn’t have a sexual preference either. Young men are though known to be more aggressive than young woman. Younger siblings of older siblings are also at risk for crimes because they will follow in their footsteps. There is known preventative actions for children that start to show signs in behavioral actions. Causes of Juvenile Delinquents There are many reasons why young children become juvenile delinquents. For instance, fetal substance exposure, prenatal difficulties, an abusive and violent families are all factors of poor executive functioning. Poor parent supervision, criminal parents, low intelligence, and low educational attainment are other frequent precursors. Early onset antisocial behavior has more severe outcomes than antisocial behaviors that occur later on and is more likely to continue into adulthood. Family influence plays a big role in children who become delinquent. Children who live in single parent homes, or have lack of supervision, lack of proper discipline, or even have harsher punishments are more likely to offend. Peer pressure in childhood also is a large predator. Children that are rejected by peers are known to become...
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...Abstract In today's society, divorce is on the rise. Children of divorced parents experience many issues. The impact affects all developmental stages of children. Emotional and behavioral problems can begin in the preschool stage of development. In the early latency stage, children tend to have fear and fantasize that their parents will get back together. In the late latency stage, children will label one parent good and one parent bad based on their own needs. In Adolescence, children become depressed and suicidal. Some will even question their future martial relationships. Overall divorce can affect a child’s life whether it is their academics, behaviors, sexuality, parent child relationships, economic status or psychological development. This paper will discuss how divorce can have life altering effects on a child. According to Peck and Manocherian (1988), divorce has become an endemic to the American society. Almost 50 percent of couples choose divorce. Berger (2008) states one out of every two marriages ends in divorce. Divorce is also more likely to occur within the first five years after marriage (Berger, 2008). By this time most couples have had children. Therefore the impact divorce has on children can affect many aspects of their life. When the initial impact of divorce takes place, the child sometimes feels like they are to blame (Fritz, 2002). Therefore the parents must reassure the children that is not the case. Children need a chance to understand and talk...
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...Authoritarian Parenting Style: The Negative Effect On Children Abstract The Authoritarian Parenting Style is one of four parenting styles used to rear children. Authoritarian Parenting style is described by Feldman (2011) as “parents that are controlling, punitive, rigid, cold. Their word is law, and they value strict, unquestioning obedience……; they do not tolerate expressions of disagreement (p.251).” Because children are unable to explore their own feelings, values and opinions, they, grow up with various negative effects. Some of those effects are anxiety, low self-esteem, lack of social skills and bullying other people. The negative effects, that these children inherit, naturally follow them into their adulthood. Feldman (2011) confirms “Children of authoritarian parents tend to be withdrawn…..they are not very friendly….boys are unusually hostile (p. 251).” The parenting style we choose to raise our children is so pivotal because it will shape the traits, personality and mannerisms of our children. As parents, ultimately we want to produce Godly, respectable, successful children that will one day be an asset to society. Parenting Styles Children reared with an authoritarian parenting style are laden with various negative effects that produce: anxiety, low self-esteem, over-aggression in males, dependence in females, lack of social skills, and becoming a bully. Although for this paper we will be focusing primary on the negative effects...
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...Chapter 11 - Sexuality Multiple Choice 1. The text lists all of the following as reasons why sexuality in adolescence is a particularly important period during the life cycle, except: A. adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge. B. puberty brings on physical changes that allow for sexual reproduction. C. cognitive changes in adolescence have a major impact on sexuality. D. it is not until adolescence that sexual activity begins to take on the social meaning it will continue to have throughout adulthood. Answer: A 2. Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because: A. children report erotic feelings before puberty. B. the hormonal changes of puberty result in an increased sex drive in adolescence. C. children are not capable of kissing, petting, masturbating, or sexual intercourse before puberty. D. with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility. Answer: D 3. Which of the following is not considered an aspect of positive sexual development that adolescents face? A. becoming comfortable with one’s maturing body B. reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one’s religious beliefs C. feeling comfortable in choosing to engage or not to engage in sexual activity D. understanding and practicing safe sex Answer: B 4. “Sexual socialization” refers to: A. a person’s sexual orientation. B. a person’s social skills in sexual relationships. C. the way in which an individual is educated...
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...developed in 1959 and based on expected food expenditures (thrifty food basket) for families of varying sizes. Each year the threshold is adjusted for the Consumer Price Index cost of living. In 1999, the poverty threshold for a single mother raising two children was $13,423. Researchers have criticized the poverty threshold on numerous counts. First, government transfers such as food stamps and housing subsidies as well as tax benefits (e.g., the Earned Income Tax Credit) and tax payments are not included when assessing the poverty threshold. Second, regional and urban differences in the cost of living are not considered when computing the poverty threshold. Despite the criticisms levied against the way poverty is assessed in the United States, the current review highlights research that has used this definition of poverty, while acknowledging its weaknesses. This article reviews the literature linking family poverty to children's cognitive and educational outcomes such as achievement tests, grade completion, and high school graduation. Timing of poverty has been shown to make a difference vis-à-vis child outcomes; thus, the discussion focuses on three stages of childhood: early childhood (age two to four), middle childhood (age five to twelve), and adolescence (age thirteen to eighteen)....
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...Parents with a higher education level will have greater probability of being involved in their children’s school work could this be possible. Parent’s involvement as early as preschool suggests that it is vital in children’s formal schooling for academic success. The participation of the parents on a regular basis is a two way issue. In order for the child to do well in school the parent has to be involved entirely. Every parent would like to see his or her child succeed in life so parents’ that care make a conscious effort to be present in their life. It is obvious that parents who are more involved set positive outcome for their children. According to Hill et al. (2004) the higher parental education level, parent academic involvement was related to fewer problems and academic achievement. For example, more highly educated mothers were more likely to be actively in support of their children placement in honors courses, manage academic achievement and maintain contact with the school than less educated parents (Hill et al., 2004). This may be due to the fact of parents’ interest, and the children’s ability to succeed in school. Researchers consistently agree that SES Socioeconomic status can vary because of parent’s economic and social ranking and can be based on father’s education level, mother’s education level, father’s occupation, mother’s occupation, and family income (Hill et al., 2004). This demographic factor such as SES was associated with the achievement outcome...
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...rate of sexual maturation that follows them throughout life; there are physical and mental effects. These changes in an adolescent reflect changing mental states as a result of physical changes. There are more sexual desires, feelings of increased intimacy and a different understanding of their physical body. There are many correlations between the changes of the mind and body, I will also describe theories of you they effect one another. Adolescent Sexual Maturation Adolescence is a challenging period for both children and their parents. Three stages of adolescence - early, middle, and late, are experienced by most teens, but the age at which each stage is reached varies greatly from child to child. These different rates of maturation are connected to physical development and hormone balance, neither of which the child can control. For this reason, adolescents should be treated as individuals and any guidelines should be adapted to the particular child. The biological changes we associate with adolescence actually unfold over a long period of time, beginning with the maturation of the adrenal axis during childhood and ending with the maturation of the gonadal axis in the early 20s (Steinberg, 2011). Piagets Theory and Adolescent Maturity At 15 years of age a teenager is well prepared to understand the risks. According to Jean Piaget and his Theory of Cognitive Development a child between 7-11 years of age has the cognitive ability to consider problems with multiple dimensions...
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...PEER INFLUENCE IN RELATION TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND SOCIALIZATION AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW by Nicole Marie Howard A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree With a Major in School Psychology Approved Two Semester Credits _____________________________ Investigation Advisor The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout May, 2004 ii The Graduate School University of Wisconsin-Stout Menomonie, WI 54751 ABSTRACT _________Howard__________Nicole_______M._________________________ (Writer) (Last Name) (First) (Initial) Peer Influence In Relation To Academic Performance and Socialization Among__ (Title) Adolescents: A Literature Review______________________________________ School Psychology (Graduate Major) Dr. Helen Swanson (Research Advisor) May/2004_____ 30__________ (Month/Year) (No. of Pages) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition___ (Name of Style Manual Used in This Study) Adolescents have always been exposed to peer influence, but the kinds of peer influence that they encounter have changed tremendously in the past years. Peers can influence everything from what an adolescent chooses to wear to whether or not an adolescent engages in drug related or other delinquent behavior. This is an important topic because if society and education related professionals understand the issues surrounding negative peer influence, they are more likely...
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...along with the impact it has on the child’s developmental problems throughout childhood and even adolescence. Among these longitudinal studies, they also take the third-variable problem into consideration when measuring the contextual factors as well as the occurring interaction issues. The targeted hypothesis is that “infants of depressed mothers are found to be more likely to develop mental and socioemotional problems” (Van Doesum p.157). As a consequence, there has been a model-based intervention program is directed to improve the interaction between mothers and their infants to further prevent problems in their children’s development. It has been confirmed that children of mentally unstable parents remains to be the primary cause with chances ranging from 41-77%. Reports have shown that these children can exhibit deregulations in the behavioral and physiological areas not too long after birth. Three topics have been proposed when talking about the direct effects of maternal depression on child development. These include the early mother-child interaction(s), prenatal transmissions (impaired blow flow to the placenta), and the genetic transfer (how the parents’ genotype affects the infant). Along with these possible influences, children of mentally ill parents also have an increased probability with depression, anxiety disorders and forming an alcohol dependency before the adolescence stage. By using a transactional model, it’s been found that the maternal depression in association...
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...status (SES) affects the personalities, parent to child interactions, and learning capabilities of children. Generally, it is measured based upon education, income, place of residence, and occupation of the individual. Many research studies have found a direct correlation between the development of a child and the socioeconomic status of their family. The way in which socioeconomic status is measured determines whether someone is from a low or high SES family. Childhood development starts at around 2 years old and ends at about 11 years old. According to Jean Piaget, child psychologist, childhood development consists of the preoperational and concrete operational stages. The preoperational stage is when children are engaged in...
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...It is a well known fact that when a baby is first born it should begin breastfeeding because of all the nutrients the baby needs to growth healthy in the first months of life. Yet, what if breastfeeding was not an option for babies? What about poverty stricken countries where basic nutrients run scarce, and are very rare. It is so essential for a new born to have these nutrients, and breast feeding can be seen as a necessity for babies growing up in a poverty stricken environment. Babies born within an impoverished environment usually lack the basic nutrients to grow and function properly, especially in the crucial years leading up to adolescence. Also, why are more and more women switching to bottled fed from breast fed? Based on an article written by Jacqueline Wolf, “Women initiated the move from breast to bottle as they embraced complex social, cultural, economic, and intellectual change concomitant with urbanization..” (Wolf). Another factor that comes into play is the introduction to baby formula in the 19th century. Also, the change of a woman’s role in society from housewife to the work force could have a lot to do with the fact that women don’t have time to breastfeed. According to Wolf, babies were dying from diarrhea and not even making it to their first birthdays due to the lack of nutrients through milk they were being deprived of. For example babies in Chicago during the late 19th century and early 20th century had a high death rate because of the amount...
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...conditions, such as poverty, unhealthy living conditions and a negative home life. Some behavioral issues are a direct cause of mental health problems, but for this study, we will not look at the mental health issues that cause behavior issues. A growing body of research has examined the cause of youth violence, among peers and parental relationships. The world we are living in today is full of violent images; from video games to movies, even much of today’s music can promote a violent message. There are other external influences that can also influence many children’s behaviors; such as impoverishment, inferior living conditions, inadequate housing, which often leads to illicit activities; such as drug and alcohol abuse and other criminal activities. In this research study, we will try to answer several questions the effects of violent images, or video games may have on our youth today. We will also examine if coming from a broken home has any direct correlation on the behavior of the child or children? This paper will examine several studies on this subject in the hopes of discovering the possible solutions to the questions raised in this paper. * Do violent images, video games, etc. influence children’s behavior? * Does coming from a broken, or abusive home, etc. influence children’s behavior? * Do children raised in a typical two parent household have an advantage over those raised in single family households? * Can coming from an urban area influence bad...
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...Running head: INVESTIGATING SPECIAL EDUCATION INTERNET RESOURCES Investigating Special Education Internet Resources Heather Cox Grand Canyon University: SPE-330 January 29, 2012 Investigating Special Education Internet Resources TABLE OF CONTENTS Special Education Associations Page • National Association of Special Education Teachers (NASET) 4 • National Education Association (NEA) 4 • International Association for Special Education (IASE) 4 Professional Development • Council for Exceptional Children 5 Legal Rights and Resources for Parents • Ed.gov IDEA 5 • Wrights Law 5 • The ARC 6 • National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (NICHCY) 6 • American Academy of Child & Adolescence Psychiatry 6 • Parent Pals.com 7 Educational Resources • ePals 7 • Glogster 7 Individual Disability Resources • Time 4 Learning-ADD/ADHD 8 • Ed.gov- Teaching Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders. 8 • Internet 4 Classrooms-Dyslexia 8 • Autism Speaks 9 • MitoAction 9 Special Education Associations National Association of Special Education Teachers (2007). Retrieved January 29, 2012, from http://www.naset.org/ The NASET is a national organization that was founded for future, current and former special...
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...provided the understanding that what happens to a child during the developmental phases of life affect them conscious and unconsciously; with the most effect coming from within the family system. Roehlkepartain reports that spiritual development is an essential aspect that can either be a catalyst towards their spirituality or pull the child away from it. In relation to the materials this week the information I feel is not clearly defined as to what is normal and healthy. Parenting styles were covered in the text this week and the research supports the different models of the types of parenting. On the other hand research has provided a great deal of information as to what is not healthy and condusive to development and learning within the family system. There are several factors that can contribute to the development and family including parenting style, poverty, abuse, child care and education. There are four types of parenting that Feldman (2014) has identified as ciritual to the development of a child these four types of parenting styles have effects on their children. 1.) Authoritiarian parents tend to be controlling and very strict. These children are not allowed to express themselves or their opinions. The effects that this type of parenting has on the child is that they become hostile, withdrawn and lack social skills and are uneasy in their settings. 2.) Premissive parents tend to be very lax in rules and are inconsistent with their children. This places little...
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