...MILITARY MEDICINE, 180, 4:419, 2015 Overview of Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Alcohol Misuse Among Active Duty Service Members Returning From Iraq and Afghanistan, Self-Report and Diagnosis Sarah A. Mustillo, PhD*; Ashleigh Kysar-Moon, M A f; Susan R. Douglas, PhDp, Ryan Hargraves, MS±; Shelley Mac Derm id Wadsworth, PhD*; Melissa Fraine, MPH§; Nicole L. Frazer, PhD§ ABSTRACT Previous studies have found deployment to combat areas to be associated with an increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and alcohol abuse, but many previous studies were limited by samples that were not representative of the deployed military as a whole. This study presents an overview of these three mental health problems associated with deployment among Air Force, Army, Marine Corp, and Navy service members returning from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan between January 2007 and March 2008. With postdeployment health data on over 50,000 service men and women, including diagnostic information, we were able to estimate prevalence of those who screened positive for risk of each disorder in self-report data at two time points, as well as prevalence of diagnoses received during health care encounters within the military health care system. The prevalence ranges of the three disorders were consistent with previous studies using similar measures, but service members in the Navy had higher rates of screening positive for all three disorders and higher...
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...This paper is to provide an overview of TRICARE with its history, available insurance products, organization and number of enrollees. In July 1775, the Congress established a hospital or what they called it then a medical department in Massachusetts with a chief physician of the hospital, four surgeons, a pharmacist, and nurses, which are usually wives or widows of military personnel to care for military members. (TRICARE Timeline). Today health care has come a long way especially for the military; we have better equipment and more than enough surgeons, physicians, and of course, our spouses or widows are no longer our nurses. Now we have qualified individuals that are very capable of making sure that they are patched and ready to get back to doing what we do best protect our Nation. The timeline for the history of TRICARE (TRICARE Timeline) • 1818, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun established a permanent medical department. A Congressional direction in • 1884 set the stage for a medical program to serve the Forces. It stated, rather simply, "Medical officers of the Army and contract surgeons shall whenever possible attend the families of the officers and soldiers free of charge." • In 1943, Congress authorized the Emergency Maternal and Infant Care Program (EMIC) that: *Provided maternity care and care of infants up to one year of age for wives and children of Service members in the lower four pay grades. • December 7, 1956 saw the birth of the Dependents Medical Care...
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...Military draft is a system for selecting young men for compulsory military service, administered in the United States by the Selective Service System. At present, the United States relies on a volunteer military and does not have a draft, though young men are required by law to register with the Selective Service. This policy was eliminated in 1973 and most American were happy to have it gone because they did not have to fear the military draft. There are current arguments though that wish to bring back this policy and think it would benefit the country. The military draft is seen as a bad thing because it tears apart families, but some believe it brings the world closer to peace and settlement. A military draft brings men into the service through the selective service. The men are assign specific places among the military based on their skill level. The military draft helps improve the skills of the men, which would help in the workforce. The military draft improves foreign policy with all nations. It also improves our countries safety. It also helps us in times of a crisis. So as a citizen being drafted with a basic skill level. A draftee is bound to gain more knowledge and build on their skill levels. This makes the draft helpful to the U.S. as a country and to its citizens....
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...collection system functionality. The following systems were analyzed: BLMPS/PC-III (Air Force); SIDPERS-3 and RCAS (Army); MCTFS (Marine Corps); and RSTARS (MP) and SDS (Navy). June 1993: The results of this analysis were released to the Services for review. Based on Service input, Change 1 – Source Data Collection Report (SDC) was released in September 1993. May 1995: The SDC Report, updated to include headquarters functionality, was released for Service review. Based on Service input, the Military Personnel Management Functional Requirements Definition Report was published in December 1995. July 1995: OUSD(P&R) established the Joint Working Group (JWG) for Military Personnel Management and introduced the concept of integrated Military Personnel and Pay. August 1996: The JWG began defining functional requirements and performance characteristics for standards compliant military personnel management from field level data collection to headquarters database management that meets Service-specific requirements for all components, as well as OSD-defined requirements. This effort resulted in the February 1997 release of the Draft Function, Process, & Activity (FP&A) Report. THE FP&A was updated based on Service and DFAS comments. It was again provided for Service and DFAS review in May 1997. November 1997: The Joint Requirements and Integration Office (JR&IO) JR&IO Baseline Functional Matrix (BFM) Team began compiling the Baseline Functional Matrix. The Draft DIMHRS...
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...States draft, poet Robert Frost remarked, “Pressed into service means pressed out of shape.” Although the United States has replaced a mixed army consisting of draftees and volunteers with an all-volunteer army, the Selective Service System still allows the government to draft suitable men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five in case of a national emergency (Olson-Raymer, par. 48-50). When the United States invaded Iraq, hundreds of thousands of Americans voluntarily enlisted (par. 55). Despite the abundance of soldiers, military personnel claimed that there was a shortage of soldiers, and a draft would benefit the war effort (Thompson and Zabriskie, par. 7). Fortunately, the draft was not enacted and still remains...
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...I never thought I would say this but I think we should reinstate the draft. It has been years since we have wanted or needed a draft, but in view of the United States being attacked on September 11, 2001, I feel our country must be ready and prepared to defend itself. If being prepared means reinstating the draft, a mandatory summons for military service, then I think we should consider this a reasonable proposal. I think the tragic events of September 11 will evoke most people to agree with me. Since September 11 we have seen a surge of patriotism in this country that seemed hidden for many years. I am so glad patriotism was not lost, and I think most Americans would be willing to defend their country in light of this attack. We are a nation and a people who believe in freedom and democracy. It tells other nations who we are and what we stand for. It is these beliefs that lead me to believe that the people of the United States will do anything to preserve our freedom and democracy even if it means reinstating the draft. I want to prove this notion, but am unsure how to accomplish this. I have not read any recent articles in newspapers or magazines that have dealt with this issue. My textbook was not a source either. So I decided to do two things. First, I went to the Internet for any information, articles, discussions, or statements relating to this issue. Second, I decided to conduct an informal poll. This informal poll consisted of male and female respondents with an age span...
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...received full American support. The draft, known today as compulsory conscription, was an integral part of that war. Seventy percent of American men aged 18 to 35 served. The common experience shared amongst these men created lifetime friendships for an entire generation. No other conflict since then has come close to producing such national unification and pride of citizenry. So states Charles Moskos, late professor of sociology for Northwestern University, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award for the U.S. Army, and a draftee for the U.S. Army Combat Engineers (Moskos). Currently, however, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the official estimate of the American veteran population is approximately 24,816,000 (“Veteran”). Total U.S. population exceeds 301 million people (“The New Boomers”). In other words, the ratio of veterans to the total U.S. population is less than 10%. Comparison of these figures reflects that American enlistment ratios in the U.S. Armed forces have decreased dramatically since World War II. The U.S. is a dominant military force in the world today; however, it also has allies that it must help protect and defend in the name of democracy. As a result of the above, American forces are involved in multi-theater (or diverse worldwide) roles, both simultaneously and continuously, thus spreading out our troops over diverse areas. Additionally, the extended war on terrorism continues to deplete American military forces, and international news...
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...received full American support. The draft, known today as compulsory conscription, was an integral part of that war. Seventy percent of American men aged 18 to 35 served. The common experience shared amongst these men created lifetime friendships for an entire generation. No other conflict since then has come close to producing such national unification and pride of citizenry. So states Charles Moskos, late professor of sociology for Northwestern University, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award for the U.S. Army, and a draftee for the U.S. Army Combat Engineers (Moskos). Currently, however, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the official estimate of the American veteran population is approximately 24,816,000 (“Veteran”). Total U.S. population exceeds 301 million people (“The New Boomers”). In other words, the ratio of veterans to the total U.S. population is less than 10%. Comparison of these figures reflects that American enlistment ratios in the U.S. Armed forces have decreased dramatically since World War II. The U.S. is a dominant military force in the world today; however, it also has allies that it must help protect and defend in the name of democracy. As a result of the above, American forces are involved in multi-theater (or diverse worldwide) roles, both simultaneously and continuously, thus spreading out our troops over diverse areas. Additionally, the extended war on terrorism continues to deplete American military forces, and international news...
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...received full American support. The draft, known today as compulsory conscription, was an integral part of that war. Seventy percent of American men aged 18 to 35 served. The common experience shared amongst these men created lifetime friendships for an entire generation. No other conflict since then has come close to producing such national unification and pride of citizenry. So states Charles Moskos, late professor of sociology for Northwestern University, recipient of the Distinguished Service Award for the U.S. Army, and a draftee for the U.S. Army Combat Engineers (Moskos). Currently, however, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the official estimate of the American veteran population is approximately 24,816,000 (“Veteran”). Total U.S. population exceeds 301 million people (“The New Boomers”). In other words, the ratio of veterans to the total U.S. population is less than 10%. Comparison of these figures reflects that American enlistment ratios in the U.S. Armed forces have decreased dramatically since World War II. The U.S. is a dominant military force in the world today; however, it also has allies that it must help protect and defend in the name of democracy. As a result of the above, American forces are involved in multi-theater (or diverse worldwide) roles, both simultaneously and continuously, thus spreading out our troops over diverse areas. Additionally, the extended war on terrorism continues to deplete American military forces, and international news...
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...Gwyneth McKenna Military History 4/28/2015 Evolution of Compulsory Service The United States has long been involved in military affairs spanning several centuries. These endeavors require more than simply the machinery, tactical prowess, and financial support. They require manpower. Manpower is the backbone to any and every military operation throughout history. Unfortunately, the United States has not always had the amount of brave soldiers she needs to keep the enemy at bay. In order to combat this lack of manpower, conscription, more commonly known as “the draft”, has been needed to be employed. The military draft is a controversial topic; Serving one’s country is undeniably honorable, but what if it is not a choice? Should you be forced...
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...Johnathon Greer Pacific Time JohnGreer@e-mail.phoenix.edu Since the birth of our country the military has had a mainstay of volunteer and drafted troops. This reviews historical aspects of a draft in the United States to discover the differences between a volunteer versus a drafted military in the United States. Although Drafting has been said that it will not ever happen again and that the only way people will be involve will the military is if they Volunteer will that ever change if the United States ever need to take not much of a measure? We will see which one of these choices is better and see if it can change opinions about one another I believe that Volunteer is better just because it gives people a chance to choose it they want to be part of the military or not I don’t think it’s far to draft people that don’t want to fight. When the country drafts people a lot of people run to other countries so they don’t have to go to war because they know they won’t do well or worse. To begin our journey we need to explore when a drafted military first started. In the American colonial period when forces were needed, they would ask every able bodied male to form a militia, in their colony. These militias were organized to protect the colony if a threat presented. At the time America began the Revolutionary War the army was composed of enlisted volunteers. This type of military did not give General Washington, enough soldiers to battle the British army. Militias...
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...of the country non-Communist. The United States president, Harry S. Truman, came up with a policy that stated the United States would help any nation that is threatened by Communists (The World Book Encyclopedia, 1986). The next few paragraphs will focus on the Vietnam War and the student unrest, as well as the political and social outcome of the Vietnam War’s ending. The military draft is the major connection between the Vietnam War and the student unrest. During the time of this war, every male student was required to register for the military services on his eighteenth birthday. For the next two years, he would be eligible for the draft, also known as conscription (The World Book Encyclopedia, 1986). His chances would increase due to the increase of casualties during the war (University of Miami, n.d.). However, there was a way for the males to postpone his chances of being selected in the draft. This would be for him to go to, or stay in college. Although the male population thought this was a way out, they were wrong. Just because the young men were in school did not exempt them from the draft. It just postponed it. As the young men began to get closer to the end of their education, they began to get worried, knowing that they were about to go off to fight the war of Vietnam. There were only two...
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...United States military should be based on a conscription style of enlistment has been debated for many years. The US has had several instances where conscription, or “draft” as it was referred to a few times, was enacted to supplement troop numbers during a period of conflict. Some proponents for conscription believe it would be a benefit to the military, where others believe it would cause more problems than it solved. This paper discusses some of the pro's and con's of conscription and discusses whether or not this is a good thing for the country or whether some sort of “modified” version of it would be more palatable and effective. Perhaps the “if it's not broken don't fix it” adage applies here. To Conscript, or not to Conscript How would you feel if it were mandatory for you to serve in the United States military? Would you have an issue with it or simply feel it was your patriotic duty? Many people across the country believe that the armed forces should have a conscription service enacted to require citizens 18 years old and up to serve (for a specific time, opinions vary) vice the voluntary system used today. This is largely due to people thinking today's youth need to feel ownership in their country and to know what it's like to have to defend our principles and way of life. Basically, having “skin in the game” so to speak. Proponents feel that a “modified” conscription service would cure the ails of the Vietnam era draft system by giving people...
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...received national attention after Robert L. Goldberg questioned whether it was constitutional for the federal government to require only males to register with the Military Selective Service Act (MSSA). The respondent in this case was Bernard D. Roster, Director of the Selective Service System (Oyez). The MSSA requires all males ages 18 to 26 to register with the Selective Service. One may ask, how did the question of women registering for the draft garner such widespread attention and why? When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1980 President Carter reactivated the draft process. Carter recommended that...
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...Throughout history, the United States military has been heavily centered and controlled by men. American males have invariably carried the burden of defending their country at all cost without any excuse. By law they are obligated to register for the Selective Service within one month of their 18th birthday and are required to participate in a national draft if needed. The Selective Service act states “it shall be the duty of every male citizen of the United States, and every other male person residing in the United States, who is between the ages of eighteen and twenty-six, to present himself for and submit to registration” (Section 453 (a), Military Selective Service Act). On the contrary, women have never held the same obligations or responsibilities...
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