...projects because they tend to value the risky projects the same way they do riskless projects. Here we have highlighted the two appropriate methods used to value risky projects, the Risk-Adjusted Discount Rate method and the Certainty Equivalent Method. TRACKING PORTFOLIOS AND REAL ASSET VALUATION Portfolio tracking is monitoring a collection of stocks, for the purpose of learning how the prices move and/or profiting from those movements. The market price of a combination of financial investments that track the future cash flows of the project should be the same as the value of the projects future cash flows. Analyst’s need to generate tracking portfolio’s with tracking error (a measure of how closely a portfolio follows the index to which it is benchmarked), PV=0 in order to value projects in these cases, i.e. Tracking Error = Cash Flows of Tracking Portfolio – Cash Flows of Project. When tracking error exists, analysts use Asset Pricing Models, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), to derive projects PV. If the CAPM holds, the tracking portfolio is a combination of the market portfolio and a risk free asset. How to use tracking portfolio valuation The idea is that we are trying to find the future cash flows of the project using a tracking portfolio Assume there is perfect correlation between the Market Portfolio and the Project. 1. Value project using probabilities 2. Assume Tracking Portfolio with mix of Market...
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...1. Module Name: Introductory Econometrics Code: P12205 Credits: 10 Semester: Spring 2011/12 Delivery: 16 one-hour lectures + 4 one-hour workshops Aims: The main aims of this module are: to introduce students to the principles, uses and interpretation of regression analysis most commonly employed in applied economics; to provide participants with sufficient knowledge of regression methods to critically evaluate and interpret empirical research. On completion of this module students should be able to: demonstrate understanding of the assumptions and properties underlying regression analysis and the principle of ‘least squares’; interpret and manipulate the coefficients of multiple regression and performance criteria; conduct diagnostic checking of the validity of regression equations coefficients; appreciate the problems of misspecification, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. Content: 1. Simple Regression Analysis 2. Multiple Regression Analysis 3. Dummy Variables 4. Heteroscedasticity 5. Autocorrelation Main Textbook: Dougherty, C. (2011). Introduction to Econometrics, 4th edition, Oxford. 2. Module Name: Computational Finance Code: P12614 Credits: 10 Semester: Spring 2011/12 Programme classes: 12 1-2 hour lectures/workshops Aims: The module aims to describe and analyse the general finance topics and introduces students to implement basic computational approaches to financial problems using Microsoft Excel. It stresses...
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...MODERN PORTFOLIO THEORY A N D INVESTMENT ANALYSIS EIGHTH EDITION INTERNATIONAL STUDENT VERSION EDWIN J. ELTON Leonard N. Stern School of Business New York University MARTIN J. GRUBER Leonard N. Stern School of Business New York University STEPHEN J. BROWN Leonard N. Stern School of Business New York University WILLIAM N. GOETZMANN Yale University WILEY John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Contents About the Authors Preface Part 1 Chapter 1 ix vii INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Outline of the Book 2 The Economic Theory of Choice: An Illustration Under Certainty Conclusion 8 Multiple Assets and Risk 8 Questions and Problems 9 Bibliography 10 4 1 2 Chapter 2 FINANCIAL MARKETS Trading Mechanics 11 Margin 14 Markets 18 Trade Types and Costs 25 Conclusion 27 Bibliography 27 1 1 Chapter 3 FINANCIAL SECURITIES Types of Marketable Financial Securities 2 8 The Return Characteristics of Alternative Security Types Stock Market Indexes 3 8 Bond Market Indexes 3 9 Conclusion 4 0 36 28 Part 2 Section I Chapter 4 P O R T F O L I O ANALYSIS MEAN VARIANCE PORTFOLIO THEORY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OPPORTUNITY SET UNDER RISK Determining the Average Outcome 4 5 A Measure of Dispersion 4 6 Variance of Combinations of Assets 4 9 Characteristics of Portfolios in General 51 Two Concluding Examples 61 Conclusion 6 4 XIII 41 43 44 XIV CONTENTS Questions and Problems Bibliography 6 6 Chapter 5 64 DELINEATING EFFICIENT PORTFOLIOS Combinations...
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...Introduction Managing portfolio and investing in stocks is very risky and could be tricky, as a result, financial experts and investors view it as necessary or smart to know what to expect when they invest. Due to this, different statistical models have emerged to attempt to scientifically measure the potential returns on an investment. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) are two of such models. The purpose of this essay is to critically compare the Arbitrage Pricing Theory with the Capital Asset Pricing Model as used by fund managers in the United Kingdom. Captial Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) When Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965) proposed the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), it was seen as a leading tool in measuring if an investment will yield in positive or negative returns. It attempts to explain the relationship between investment risk and expected reward of risky securities (Ushad, 2011; Reilly and Brown, 2011; Heshmat, 2012). The CAPM helps to determine the required rate of return for any risky asset (Reilly and Brown, 2011). “The CAPM states that the expected return on a security or a portfolio equals the rate on a risk-free security plus a risk premium” (Heshmat, 2012: 504). It indicates that the expected return on an asset has a positive linear relationship with the non-diversifiable risk of the security (beta) (Heshmat, 2012). Ushad (2011) explains that the CAPM is based on the premise that higher returns should be...
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...Corporate Finance, 9/e Stephen A. Ross, Massachussetts Institute of Technology Randolph W. Westerfield, University of Southern California Jeffrey F. Jaffe, University of Pennsylvania ISBN: 0073382337 Copyright year: 2010 Table of Contents PART I: Overview 1 Introduction to Corporate Finance 1 1.1 | What Is Corporate Finance? | 1 | | The Balance Sheet Model of the Firm | 1 | | The Financial Manager | 3 | 1.2 | The Corporate Firm | 4 | | The Sole Proprietorship | 4 | | The Partnership | 4 | | The Corporation | 5 | | A Corporation by Another Name . . . | 7 | 1.3 | The Importance of Cash Flows | 7 | 1.4 | The Goal of Financial Management | 10 | | Possible Goals | 11 | | The Goal of Financial Management | 11 | | A More General Goal | 12 | 1.5 | The Agency Problem and Control of the Corporation | 13 | | Agency Relationships | 13 | | Management Goals | 14 | | Do Managers Act in the Stockholders' Interests? | 14 | | Stakeholders | 15 | 1.6 | Regulation | 16 | | The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 | 16 | | Sarbanes-Oxley | 17 | | Summary and Conclusions | 18 | | Concept Questions | 18 | | S&P Problems | 19 | 2 Financial Statements and Cash Flow 20 2.1 | The Balance Sheet | 20 | | Liquidity | 21 | | Debt versus Equity | 22 | | Value versus Cost | 22 | 2.2 | The Income Statement | 23 | | Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | 24 | | Noncash Items | 25...
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...Financial Accounting Standards Board ORIGINAL PRONOUNCEMENTS AS AMENDED Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 Fair Value Measurements Copyright © 2010 by Financial Accounting Foundation. All rights reserved. Content copyrighted by Financial Accounting Foundation may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Financial Accounting Foundation. FAS157 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 Fair Value Measurements STATUS Issued: September 2006 Effective Date: For financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007, and interim periods within those fiscal years Affects: Amends APB 21, paragraphs 13 and 18 Deletes APB 21, footnote 1 Amends APB 28, paragraph 30 Amends APB 29, paragraphs 18 and 20(a) Deletes APB 29, paragraph 25 and footnote 5 Amends FAS 13, paragraph 5(c) Amends FAS 15, paragraphs 13 and 28 Deletes FAS 15, footnotes 2, 5a, and 6 Amends FAS 19, paragraph 47(l)(i) Amends FAS 35, paragraph 11 and footnote 5 Deletes FAS 35, footnote 4a Amends FAS 60, paragraph 19 Deletes FAS 60, footnote 4a Amends FAS 63, paragraphs 4, 8, and 38 through 40 Amends FAS 65, paragraphs 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, and 29 Amends FAS 67, paragraphs 8 and 28 Deletes FAS 67, footnote 6 Amends FAS 87, paragraphs 49 and 264 and footnote 12 Deletes FAS 87, footnote...
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...See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228180753 Arcadian Microarray Technologies, Inc. ARTICLE · OCTOBER 2008 READS 516 2 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Robert F. Bruner University of Virginia 287 PUBLICATIONS 1,490 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Robert F. Bruner Retrieved on: 25 January 2016 Username: TO ACCESS THIS DOCUMENT This is a protected document. The first two pages are available for everyone to see, but only faculty members who have verified faculty status with Darden Business Publishing are able to view this entire inspection copy. Submit VERIFIED FACULTY If you have verified faculty status with Darden Business Publishing, simply enter the same username that you use on the Darden Business Publishing Web site, and then click “Submit.” Please note that this is an inspection copy and is not for classroom use. Faculty Register UNVERIFIED FACULTY If you are teaching faculty and do not yet have verified faculty access with Darden Business Publishing, please click on the “Faculty Register” link and submit your information requesting verified faculty access. Buy Case Now OTHER USERS If you would like to read the full document, click on “Buy Case Now” to be redirected to the Darden Business Publishing Web site where you can purchase this and other Darden cases. If you have any questions or need technical help, please contact Darden Business Publishing...
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...CHAPTER THREE How Financial Statements are Used in Valuation Stephen H. Penman The web page for Chapter Three runs under the following headings: What the Chapter is Doing Historical Multiples Historical Equity and Bond Returns The Selection of Comparable Firms Screening Engines Calculating Multiples Unlevered (or Enterprise) Multiples Beware of Price-to-ebitda Ratios P/E Ratios and Dividends Price-to-sales Multiples During the Internet Bubble Multiple Comparison Methods and Chain Letters Asset-based valuation: Break Up Values Firms Trading as Market Values less than Net Assets No Arbitrage: the Law of One Price How Share Prices are Arbitraged Negative Stub Values Expectational Arbitrage and the Risk of Arbitraging The Cost of Arbitrage: Why There Might Appear to be an Arbitrage Opportunity When There is None. Dealing with Risk in Active Investing Readers’ Corner Appendix to Web Page: Formal Analysis of Abnormal Returns, No-arbitrage, and Market Efficiency What this Chapter is Doing Chapter 3 does three things: First, it looks at three valuation and investment approaches that use financial statement information, but in limited, suspect or impractical ways, and points out the pitfalls in these methods: ...
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...Statistics and Operations Research Course topic: Quantitative Asset Management Transcript title: Special Topics in Statistics and Operations/Quantitative Asset Management Instructor: Frank J. Fabozzi, Ph.D., CFA, Visiting Professor, ORFE Office: 207 in ORFE Building (office shared with Professor Mulvey) Office hours: 4-6pm (this time slot will also be used for presentations on special topics) Classroom: Friend 006 Course description: This course covers asset management focusing on quantitative models applied to equities and bonds (with emphasis on mortgage-backed securities). The quantitative models discussed are asset allocation models and portfolio construction models that include optimization models (mean-variance framework and extensions such as robust portfolio optimization), multi-factor risk models, risk control models, and transaction cost forecasting models. Return attribution models for performance evaluation will be covered. Model risk and model/strategy backtesting will be highlighted. Guest speakers from quantitative asset management firms are scheduled. Determination of final grade: Final exam ………………………………. 40% Design project …………………………… 25% Term paper ………………………………. 25% Problem sets ……………………………… 10% Course material and reading assignments: No textbook is required for the book. Instead, the sources for the reading assignments will be (1) articles available from journals that Princeton subscribes, (2) free downloads from the Internet...
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...References The following references were used in the CFA Institute-produced publications Quantitative Methods for Investment Analysis, Analysis of Equity Investments: Valuation, and Managing Investment Portfolios: A Dynamic Process. Ackerman, Carl, Richard McEnally, and David Ravenscraft. 1999. “The Performance of Hedge Funds: Risk, Return, and Incentives.” Journal of Finance. Vol. 54, No. 3: 833–874. ACLI Survey. 2003. The American Council of Life Insurers. Agarwal, Vikas and Narayan Naik. 2000. “Performance Evaluation of Hedge Funds with OptionBased and Buy-and-Hold Strategies.” Working Paper, London Business School. Ali, Paul Usman and Martin Gold. 2002. “An Appraisal of Socially Responsible Investments and Implications for Trustees and Other Investment Fiduciaries.” Working Paper, University of Melbourne. Almgren, Robert and Neil Chriss. 2000/2001. “Optimal Execution of Portfolio Transactions.” Journal of Risk. Vol. 3: 5–39. Altman, Edward I. 1968. “Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy.” Journal of Finance. Vol. 23: 589–699. Altman, Edward I. and Vellore M. Kishore. 1996. “Almost Everything You Wanted to Know about Recoveries on Defaulted Bonds.” Financial Analysts Journal. Vol. 52, No. 6: 57−63. Altman, Edward I., R. Haldeman, and P. Narayanan. 1977. “Zeta Analysis: A New Model to Identify Bankruptcy Risk of Corporations.” Journal of Banking and Finance. Vol. 1: 29−54. Ambachtsheer, Keith, Ronald Capelle, and Tom Scheibelhut. 1998. “Improving...
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...Perishable Inventory Theory: A Review Author(s): Steven Nahmias Source: Operations Research, Vol. 30, No. 4 (Jul. - Aug., 1982), pp. 680-708 Published by: INFORMS Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/170438 . Accessed: 04/05/2011 21:21 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=informs. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. INFORMS is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Operations Research. http://www.jstor.org Perishable Inventory...
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...list of Frequently Used Symbols and Notation A text such as Intermediate Financial Theory is, by nature, relatively notation intensive. We have adopted a strategy to minimize the notational burden within each individual chapter at the cost of being, at times, inconsistent in our use of symbols across chapters. We list here a set of symbols regularly used with their specific meaning. At times, however, we have found it more practical to use some of the listed symbols to represent a different concept. In other instances, clarity required making the symbolic representation more precise (e.g., by being more specific as to the time dimension of an interest rate). Roman Alphabet a Amount invested in the risky asset; in Chapter 14, fraction of wealth invested in the risky asset or portfolio AT Transpose of the matrix (or vector)A c Consumption; in Chapter 14 only, consumption is represented by C, while c represents ln C ck Consumption of agent k in state of nature θ θ CE Certainty equivalent CA Price of an American call option CE Price of a European call option d Dividend rate or amount ∆ Number of shares in the replicating portfolio (Chapter xx E The expectations operator ek Endowment of agent k in state of nature θ θ f Futures position (Chapter 16); pf Price of a futures contract (Chapter 16) F, G Cumulative distribution functions associated with densities: f, g Probability density functions K The strike or exercise price of an option K(˜) Kurtosis of the random variable x x ˜ L A lottery...
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...discounted cash flow valuation methods. Different alternatives for determining the discounted value of tax shields and their implications for the valuation∗ Pablo Fernández PricewaterhouseCoopers Professor of Corporate Finance IESE Business School, University of Navarra Camino del Cerro del Aguila 3. 28023 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: fernandezpa@iese.edu Abstract This paper addresses the valuation of firms by cash flow discounting. The first part shows that the four most commonly used discounted cash flow valuation methods (free cash flow discounted at the WACC; cash flow for equityholders discounted at the required return on the equity flows; capital cash flow discounted at the WACC before taxes; and Adjusted Present Value) always give the same value. The disagreements in the various theories on the valuation of the firm arise from the calculation of the discounted value of tax shields (VTS). The paper shows and analyses 7 different theories on the calculation of the VTS: Modigliani and Miller (1963), Myers (1974), Miller (1977), Miles and Ezzell (1980), Harris and Pringle (1985), Ruback (1995), Damodaran (1994), and Practitioners method. The paper also shows the changes that take place in the valuation formulas when the debt's market value does not match its book value. JEL Classification: G12, G31, M21 October 16, 2008 (First version: July 2, 1999) Another version of this paper may be found in chapters 17, 18, 19 and 21 of the author's book Valuation Methods and Shareholder...
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...Portfolio Insurance, edited by Don Luskin (John Wiley and Sons 1988)] [reprinted in The Handbook of Financial Engineering, edited by Cliff Smith and Charles Smithson (Harper and Row 1990)] [reprinted in Readings in Futures Markets published by the Chicago Board of Trade, Vol. VI (1991)] [reprinted in Vasicek and Beyond: Approaches to Building and Applying Interest Rate Models, edited by Risk Publications, Alan Brace (1996)] [reprinted in The Debt Market, edited by Stephen Ross and Franco Modigliani (Edward Lear Publishing 2000)] [reprinted in The International Library of Critical Writings in Financial Economics: Options Markets edited by G.M. Constantinides and A..G. Malliaris (Edward Lear Publishing 2000)] Abstract This paper presents a simple discrete-time model for valuing options. The fundamental economic principles of option pricing by arbitrage methods are particularly clear in this setting. Its development requires only elementary mathematics, yet it contains as a special limiting case the celebrated Black-Scholes model, which has previously been derived only by much more difficult methods. The basic model readily lends itself to generalization in many ways. Moreover, by its very construction, it gives rise to a simple and efficient numerical procedure for valuing options for which premature exercise may be optimal. ____________________ † Our best thanks go to William Sharpe, who first suggested to us the advantages of the discrete-time...
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...Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) Overview Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) System References None Distribution Job Title* Ownership The Job Title [list@YourCompany.com?Subject=EDUxxxxx] is responsible for ensuring that this document is necessary and that it reflects actual practice. Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) [pic] Schedule: Timing Topic minutes Lecture minutes Practice minutes Total Objectives [pic] Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) Overview [pic] Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) Overview [pic] Accounting Methods Builder (AMB) Overview This diagram shows a hierarchy of the AMB, indicating how the components fit together. The transaction objects and the sources carry transaction information into the rules defined for each component of an entry. These components, i.e. journal line type, account derivation rule, and journal entry descriptions are grouped together as a journal line definition (JLD) for a particular event. For example, you can set up a JLD for an invoice validation event, another for payment creation, and another for payment clearing. The set of rules for a particular subledger application is called the application accounting definition (AAD). The set of AADs for multiple applications is called the subledger accounting method. You can maintain multiple accounting methods. You can set up as many components as you like and use them for different accounting...
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