...HAVE YOU READ SECTION A? Gender and nutrition in emergencies Emergencies are often characterized by a high prevalence of acute malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency diseases, which in turn lead to increased risk of death among the affected population and in particular among vulnerable groups. Women, girls, boys and men face different risks in relation to a deterioration in their nutritional status in emergency contexts. These different vulnerabilities are related both to their differing nutritional requirements and to socio-cultural factors related to gender. Good nutrition programming must take due account of gender issues at all stages of the project cycle — from participatory assessment and analysis through to surveillance, implementation of interventions, monitoring and evaluation. How do gender issues affect nutritional status? * In crisis situations where food is in short supply, women and girls are more likely to reduce their food intake as a coping strategy in favour of other household members. This can contribute to under-nutrition among women and girls. Breastfeeding Challenges in Transition and Emergency Contexts Following the October 2005 earthquake in Kashmir, Pakistan, women frequently shared a shelter with distant male relatives and/or non-related men. The lack of privacy and support led many women to stop breastfeeding as they felt uncomfortable exposing their breasts in front of men. This emphasizes the urgent need for lactation corners in emergency...
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...Children Nutritional Services Program Margaret Russell Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Nutritional Services is a federal program that provides health care and proper nutrition to low income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women during a crucial time for both mothers and babies. The mission of WIC is to “safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children up to age 5 who are at nutrition risk by providing nutritious foods to supplement diets, information on healthy eating, and referrals to health care.” (Food and Nutrition Service, 2010). Services are provided through various health clinics, hospitals, schools, community centers, and public housing centers. In the United States alone, WIC operates from 1,900 local agencies in 10,000 clinic sites, within state health departments (Food and Nutrition Service, 2010). Most state WIC programs provide vouchers that participants use at authorized food stores. A variety of state and local organizations cooperate in providing food and health care benefits to mothers. Currently, 46,000 stores in the United States accept WIC vouchers (Food and Nutrition Service, 2010). Through recent studies, it is proven that a substantial amount of pregnant women do not receive adequate nutrition and health care due to their lack of income. Socioeconomic status is connected to an individual's chance of survival at birth and during their first year. Women from lower socio-economic groups tend to have shorter pregnancies...
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...Nutritional Status & Agricultural Growth in Economic Development of Bangladesh Introduction Bangladesh faces an unfinished agenda with regard to nutrition. Child under nutrition rates remain among the highest in the world. Infant stunting and underweight rates in Bangladesh are above those in Sub-Saharan Africa (50% vs. 30% for underweight and 50% vs. 40% for stunting) despite the latter’s higher poverty rates. A key underlying factor, maternal malnutrition remains intractable despite efforts to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women. Iron deficiency anemia affects nearly 50% of all pregnant and lactating women. A direct consequence of this is low birth weight, which affects 30-50% of all newborns. It limits children’s growth potential and increases their vulnerability to infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases later in life. It also damages their ability to learn and develop useful skills, which exposes them to poverty and further under nutrition. Bangladesh is thus characterized by a cycle of intergenerational poverty, ill-health and malnutrition. To-date, public sector investments to address this have had very little impact because they were limited in scale and scope. Malnutrition is a multi-dimensional problem requiring interventions that cut across sectorial boundaries. Sustained improvements in nutrition outcomes are achieved not only through improved food security, but also changes in behaviours and knowledge regarding dietary diversity, child care...
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...Healthier mothers and babies have resulted from better hygiene and nutrition, availability of antibiotics, greater access to health care and technologic advances in maternal and neonatal medicine. Since 1900, infant mortality has decreased 90%, and maternal mortality has decreased 99%. 1 WIC provides nutritious foods, nutrition education (including breastfeeding promotion and support), and referrals to health and other social services to participants at no charge. WIC serves low-income pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, and infants and children up to age 5 who are at nutrition risk. 2 The interviewee is a Registered Dietician at Mary’s Center. She is responsible for assessing nutritional needs, diet restrictions and current health plans to develop and implement dietary-care plans and provide nutritional counseling. It was interesting to learn that the WIC program is just not available in the United States but also to Military families overseas in places such as Germany, England, Japan, Portugal etc. The Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Overseas Program provides several important benefits: nutritious food that will contribute to a healthier diet, education on nutrition and proper diet, tips on how to prepare a balanced meal, nutrition and health screening, and access to other resources to lead a healthy life. WIC Overseas is designed to provide additional nutritional food items to supplement other foods purchased by eligible beneficiaries. 3 References: ...
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...Definition of Nutrition Nutrition is the sum total of the processes involved in taking in and the utilization of food substances by which growth, repair and maintenance of the body are accomplished. It involves ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation. Nutrients are stored by the body in various forms and drawn upon when the food in take is not sufficient. Nutritional Knowledge Man knows about science and about a thousand and one other things but about nutrition he knows virtually nothing. That happens to be one of the sciences about which man is blissfully ignorant. even though his welfare, existence, health and life itself depend upon it. Importance of Nutritional Knowledge Poor nutrition is a chronic problem linked to poverty, poor nutrition understanding and practices, and deficient sanitation and food security. Malnutrition globally provides many challenges to individuals and societies. Lack of proper nutrition contributes to worse class performance, lower test scores, and eventually less successful students and a less productive and competitive economy. Malnutrition and its consequences are immense contributors to deaths and disabilities worldwide. Promoting good nutrition helps children grow, promotes human development and advances economic growth and eradication of poverty. About Malnutrition Malnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients. In developed countries, the diseases...
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...The WIC program provides mothers that have an inadequate income that are eligible, with monthly benefits on a card. The WIC program is means tested and is only available to those who qualify. Eligibility is limited to postpartum women, pregnant women, breastfeeding women, infants, and children of low-income families deemed to be at nutritional risk by a professional authority. In addition if a child or person is at nutritional risk, and their family qualifies for SSI, federal free and reduced lunch, or SNAP food benefits they are also eligible. The WIC program is designed to meet the immediate nutritional needs for the specified target population. However, the program has a long range goal of improving the nutritional health of women, infants, and...
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...10 – Nutrition through the Life Span: Pregnancy and Infancy Adequate nutrition before pregnancy establishes physical readiness and nutrient stores to support fetal growth. Both underweight and overweight women should strive for appropriate body weights before pregnancy. Newborns who weigh less than 51/2 pounds face greater health risks than normal-weight infants. The healthy development of the placenta depends on adequate nutrition before pregnancy. Placental development, implantation, and early critical periods depend on maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy. Pregnancy brings physiological adjustments that demand increased intakes of energy and nutrients. A balanced diet that includes more nutrient-dense foods from each of the five food groups can help to meet these needs. Due to their key roles in cell reproduction, folate and vitamin B12 are needed in large amounts during pregnancy. Folate plays an important role in preventing neural tube defects. All pregnant women, but especially those who are less than 25 years of age, need to pay special attention to calcium to ensure adequate intakes. Fluoride supplements are not recommended for pregnant women who drink fluoridated water, but for those who live in communities where the water is not fluoridated, a fluoride supplement may protect fetal teeth. A daily iron supplement is recommended for all pregnant women during the second and third trimesters. Iron interferes with zinc absorption, so women taking...
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...Many people in today’s society with low income wonder how they would feed their children, pregnant women who cannot afford formula for their baby, and a decent place to stay. Today, there are poor mother’s in the society who worry about is there baby going to have formula, some even worry about if they have all the information to meet the standard to get the free program. Some people today with low income cannot afford a place to stay or do not have enough money to pay high rent every month. Some wonder if they can apply for Section 8 housing program would they be accepted and receive the free benefit. Welfare is a great program that offers different program the help low income people. Welfare offers different programs such as Food Stamps, Section 8, and...
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...CHAPTER 14 Motivation for Eating and the Nutrition Transition in the Philippines Steven R. Hawks, Hala N. Madanat, TeriSue Smith and M. Lelinneth B. Novilla INTRODUCTION To a large extent, the growing epidemic of global obesity can be explained by rapid changes in dietary patterns that are taking place in both developed and developing societies (Rigby et al., 2004). Specifically, traditional diets that were rich in grains, fiber, fruits and vegetables, are giving way to modern diets that are high in fat, sugar, and sodium (Popkin, 1994). The United States, as one example, progressed through the nutrition transition over a period of approximately 100 years and has now fully transitioned from a traditional to modern diet (Popkin, 2001a). Currently, the U.S. diet derives approximately 33% of calories from fat (Popkin et al., 2001) and the U.S. has achieved one of the highest levels of obesity in the world (23.5%) (Flegal et al., 2002). The prevalence of American obesity continues to climb at alarming rates (a 55% increase between 1980-1994) (Mokdad et al., 2003). Other countries are going through similar nutrition transitions, but at accelerated rates and often with more harmful results (Popkin, 2002). The global epidemic of overnutrition and obesity poses one of the major public health challenges of the coming century (James, 2004). It has been argued that the nutrition transition is an expected consequence of the demographic and economic changes that accompany development (Popkin...
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...Describe concept of energy density of food Identify the different types of nutrition research design Describe process of peer review & why it is important Define the Dietary Reference Intake terms (AI, RDA, AMDR, etc) Explain the information conveyed through MyPlate Types of information & data gathered to complete a nutrition assessment of an individual; give examples within each (also covered in Ch 17) Qualifications/education of a registered dietitian Credible sources of nutrition information Warning signs of quacky nutrition products Ch 2 Planning Healthful diet Describe the principles of diet planning Know how to calculate nutrient density of food Describe the Exchange List Describe the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 Recommendation for intake of whole-grains Definitions of the Dietary Reference Intakes Information included on a food label Nutrient fortification vs. enrichment of food Know how to calculated % total kcals from fat, carb, protein: e.g., for a 2000-kcal diet with 25% kcals from fat, how many grams fat are consumed? Types of food label health claims allowed by FDA Vegetarian diets – health benefits; nutrients of concern Ch 17 Nutrition care & assessment Calculation of BMI Major responsibilities for patient nutrition care assumed by MD, RD, RN Define/describe Medical Nutrition Therapy Biochemical indicators of nutrition status Methods of food intake assessment Understand “functional...
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...2011). In addition to these five main languages there are 21 dialects that branch off of these There are many factors that contribute to the extremely high rates of malnutrition in the country of Guatemala. Poverty, socioeconomic status, and education level all play a part. The disadvantaged Guatemalan is considered indigenous. Much racism goes on between indigenous and non-indigenous “Ladino’s.” Ladinos mainly rule the country (BBC, 2012). The amount of education is directly correlated with the amount of money made. The per capita GDP of Guatemala is $3,177 ranked 16 out of 19 in all of the Latin American Countries (Edwards, 2002). Guatemala has an approximate population of 14,027, 000. The life expectancy for men is 66 years old and for women 77 years old. Guatemala has the largest economy in Central America but it also has the lowest growth rates of human development (Edwards, 2002). Fifty one percent of the population lives in poverty. The majority of people living in poverty reside in rural areas and make up seventy-one percent of the population in poverty. Of this poverty population sixty-eight percent are Mayan or indigenous people (Edwards, 2002). More indigenous people live in poverty and are malnourished. Many of the Mayan people of Guatemala lack...
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...Nutrition: A Handbook for Community Nurses JUDY BUTTRISS SARA STANNER AMANDA WYNNE WHURR PUBLISHERS Nutrition A Handbook for Community Nurses This page intentionally left blank Nutrition A Handbook for Community Nurses JUDY BUTTRISS PhD, SRD, RPHNutr Science Director, British Nutrition Foundation AMANDA WYNNE BSc, MSc, PGDipDiet, SRD and SARA STANNER BSc(Hons), MSc, RPHNutr Nutrition Scientist British Nutrition Foundation SERIES EDITOR MARILYN EDWARDS BSC(Hons), SRN, FETC Specialist Practitioner, General Practice Nursing, Bilbrook Medical Centre, Staffordshire W WHURR PUBLISHERS LONDON AND PHILADELPHIA © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd First published 2001 by Whurr Publishers Ltd 19b Compton Terrace London N1 2UN England and 325 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia PA 19106 USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Whurr Publishers Limited. This publication is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed upon any subsequent purchaser. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue...
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...it will enable you to understand and offer suitable foods to ensure your nutritional needs are met. Macronutrients are the nutrients that provide calories and energy in a diet, nutrients are needed for growth, metabolism and for other body functions. As “macro” means large, macronutrients are the nutrients needed in large amounts, There are three different types of macronutrients; carbohydrates which is made up of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues, these are included in starch, sugars and cellulose. Protein is the digestion to amino acids and has relationships with muscle mass; protein also affects the activity and metabolic rates. Lipids are the third main class of macronutrients needed in human nutrition. Lipids are found primarily in meats, and dairy foods. They are a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids. Micronutrients are different from macronutrients (like carbohydrates, proteins and fat) they are only necessary in tiny amounts. Nevertheless micronutrients are essential for good health, if you have a micronutrient deficiencies it can cause serious health problems. Micronutrient includes a lot of dietary minerals such as zinc and iodine these are necessary for the healthy functioning of your body’s system, from bone growth to brain function. Micronutrients are commonly known as “vitamins” the vitamins they hold are vitamin A, C, D, and K. Making sure that you eat these vitamins in a healthy balanced diet is really important...
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...In 1972 concern over malnutrition among low income pregnant women ,infants and young children arose, as a response in 1974,The special supplemental nutrition program for women ,infants,and children (WIC) was operating in 45 states. however it was not until 1975 were the legislation established it as a permanent social program funded by the federal government. WIC provides additional foods, health care guidance ,and nutritional information, for low income pregnant ,breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding postpartum women,as well as infants and children up to the age of five, who are at nutritional danger .To be eligible for WIC program individuals must meet certain requirements ,as well as going to thru a process.WIC program has benefited countless...
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...benefits, or are deceased, widows or widowers who are aged 50 to 60 that developed a disability before or within seven years of an insured spouse’s death. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) provides nutritious foods, nutrition education (including breastfeeding promotion and support), and referrals to health and other social services to participants for no charge. WIC aids low-income pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, and infants and children up to age 5 who are at nutrition risk. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children also known as WIC is a Federal grant program for which Congress authorizes a specific amount of funding each year for program operations. The Food and Nutrition Service, which administers the program at the Federal level, provides these funds to WIC State agencies (State health departments or comparable agencies) to pay for WIC foods, nutrition education, breastfeeding promotion and support, and administrative costs. The most eligible to receive this benefit are pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and infants that seem to be at nutrition risk because of a nutrition-related medical condition, children at nutrition risk because of a nutrition-related medical problem, non-breastfeeding, postpartum women with a nutritional risk, individuals that are at nutritional risk because they are homeless or migrants, and also current participants who, without WIC foods, could continue to...
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