...TASK2 EXPERIMENT 3; ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE AND CULTURING MICROBES: Upon completion of the lab, write a brief essay (suggested length of 1-2 pc in which you; ⦁ A. Describe the difference between an obligate and facultative aerobe. Obligate aerobes are organisms that grow only in the presence of oxygen while facultative anaerobes are organisms that grows with or without oxygen, but generally grow better with oxygen. Also, obligate aerobes obtains energy from aerobic respiration while facultative aerobes obtains energy from aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation. ⦁ B. Discuss the temperature requirements of the organisms (you grew) in this lab. 1. Explain what type of organism they are (based on their temperature requirement). B. The temperature requirement of the organism I grew was within the room temperature of 25-45 degrees centigrade. This is a favorable temperature for growth of the organism I grew. B.1 This type of organisms are called mesophiles which refers to bacteria that grow best at moderate temperature. ⦁ C. Discuss under what condition you would want to control the growth of microbes. ⦁ 1. Explain what type of control you would employ in each situation C. Growth of microbes is being control under the following conditions; medicine, food science and agriculture. In Agriculture, growth of microbes is being controlled to prevent death of crops which leads to little or no produce. In medicine and food science growth of...
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...MLT1 TASK 2 Western Governor’s University April 02, 2015 Task: A. The difference between Facultative and Obligate aerobes is that while both aerobes require oxygen to survive facultative aerobes can survive with or without oxygen to survive. Obligate aerobes require oxygen to live and grow organisms, with facultative aerobes can grow live and grow organisms with or without oxygen depending on the certain conditions and organisms. B. According to labpaq (labpaq, received 2015) it stated it was very important to keep the temp at 37 degrees. 37 degrees is a prime temperature for S. epidermis and L. acidophilus bacteria that commonly live on the skin to grow. C. It is very important to control the growth of microbes one way to do this is with adequate aseptic technique. For example cleaning IV poles, blood pressure machines, stethoscopes using “sani wipes” or other disinfectants is appropriate. For proper aseptic technique in control growth on humans, I would use first and foremost proper hand washing, then things like iodine, alcohol, and hibicleanse. D. There are several forms of culture media. “Media can be either liquid (nutrient broth) or solid (agar).” (ScienceProf) “Very few forms of Microorganisms can degrade agar, so it usually remains in a solid form.” (Microbiology, Demystified, 2005) Agar slant puts the test tubes on its side to grow. Agar dishes are plates that lie flat to grow bacteria. “A culture made by inserting an inoculating nee...
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...MLT1 Project Lisa Davidson Western Governors University May 17, 2015 MLT1 Project A. Difference Between an Obligate and Facultative Aerobe An obligate aerobe has to have oxygen to grow, while a facultative aerobe can survive with oxygen present or no oxygen present (Todar, 2012). B. Temperature Requirements and Types of Organisms The temperature requirement for this experiment is twenty-four degrees Celsius or above which is room temperature. The two types of organisms cultured are lactobacillus acidophilus and staphylococcus epidermidis. Lactobacillus acidophilus is a probiotic which is a live bacteria that is good for your health and found naturally in foods like yogurt. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a gram positive organism which is found naturally on our skin. C. Conditions Necessary to Control Microbe Growth In this experiment, microbe growth was controlled by providing access to oxygen, which was achieved by loosening the tops on the test tubes, and maintaining a constant temperature of twenty-four degree celsius or above. Also needed for the lactobacillus acidophilus to grow, was nine milliliters of MRS broth media. In order for the staphylococcus epidermidis to grow, five milliliters of nutrient broth was needed to house a cotton swab that was moistened and rubbed on skin. Microbial growth is not bad if it is a good microbe; however, certain microbes cause disease. This growth left uncontrolled can cause individuals to become sick or even die. To...
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...Task two A. Describe the difference between an obligate and facultative aerobe. Obligate aerobe refers to the organisms that cannot survive in environments without any presence of oxygen. Facultative aerobes refer to the organisms that can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they do not require it to survive (Gillespie, Hawkey, & Wiley, 2006). B. Discuss the temperature requirements of the organisms in this lab. The temperature requirement of the organisms in this lab is approximately 37℃. These organisms require this optimum temperature for enzyme reactions to take place. Too low temperature below the optimum deactivates enzymes reactions while too high temperatures above optimum denature enzymes. S. cerevisiae, s. epidermis and l. acidophilus are facultative anaerobe (Gillespie, Hawkey, & Wiley, 2006). C. Discuss under what conditions you would want to control the growth of microbes. To grow bacteria in a laboratory the conditions in the lab needs to mimic the particular microbes natural environmental. To culture microbe’s sterile, disinfecting, aseptic techniques need to be used. For instance, aseptic techniques are also needed to transfer food to the microbe. Sterilization is a process of destroying all forms of life on an object or in a material including endospores. Disinfectant are chemicals which kill growing microbes, but not necessarily spore and are...
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...requirements. Some bacteria require oxygen; some can grow with or without it and some are actually killed by oxygen. Bacteria are generally classified into three main groups with respect to oxygen: 1. Obligate aerobes: Like humans, these organisms have an absolute requirement for oxygen. Because aerobic metabolism generates the toxic byproduct hydrogen peroxide, obligate aerobes must produce the enzyme catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen gas. 2. Obligate anaerobes: Not only do these organisms not require oxygen, they are often killed in its presence. Because anaerobic metabolism does not generate hydrogen peroxide, obligate anaerobes generally do not produce catalase. The causative agent of botulism, Clostridium botulinum is an obligate anaerobe. Since the canning process removes the air, Clostridium botulinum can grow in inadequately sterilized canned foods. This isn't normally a problem in fresh foods since they are exposed to air. 3. Facultative anaerobes: These organisms will use oxygen in their metabolism if it is available, but can also grow without oxygen. Again, since aerobic metabolism generates hydrogen peroxide, they produce catalase. E. coli, which is normal flora of the intestine, is an example of a facultative anaerobe. In addition to these three basic categories of oxygen requirements, bacteria may also be classified as microaerophillic (requires oxygen, but can only tolerate limited amounts), aerotolerant...
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...Task Stream 2 Microbiology can be broken down into categorizations based upon the environmental conditions necessary for organisms in which to grow. Two large categories of microorganisms are those requiring oxygen to live (obligate aerobes) and those which can grow with oxygen but have the ability to also grow without it (facultative aerobes). The obligate aerobes produce more energy from nutrients than anaerobes by using oxygen as the “final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which produces most of the ATP in these organisms”(Betsy & Keogh, 2005, p.104). The facultative microorganisms are able to use oxygen but can also go without by using fermentation or anaerobic respiration when it is not available (Betsy & Keogh,2005). The microorganisms being cultured in our first task (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) are obligate aerobes. Microorganisms can grow in a variety of conditions with temperature being one of those variables, but the types we frequently encounter in our environment thrive in fairly warm temperatures. Both Lactobacillus acidophilus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are examples of these, which are referred to as mesophiles. Extreme temperatures (as in deep freezing or auotoclaves for example) are effective in destroying microorganisms due to their inability to thrive outside of more moderate temperatures). Growth of these two organisms would be optimized by remaining between 25 and 40 degrees celsius (Betsy...
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...Microbiology Task 2 Obligate aerobes are organisms that only grow when oxygen is present. Obligate aerobes get energy from aerobic respiration. Facultative aerobes are organisms that can live with or without oxygen present. I incubated L. acidopholis and S. epidermidis at 37C. The incubation sites should stay a consistent temperature for at least 24 hours. Mesophiles are bacteria that best grow in moderate temperatures (between 25-45C). Most bacteria are mesophiles. Mesophile bacteria could include soil bacteria and bacteria that live on or within the body. When you want to prevent the growth of microorganisms you would want to control the growth of microbes. For the transferring of organisms for this experiment I used aseptic technique which is preventing the growth of microbes. There are several methods of sterilization including heat, incineration, boiling, autoclaving, and dry heat. Heat is the most commonly used. Thirty minutes of boiling kills everything except some endospores. Autoclaving is steam under pressure and is good for sterilizing almost anything. Autoclaving kills everything, including endospores. Dry heat is only used for things that won’t melt and must remain dry. Pasteurization kills most vegetative bacterial cells and pathogens. Types of culture media include nutrient and bacterial growth medium. Nutrient media is the standard growth media used for culturing most microbes. Nutrient media is available in both liquid broth and solidified...
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...A. Describe the difference between an obligate and facultative aerobe. Obligate aerobes are bacteria that require oxygen for growth. They will only grow at the top portion of the culture media where it meets the air and has a lot of oxygen. Facultative aerobes grow based on what is available to it. They prefer oxygen but oxygen is not necessary for growth. These aerobes mainly cluster at the top of the culture media where they have a high concentration of oxygen but will dispersed throughout because they do not require oxygen. B. Discuss the temperature requirements of the organisms in this lab. 1. Explain what type of organisms they are. Staphylococcus epidermis and Lactobacillus acidophilus are both a bacteria microbe. They grow best at normal body temperature, close to 370C. Microorganisms are classified according to their preferred temperature ranges. Because both grew at 370C, they would be classified as mesophiles. Mesophiles grow best in moderate temperatures ranging between 250C – 450C (Alonzo, n.d.). C. Discuss under what conditions you would want to control the growth of microbes. 1. Explain what type of control you would employ in each situation. To minimize the risk of contamination from unwanted organisms, aseptic technique is required. In this experiment I washed my hands with antibacterial soap. I then place on gloves to prevent contamination to the cultures from the bacteria on my skin and to protect myself from unintended exposure of unknown...
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...Microbiology Task 2 : Aseptic Technique and Culturing Microbe PAGE 1 A. An obligate aerobe requires oxygen for growth. A facultative aerobe can grow based on what is available and grow with or without oxygen. B. S. Epidermis is found on the skin and L. Acidophillus resides in the intestine. Both are a bacteria/microbe and grow best at normal human body temperature close to 37 degrees celsius. They are mesophiles due to their moderate range temperature requirements.. C. There are multiple times where controlling the growth of microbes is important. At home, you want to avoid growth of microorganisms in the kitchen and while cooking. This is why we boil water for sterilization and cook foods to specific temperatures in order to kill the bacteria. When dealing with raw meats we disinfect the sinks, counters and any area that is possibly contaminated. Antibacterial wipes and sprays are useful for this process. In healthcare, we are sure to use sterile technique when doing certain tasks as not to introduce infection to a patient. In surgical area, they may sterilize the instruments in a hot air oven. D. We use various forms of media for cultures including nutrient broth, agar slant, agar stab, and agar dishes. Nutrient broth is a liquid medium that does not use agar and is used for inoculum preparation. Agar dishes are sterile covered petri dishes filled with a solid medium in them, the agar, and used to test, grow and culture bacteria. For the agar slant...
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...MBK – Lab Report Name: __Jade Smart___ Section: ___________________ Aseptic Technique and Culturing Microbes Part 3: Generating Microbial Cultures: Observe your organisms after 24 hours to assess the growth patterns of all tubes. If there is no observable growth allow the tubes to incubate an additional 24 hours. Record your observations. Questions: A. What is the difference between a bactericidal and bacteriostatic agent? Between sterilization and disinfecting? The difference between the two is that bactericidal kills bacteria directly. While bacteriostatic stops the bacteria from growing. Bactericidal will injure the plasma membrane and the cell will leak out, killing it. Bacteriostatic stops bacteria from replicating. The main difference between sterilization and disinfection is, that sterilization kills all microorganisms, while disinfection eliminates harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces. Sources: http://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-antibiotics-bacteriocidal-vsbacteriostatic-narrow-spectrum-vs-broad-spectrum.html http://www.diffen.com/difference/Disinfect_vs_Sterilize B. List five sterilization methods, how they work, and what they are used for. The first form is steam. A machine called an autoclave is heated to 121-134 degrees Celsius. You hold the object there for 15 minutes for 121 degree Celsius or 3 minutes at 134 degree Celsius. It is used to inactivate all fungi, bacteria, viruses,...
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...oxygen is no longer being removed. Because of the oxygen gradient in the tube, the location of the bacterial growth indicates its sensitivity to the presence of oxygen. Obligate aerobes require oxygen, so they will grow only at the very top. Obligate anaerobes are killed by oxygen; their growth is only apparent at the very bottom of the tube. Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen, but because they grow better in its presence, they are most dense at the top of the tube and slowly decrease towards the bottom. Microaerophiles grow best with a limited amount of oxygen; they can be seen in the middle of the tube. Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen but are not harmed by it either, so their growth is virtually uniform throughout the test tube. My thioglycollate culture showed most bacterial growth concentrated at the top but present throughout. This is representative of a facultative anaerobe; my bacterium can use oxygen when it is present, but when it is unavailable, growth continues through fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Yet another frequently identified characteristic of bacteria is the presence of the enzyme catalase, which breaks hydrogen peroxide down into oxygen and water. Catalase is produced by microorganisms that can aerobically respire, such as obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes. It provides protection against toxic oxygen products, like hydrogen peroxide, that can destroy cells. To detect this enzyme, a tryptic soy agar slant is inoculated...
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...Research: Thiobacillus Thiobacillus are small, Gram-negative, rod-shaped cells (0.3–0.5 × 0.9–4.0 µm). Some species are motile by means of polar flagella. No resting stages known. Energy is derived by the oxidation of one or more reduced sulfur compounds, including sulfides, sulfur, thiosulfate, polythionates, and thiocyanate. Sulfate is the end product of sulfur-compound oxidation, but sulfur, sulfite, and polythionates may be accumulated by most species, sometimes transiently. All species can fix carbon dioxide by means of the Benson–Calvin cycle and are capable of autotrophic growth; some species are obligate chemolithotrophic, (this means a bacterium that obtains its energy from inorganic compounds containing iron, nitrogen, or sulfur, and not from living on decaying organisms) while others are chemoorganotrophic. The genus currently includes obligate aerobes and facultative denitrifiers. Denitrifiers contribute to the nitrogen cycle which consists of the ongoing processes that Nitrogen has to undertake as it is the largest gas compound in the atmosphere. Their primary purpose being to metabolize nitrogenous compounds, with the assistance of the nitrate reductase enzyme, to turn oxides back to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxides for energy generation. The process of denitrification lowers the fertility rate of reproduction of the soil and thus is less common in areas where the land is rather well-cultivated. But this loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere can eventually be regained...
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...Unit 1 An overview of Microbiology 1. What prevented the science of microbiolgy from developing before the era of van Leeuwenhoek? 2. How did Pasteur's swan neck flask experiment show that the concept of spontaneous generation was invalid? 3. If the Chickungunya virus epidemic had first started in Jamaica, how would you identify the cause of the disease? 4. What is a pure culture? How is this important in microbiology? 5. How would you convince a friend that microorganisms are not just agents of disease but make significant contributions to their lives? 6. Describe 5 ways humans exploit microorganisms for their benefit. 7. What factors might cause some older diseases to show an increase in number of cases. UNIT 2 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Biology 1. Describe the structure of the cell membrane and describe its components. 2. Explain the following terms with the use of diagrams: a) isotonic b) hypertonic c) hypotonic 3. Compare diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and group translocation. UNIT 3 Main Groups of Microorganisms 1. Discuss reproduction of algae and fungi. 2. Describe how protozoa are classified. Give the name of member of each group and a disease caused by that organism. 3. Outline how viruses reproduce UNIT 4 Bacteria 1. Outline the process of endospore formation 2. Draw and label the structure of flagella found in gram negative organisms 3. State the various...
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...Tissue: epithelial (avascular no blood vessels), connective (may be solid or liquid, cartilage bone, fat tissue, blood, lymph), Neural tissue, muscle tissue (allow movement, keep joint stable, postural control, produce heat) Three types: skeletal: voluntary control, striated; smooth: involuntary, non-strated; cardiac: involuntary, striated. Epithelial: simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal , columnar. 1.Simple squamous epithelium: mesothelia lining ventral body cavities; endothelia lining heart and blood vessels, portion of kidney tubules( thin section of nephron loops); inner lining of cornea, alveoli of lungs. Function: reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, and performs absorption and secretion. 2. Stratified squamous epith: surface of skin, lining of mouth, oral cavity, throat, pharynx, oesophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina (yindao). Function: provide physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack. 3.Simple cuboidal epith: glands, ducts, portion of kidney tubules, thyroid glands. Function: limited protection, secretion, absorption. 4. Stratified cub ep: lining of some ducts function: protection, secretion, absorption. 5. Transitional epithelium: urinary bladder, renal pelvis; ureters. Function: permits expansion and recoil after stretching. 6. Simple columnar ep: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting duct of kidneys. Function: protection, secretion, absorption. 7. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi:...
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...Biodiversity - variety & # of life forms on earth Species - breed that can interbreed naturally Morphological Species Concept: species r organisms that look anatomically similar Recognition Species Concept: species r organisms that can recognize each other as potential mates Biological Species Concept: species r individuals in a population that can breed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring Hybridization- crossbreeding between species (rare) (ex, liger, mule) Types of Biodiversity * genetic diversity: sexual reproduction cases unique inherited combinations of traits * ecosystem diversity: variety of organisms and their environment * diversity of interactions: interdependence of species = stability * diversity of habitats: structural diversity increases biodiversity Loss of biodiversity -affects food -medicine -economics -carbon cycle ______________________________________________________________________________ Taxonomy (to arrange) - the science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms - classification based on similarities in structure and function - classifying helps us find/identify and understand Seven Levels Remember Katy Perry's Cat Ordered Fine Guacamole Sunday King Phillip Came Over From Germany, Stinky 1. Species 2. Genus 3. Family - animals end in "-idae" , plants end in " -aceae" 4. Order 5. Class 6. Phylum 7. Kingdom Classification for humans: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata ...
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