...Paper-I Principles of Geography Physical Geography i) Geomorphology : Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Landscape development ; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development ;Appl ied Geomorphology: Geohydrology, economic geology and environment ii) Climatology : Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fronto genesis, Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change and role and response of man in climatic changes, Applied climatology and Urban climate. iii) Oceanography : Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs, coral bleaching; sealevel changes; law of the sea and marine pollution. iv) Biogeography :...
Words: 1084 - Pages: 5
...1) Modern astronomy basically begins with the re-emergence of the heliocentric view of the universe by Copernicus. Who were the four other major contributors to the development of modern astronomy after Copernicus? Explain what those contributions were. Finally, why did it take so long for the geocentric view of the universe to be overthrown and what does that tell us about scientific research and our society, even today? Copernicus release his theory of the heliocentric view while he was on his death bed. Primary reason for this was because of the Catholic’s church control on society at the time and the effects it would have on religious society stating that the earth was not the center of the universe. After Copernicus released his theory, other key astronomers that supported and advanced Capernicus’ theory included Galileo, Keppler, Brahe, and Newton. Galileo Galilei, a contributed to astronomy and physics, advanced the use of the telescope towards use in astronomy. because of his invention, and ability to view the planets and starts, he identified four of Jupiters moons, and the phases of Venus which directly supported Copernicus’ theory, that earth, like the other planets, revolved around the sun, and moons, revolved around their planets. Tyco Brahe, an astronomer, under the support of King Frederick the II, established an observatory on the Danish island of Hveen. The establishment of this observatory was critical for the next 20 years in establishing observations...
Words: 2924 - Pages: 12
...CURRICULUM OF GEOGRAPHY For 4 years BS & 2 years MS (Revised 2009) | | HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC Dr. Syed Sohail H. Naqvi Executive Director Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shahikh Member (Acad) Miss Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri) Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Deputy Director (Curri) Mr. Shafiullah Deputy Director Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad CONTENTS 1. Introduction………………………………… 6 2. Aims and Objectives……………………… 10 3. Standardized Format for 4-years BS degree programme ………………………. 12 4. Scheme of Studies for BS …………………. 14 5. Details of Courses for BS …………………. 16 6. Elective Group Papers ……………………. 45 7. Scheme of Studies for MS Programme …. 48 8. Details of Courses for MS …………………. 50 9. Optional Courses Model……………………. 56 10. Recommendations …………………………. 61 11. Annexures A,B,C,D & E …………………… 63 PREFACE Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of progress of the nation. The world has turned into a global village; new ideas and information are pouring in like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our curricula regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of knowledge. In exercise...
Words: 17448 - Pages: 70
...Running head: GEOGRAPHY AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION OF Geography and the Development and Diffusion of Human Societies GKE1- Western Governors University Geography and the Development and Diffusion of Human Societies Evaluating and researching how environmental and geographical factors, such as the availability of resources and location of land have affected and continue to affect the human race through development, distribution, and diffusion is not only intriguing but complex as well. The ancient site of Mesopotamia, appears to have been the first look at the world’s civilization. Mesopotamia; is Greek for between two rivers. This actually created a significant physical geographical factor that contributed to the Mesopotamian people, the land being fertile, and the beginning of civilization and urbanization. Mesopotamia was flat land that was situated between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. The land was rich in nutrients and clay that allowed for the Mesopotamian people to plant crops, build shelters to live in and store their harvested crops, also allowed for the benefits of domestication of animals. Even through all of the development of their lands it was not without transgression, they did have to overcome many environmental issues: floods, droughts, storms, dust, heat, disease and even death. The Mesopotamian people held strong and allowed them to overcome and prosper (Mark, 2009) (Guisepi, 1998) (Historical TV, 2013). With...
Words: 1313 - Pages: 6
...The regional geography of Canada is partitioned into sections that make the country’s landscape unique. These include the Cordillera, pacific coast, prairies, Canadian shield, Appalachian region, and the arctic, among others. The arctic is identified as the fiercest and the most majestic locations, in all of Canada. Recent advancement in infrastructure has increased the accessibility of the region, which was difficult during the early years. Health services, electricity, transport and business premises are now easily accessed by all the people living in the area. The presence of ice in this region adds up to the beauty of the entire country, and for many years, the domestic settings of the country has been known pose a threat to health of individuals....
Words: 1718 - Pages: 7
...The Lost Tribe of Antiquity An explorer named Abel Cookman had finished his adventure and discovered a lost ancient tribe which he called ‘Antiquity’. He felt amazed by the language of this tribe, and so he made a lot of notes about this lost civilization. Unfortunately, he died, but he left the notes for an investigation of this mysterious tribe. This essay will discuss the geography and location, family, political, economic and trade and culture of Antiquity. Geography and location In the notes, Abel mentioned three dominant geographical terms, designating ‘undulating hills’, ‘dry river bed’, ‘expansive sand dunes’. However, there were no words for ‘snow’ and ‘ice’. What’s more, ‘no terms for fish, pork or veal.’ It suggests that the tribe might have been located in the desert. There are lots of sand dunes in the desert and they might be unable to see the end of the desert. In addition, he mentioned that there were no words for ‘ocean’, but several for fresh water were ‘spring’, ‘oasis’ and ‘water hole’. They didn’t have ‘ocean’ in their language. So, it is likely that they had never seen the ocean. The word ‘water diviner’ stood for praise, therefore it is possible this person would be respected by the people of the tribe as they could find water. Also, palm trees appeared in the notes. Palm trees usually live in a desert and they are important plants and fruits in sub-tropical and arid regions. What’s more, ‘camel’, ‘rat’, ‘goat’, ‘heat’ and ‘dryness’ appeared in the notes...
Words: 1243 - Pages: 5
...Colonizing the West 1496 Words Comparing Colonization After the establishment of the United States, explorers continued the expansion of the nation by organizing new settlements to the West. Settling a new town is an incredibly hard task. I have examined three articles by historians who discuss the experiences of two very different settlements and the task they undertook to settle new colonies in different locations for very different reasons. The Mormon settlement in Utah had a different reason for colonization than the settlement at Jamestown as shown through their financial pursuits, leadership examples, basic resources and differences in geography. One of the historians, Karen Kupperman, writes about the settlement of Jamestown. She writes that “even the most privileged [suffered] from food shortage, disease, absence of family and friends, opposition from inhabitants of the land, and sheer exhaustion” (pg. 19). Not every place is similar with the same resources. Each comes with unique characteristics and conditions. She starts off by explaining how organizing settlements in the Northern hemisphere was very different than in the Southern hemisphere. The only model the British had to follow for colonizing was South America. In the North there was no gold or silver to mine for profit nor a large number of natives to enslave. Because of these lacking traits it was difficult to find people who would finance the trip to colonize Jamestown. This brings up the most...
Words: 1509 - Pages: 7
...Society often envisions the oceans as merely a beautiful beach, instead of taking a moment to consider what the ocean’s purpose really is and the vital functions it carries out. The ocean is not just a beautiful place to vacation in the tropics, but it performs many vital ecological processes. The oceans comprise over 70 percent of earth’s surface and also supply about 75 percent of the world’s oxygen. The ocean regulates temperature and provides resources that are crucial to the survival of humans as well as many other species (Smith pg.10). Therefore, if the oceans become incapable of carrying out these vital functions, it could mean the end of life on earth. With so much at the mercy of the oceans, it has become increasingly apparent that measures must be taken to prevent further degradation and harm. In...
Words: 1659 - Pages: 7
...that they typically focus only on English and Math. High Schools keep using this “Teaching to the Test “technique, which only teaches students how to prepare for the FCAT and this narrows the curriculum a lot. This issue leads to the question, “Is the Geography and Math knowledge of an American student as good as European student?” Every year a test is given to every student in High School. This test has basic questions about Geography and it measures the level of every student within their grade. Back in 2010 after collecting back the test from students and grading it, the National Assessment of Education Progress publicized that only a 25% of American schoolchildren passed the test and that only a 20% of 12th graders passed. This is probably one the saddest news America had to deal with when speaking of education. After the news was published to the public, Daniel Edelson, vice president for education with the National Geographic Society, explained in an interview with the Education Writers Association that he was "disappointed" with the results, but not surprised. "We're just not doing a good job educating people with geography," he said, he also admitted that the Department of Education never gave importance to Geography and that they never created a solid program to be taught in High Schools. The problem about High...
Words: 1882 - Pages: 8
...FOUR assignments over the summer! Please review the descriptions of the activities listed below and the anticipated due dates and assessments for each assignment. We will begin our course of study in the year 8,000 B.C.E. and finish the school year looking at modern day issues. The majority of your summer assignments will require you to read, reflect and analyze the one book selected from the list provided. You will also have to complete three basic world religions charts, answer questions about the Neolithic Revolution and complete a geography assignment. You may find links to the documents required for these assignments on my teacher Website http://teacherweb.com/WA/LakesHighSchool/Dunnavant/h0.aspx Please feel free to email me over the summer if you have questions. Sincerely, Ms. Dunnavant adunnava@cloverpark.k12.wa.us Assignment One – WORLD RELIGIONS The influence of major religions and semi-religious philosophies on societies will provide a reoccurring theme throughout the course. It is important for you to be familiar with each religion as we proceed. Please follow the directions below: 1. Visit the following sources: • BBC Religion & Ethics Website http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/ • Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0113529.html 2. Complete each of the following charts (use the link in the handouts section of my teacher web to print the charts): • Western Eurasian Religions Chart • Eastern Eurasian Religions Chart • Classical...
Words: 1449 - Pages: 6
...Urban Geography Name Institution Date The word urban is used to describe a place with high human population density and many built environment features compared to other areas surrounding it while geography is the study of the physical and human or social environments of the Earth. Therefore Urban Geography is concerned with the relations among people, and between people and their environments, in cities and towns across countries in the world (Northam, 1979). Early Urban civilizations Civilizations can be defined as a complex way of life that started as people began to develop urban settlements. The early civilization developed after 3000 BCE, when the rise of agriculture allowed people to have food and economic stability. The rise of agriculture made the agricultural population to advance beyond village life and they could no longer practice farming. The first civilization was witnessed in Mesopotamia now called Iraq and then in Egypt. Civilizations mostly thrived in the Indus Valley by 2500 BCE, in China by 1500 BCE and in Central America, what is now Mexico, by 1200 BCE. Civilizations thereafter developed on every continent except Antarctica (Redman, 1978). Cities Cities can be either merchant cities, primate cities or industrial cities. A merchant is a businessperson who mainly trades in commodities produced by others in an aim of making profit. Merchant cities existed even in the early years where warehouses of prominent and wealthy merchants ‘tobacco lords’...
Words: 576 - Pages: 3
...The Effects of Geography on Colonial America When first setting foot on the U.S Eastern seaboard, explorer George Percy documented that, “Wee (sic) could find… faire meddowes and goodly tall Trees… Fresh-waters… I was almost ravished at the first sight” (Percy “A Discourse of… Virginia by the English”). Percy and one hundred four other settlers would go on to establish Jamestown, the first successful British colony in the “New World”. Chosen for its geographical military advantages, lush vegetation, and seemingly stable, warm climate (Grymes “Jamestown - Why there?”), the location of Jamestown created a viable settlement, economy, and subsequent culture. Throughout the 1600’s, the colonies would expand tenfold, and the consequences of their varying topographical features would divide the land into three territories: New England, the Middle Atlantic, and the Southern colonies. The varied...
Words: 754 - Pages: 4
...1492, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blues and discovered a new world. It was later named the Americas where Spain and England fought over to gain power. In the 1600s, colonies were being set up by England to fulfill mercantilism, the belief that a nation can become rich and powerful by either getting gold and silver or selling more goods than it buys. English immigrants came to the Americas for many different reasons. Their common belief was hope in the new world to have a better life. The north and south colonies were settled largely by English origin settlers where two distinct societies developed. The English settlements had varied reasons for coming to the Americas which led to the different developments in their societies such...
Words: 642 - Pages: 3
...Peru, officially the Republic of Peru is a country located on the western side of South America, whose territory borders the Pacific Ocean to the west and bounded on the north with Ecuador, northeastern Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia and southern Chile. It has a complex geography is dominated by the elevations of the Andes and the Pacific currents, which makes the climates and landscapes as widely varied as the desert coast, the highlands of the high Andes and the rainforest of the Amazon basin, all environments that shape the country as a land of great variety of natural resources. The heterogeneity of geographic and climatic rigors of the country led to the first settlers early Peruvians to the twelfth millennium B.C. to adapt by developing one of the widest range of cultural traditions, as the oldest civilization of Caral that five thousand years ago, around the production cycles of each region, many of which resulted in a regional theocratic states. In early second century B.C., states began to be played, by periods, control of the peoples of the Andes. By the sixteenth century, the later and vast domain of these states, the Inca Empire was annexed by the Spanish conquerors with the support of dissident ethnic groups to Inca. The Spanish crown had established a viceroyalty that included most of its South American colonies. In 1821 the country became independent, basing a state that was immersed in internal and external conflict periods alternating...
Words: 1852 - Pages: 8
...today. The evolution of Hinduism was initially influenced by two factors, geography and agriculturally fertile land. First, geographic isolation provided by the Himalayan Mountains to the north and the oceans to all other directions protected India from outside invaders and influences. This allowed the Indian society to remain unchanged for centuries. Consequently, when Indian people felt unhappiness with their lives they did not seek to change society instead they sought change from within themselves. Secondly, the strong agricultural tradition of the society provided a deep connection and understanding of nature and its cycles. As early agricultural people they sought a religion that would help them to survive their difficult living conditions. Much later they would seek to explain the spiritual world. The religion began with the Indus people who inhabited India before 2700 B.C.E. Many of the basic characteristics of the religion came from this culture including a great respect for and fixation with water. The Indus people had amazingly well developed and carefully planned cities including intricate water and sewage systems. Buildings were constructed on a grid pattern with sewers built under the roads and each house had its own source of water and toilet that could be flushed out to the sewers. This preoccupation with water was surely born because of the importance of water to an agricultural society in an arid climate but it would later carry over to religious...
Words: 301 - Pages: 2
