...The Development of Commercial Space Law MG261 Business Law II John S. Leonard Park University Abstract The commercialization of space progressed at a very slow and easily managed pace for the first four decades after humanity’s emergence into space. Now with the increased interests in space by private sector entities the factor of control has been altered to a point that must be addressed. The radical shift from government based exploration to private sector exploration and development of space based technologies can be attributed to the change in policies by the most influential nations that operate within outer space. The promotion of private industry by the United States of America since the political party lead by President Obama took charge of the government has opened the door for funding and ease of accessibility into outer space. With the potential for profit high, the number of private entities to develop space exploration and exploitation technologies will continue to grow and with this increase comes a need to overview to current space law in order to ensure that it is being implemented accordingly or if it needs to be restructured. The Development of Commercial Space Law Law is defined as, “the principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognized and enforced by judicial decision” (Law). The laws that are...
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...Nations Treaties on Outer Space in African Countries J-A. van Wyk Department of Political Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), P O Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa e-mail: vwykjak@unisa.ac.za Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the five major UN Treaties on Outer Space. Each of these Treaties are briefly discussed and assessed with particular emphasis on aspects relevant to Africa. Very few African countries have ratified these Treaties, as well as enacted domestic space legislation. The paper concludes with an assessment of Africa’s involvement in multilateral space fora such as OOSA and UNCOPUOS. It also offers recommendations to improve African countries’ ratification and compliance with these Treaties. Sommaire. Cet article est une introduction aux cinq traités majeurs de l’ONU, en matière d’espace extra-atmosphérique. Chacun des traités est brièvement discuté et évalué en insistant sur les aspects importants pour l’Afrique. Tres peu d’Etats africains ont ratifié ces traités, ainsi que mis sur pied une législation en matière d’espace. L’article se termine par une évaluation de l’engagement de l’Afrique dans des forums multilatéraux voués à l’espace tels que l’ OOSA et l’ UNCOPUOS. Des recommendations sont également suggérées pour l’amélioration de la ratification et le respect par les Etats africains de ces traités. International Space Law: Context and Text fact that no state can claim sovereignty of or occupy outer space, the Moon or any other...
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...Exam Esequiel Final Garcia Dr. David Lowe ASCI 254 10/16/13 1. Discuss in detail the Deregulation Act and its impact on the airline industry. Include what brought it about, its provisions, and effects on the airlines industry, and its future. The Airline Deregulation Act is a United States federal law signed into law on October 24, 1978. The main purpose of the act was to remove government control over fares, routes and market entry (of new airlines) from commercial aviation. The Civil Aeronautics Board's powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing passengers to be exposed to market forces in the airline industry. The Act, however, did not remove or diminish the FAA's regulatory powers over all aspects of airline safety. a. The effects of this Act. The maintenance of safety as the highest priority in air commerce; Placing maximum reliance on competition in providing air transportation services; The encouragement of air service at major urban areas through secondary or satellite airports; The avoidance of unreasonable industry concentration which would tend to allow one or more air carriers to unreasonably increase prices, reduce services, or exclude competition; and The encouragement of entry into air transportation markets by new air carriers, the encouragement of entry into additional markets by existing air carriers, and the continued strengthening of small air carriers. b. Exposure to competition led to heavy losses and conflicts with labor unions for a...
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...poverty, disease and pollution. As far as opponents of space exploration are concerned, governments of the leading countries should raise social expenditures and increase living standards rather then spend billions on endorsing vain activities in the outer space. However, these people tend to forget how much benefits humankind derives from researching the universe. As a matter of fact I would like to speculate on the perks of discovering the cosmos. There’s no denying the fact that space exploration brings together a lot of smart people from many different fields and puts them to work on some very difficult problems. The result is not only fantastic scientific discoveries, but also many useful inventions. Healthier baby food, technology to diagnose breast cancer more precisely, cellular technology – all these products either ease or improve or save our lives, while they were all created in the course of preparations for researching space. Another strong argument to prove my stance on the issue is that it is only a matter of time before something happens to our planet that is so devastating that it changes the course of life, as we know it. What happens, then, to all of the accomplishments of the last thousand generations of humans? All of our art, our music, our literature, our science, even our very genes could be wiped out. Unless, of course, there are a few humans living elsewhere in the solar system. Space exploration and colonization of the Moon and Mars are an insurance...
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...This brief will answer how commercial space flight will be regulated under Article VIII of the 1967 Treaty on Outer Space (‘OST’), particularly in the case of collision with other space objects. My executive summary is as follows: ‘Commercial’ space flight can be defined as (a) humans who intended to enter outer space at (b) their own expense, or at the expense of a corporate entity (c) through travel conducted by private entities. Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty indicates that the government has continuing jurisdiction over its private citizens performing space activities. The government is the only entity able to register and authorise space flight. The state (or the launching authority) maintains jurisdiction and control over the...
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...supposedly an “expert” at NASA, we are likely to contact extraterrestrial life within 20 years. In the science fiction novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, Arthur C. Clarke states in the epilogue “Except for communication with alien intelligences: that is something that can never be planned- only anticipated. Nobody knows whether it will happen tomorrow - or a thousand years hence.” In other words, saying that we will find out that we...
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...Current Market Outlook for Space Business of Space Tourism Abstract This report covers some potential obstacles countries and companies may face when developing space tourism programs. The biggest hurdle will be the technology; companies like SpaceX, Boeing, and Virgin Galactic have good designs, but making those designs may prove to be more difficult. Another big issue that needs to be addressed is International Space Law. Many of the treaties were written at the beginning of the space race and only apply to trained astronauts. There will need to be new or revised treaties to cover the limits of private companies and the civilians they transport to space. The third issue covered is the safety and ethics of sending humans to space for a profit. Trained astronauts go through extensive programs to ensure they are ready for the elements of space. Proper measures will need to be taken to make sure civilians will have a safe and enjoyable trip. All of these topics are addressed in detail in this report; in the end however, it is evident that a few companies are on the right path to sending tourists to space. Introduction For centuries, the idea of space has intrigued scientists and engineers who constantly searched for ways to learn more and eventually get there. In 1961, during the heart of the Cold War, Russian cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, became the first person in space. Ever since that first major accomplishment, space agencies around the world have tried to push...
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...source of knowledge and information regarding various characteristic of the earth and the space. From scientific literacy NASA has been in the frontline to ensure knowledge has been impacted to various platforms all over the world concerning the inner and outer space. NASA has enabled acquisition of scientific knowledge on various issues concerning the earth and the inner space by impacting the knowledge on various learning platforms by humans’ .Scientific literacy has been impacted to by the Nasa through various documentaries, Posts on the websites, articles and books. The scientific literacy evolution has therefore played a major role in ensuring that humans can effectively be transformed and made to understand and try to conquer space in their zeal for the protective role among many other roles it plays for NASA. Communication about NASA NASA has over the time communicated with various parties primarily through the satellite. NASA sent the first satellite on the earth’s orbit which was a major boost in enhancing communication globally. NASA as an integral part of the world communication primarily bases its communication on the basis of messages travelling via space in a similar manner as radio waves. NASA communicates its information primarily through the satellite which has a wider coverage. This is because NASA communicates information far and wide from both the inner and the outer space. Through the various activities undertaken by NASA it has placed it as the world number...
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...Space is the final frontier 1. space: -outer space = region beyond earth 2. final: -last, ultimate, no more frontier beyond this 3. frontier: -an outer limit, especially one in which the opportunities for research and development have not been exploited 4. History of space exploration: simple overview of western countries – http://www.spacekids.co.uk/spacehistory/ includes China’s endeavors – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration 5. Can space be considered an unexplored region if… a. man has been observing the sky since before recorded history? b. man has been thinking of exploring it since the 17th century?啟動螢幕閱讀器 共用設定 • yuanshangkwong c. the first man-made vehicle flew 100 km outside earth in 1942? d. the first human space flight in 1961? e. the Voyager I and II space craft were launched? f. man put a space station into orbit? g. even ordinary people like singer Sarah Brightman can pay to fly into space? h. we can be buried in space? 6. Consider: -What do we know about space? -What don’t we know about it? -Is it our next or our final frontier? -Is Antarctica the final frontier? Are the oceans our final frontier? Is the earth’s core our final frontier? Is time our final frontier? Is death our final frontier? I don’t think the opposition needs to say what is the final frontier, only that space isn’t. Negative side arguments 1st speaker 1) Definition on final, frontier, tangible or intangible frontier ...
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...Mars through comparisons with Earth, in hope of one day making it habitable for humans. By the end of 2039, NASA aims to put humans on Mars and through future exploration uncover evidence of life, answering one of the “fundamental mysteries of the cosmos” . However this journey requires technology specifically designed to adjust to the alternate atmosphere on Mars. Once humans have landed, precautions must be ensured to minimize the impact of humans. But through this mission, scientists and astronauts can offer greater discoveries to humankind, more than what any robot can observe on Mars. Despite these great expectations, there are even greater consequences of space exploration. The journey to Mars will require extraordinary technology. NASA has predicted that the trip will last approximately six to eight months each way depending on the orbits of Earth and Mars....
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...interstellar travel? Interstellar space travel is manned or unmanned space travel between different star systems, in comparison with space travel to other bodies in the same star system. It is invariably more difficult, as the time and distance scale for such an endeavour is almost unimaginable Why we want to visit other stars? The group identified five key factors as high-level motivations for the exploration of distant space: • Human survival: ideas related to creating a legacy for the human species, backing up the Earth’s biosphere, and enabling long-term survival in the face of catastrophic disasters on Earth. • Contact with other life: finding answers to whether there is other life in the universe, whether “intelligent” life exists elsewhere in the galaxy, and at a basic level, whether we are alone in the universe. • Evolution of the human species: exploration as a human imperative, expansion of human understanding and consciousness through space exploration. • Scientific discovery: breakthroughs in scientific understanding of the natural universe, a pursuit for knowledge. • Belief and faith: a search for God or the Divine, a need to explore beyond Earth’s atmosphere as a part of natural theology or as found through religious revelation. These drivers for exploration were identified through group discussion as the most significant, high-level reasons why human societies and individuals would undertake the exploration of space over long timescales and distances...
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...Physics and Space Travel The human race has always been fascinated by the concept of outer space and what lies beyond our Earth. Mankind’s innate curiosity has inspired numerous technological advancements that have made it possible for humans to travel into space and explore what was previously only the subject of dreams and imagination. Early writings such as The Brick Moon by Edward Everett Hale illustrate how little was actually known about outer space, and the physical and practical limitations humans must overcome to escape Earth’s gravity. The Brick Moon is a science fiction short story written in the 1800s and it is one of the first known writings to describe the construction and launch of not only an artificial satellite, but also a space station (Wikipedia, 2011). The story The Brick Moon outlines some of the building blocks for modern day space technology and travel but the approach used in the book is impractical for real world application. The Brick Moon is written from the perspective of one of the main characters and recounts how he and his friends planned, funded, constructed, and eventually launched a satellite or manmade “moon” into space. The purpose of the Brick Moon was to act as a navigational aid for ships at sea. The idea was based around the North Star, which sailors used as a guide to determine their latitudinal location; the inventors wanted to launch the Brick Moon to orbit along the Prime Meridian so that sailors could just as easily gauge...
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...theory. Kepler mathematics (laws of planetary motion) and his expertise in optics (inventing an improved version of the refracting telescope (Keplerian Telescope) and gave credit to Galileo for his telescopic discoveries) to support the Heliocentric model. The Heliocentric model was accepted as the structure of the Solar System because of the work of these ancient scientists and the work of those that came after them. In the mid-to-late 20th century supremacy in space exploration between the Soviet Union and United States began. This is now known as the “Space Race”. During this tense time known as the “Cold War” both the Soviet Union and the United States felt that being first in space exploration was necessary for national security and a symbol of their superiority. The Space Race let to the launching of artificial satellites and the race to put a manned spacecraft on the moon. On July 20, 1969 the United States landed the first humans on the moon. This accomplishment effectively ended the Space Race. The Space Race resulted in increased spending in research and education; resulting in great scientific advancements and...
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...Space Exploration Must Continue If The United States of America (USA) discontinues space exploration America will not continue to be viewed as a world leader by other countries. According to Encyclopedia Britannica Online Academic Edition, “Space exploration is the investigation, by means of manned and unmanned spacecraft, of the reaches of the universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere and the use of the information so gained to increase knowledge of the cosmos and benefit humanity” ("Space Exploration"). Even though financial costs are on the rise, the continuance of space exploration is imperative to our developing world because learning about life on other planets, untapped natural resources, and scientific research is essential to remaining a world leader. Our four fathers began space exploration many moons ago. It is imperative that we follow in their footsteps and have not only the courage to continue but also have the drive to want to succeed in this area of exploration. The USA is known as one of the leading world powers of scientific research and technology, if the nation is to remain in this position the USA must forge ahead with space exploration. As of today we do not have proof that we are the only life source in the universe. Scientist search for proof of other beings in the universe, “This year scientist identified sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphors, and carbon some very vital elements need to support life on a planet” ("Science Daily"). ...
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...large object, such as the Earth, that tends to draw all material towards the center of the mass. The dangers of space are often thought to be associated with the sub zero temperatures, poisonous radiation, technological malfunctions, and this list continues. However, no one ever thinks of the threat that happens directly within the body, that is immediate bone deterioration, and muscle atrophy due to the presence of anti-gravity. Currently, NASA invests millions of dollars in research in order to figure out exactly what happens to both bones and muscles when experiencing zero gravity (Barry). The top researches in the field of life sciences have been spending the last 50 years rigorously testing both humans and animals and the effects that anti-gravity have on their bones and muscles. Very significant results have come from all of the research, and scientists are now looking for different ways to mitigate bone and muscle loss in space. A ‘cure’ for detrimental bone and muscle loss is crucial if humans wish to travel within our galaxy, for example to Mars, as these missions would involve astronauts being exposed to anti-gravity for years at a time. Currently, there are multiple solutions to bone and muscle loss, such as weight bearing exercise, and nutrient supplementation, however nothing has been perfected yet. If the human race wishes to continue to explore space within our galaxy, and hopefully one day outside of our galaxy, it is extremely important to determine what causes...
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