...Absolutism is a monarchy where the ruler has all the power. It really hit its peak of existence in the 16th and 17th centuries, when exploration and the enlightenment happened. Even though absolutism was used mostly back then, there are still places today that rule with this form of government. Saudi Arabia and Qatar are examples of countries using absolutism in 2016. Countries in the 1500s-1600s centuries that used absolutism included Spain, France, and England. This form of monarchy brought prosperity, wealth, and knowledge into Europe. Absolutism happened to be prosperous in the 16th and 17th centuries because of citizen’s beliefs, laws to aid the citizens, and the reforms monarchs made to support their country. One way that absolutism...
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...Absolutism of monarchs was a very popular trend in the 16th and 17th centuries. Peter the Great, Louis XIV, and the Sultans of the Ottoman empires greatly demonstrated this notion with their complete control over their subjects. This was a revival of this same idea that has existed in the Medieval era with with kings with complete control of several provinces and had knights who defended them. Absolutism was a time of complete tyranny in Europe during this time due to the selfish and vanity of the rulers, the complete dependence on the rulers, and the chaos that resulted in or because of their reign. These absolutist leaders were very prideful putting others down and setting themselves up above them. King James I said "the state of monarchy is the supreme thing upon earth" setting his reign in England above everything else (Doc 2). Some monarchs see their subjects as people who just follow their commands. This allowed for no room to give the monarch advice to help the country if their was another way to help it. Louis XIV of...
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...In the early 18th century Europe, the continent was split up between the conventional thinking monarchy called “Constitutional Monarchy” and the more powerful and self-considering “Absolutism Monarchy”. The Absolutism Monarchy was run by Kings and Queens that have absolute power over their people and no restrictions on political power over their sovereign country or state. In the textbook, “Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789, the author quotes Jacques Bossuet by saying “Royal Authority is sacred…religion and conscience demand that we obey the prince. Royal authority is absolute…the prince need render account to no one for what orders…even if kings fail in their duty, their charge and their ministry must respected…Princes are Gods.” Bossuet was...
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...the war, called the Peace of Westphalia, decreed that the sovereign ruler of a state had power over all elements of both the nation and the state, including religion. Thus, the modern idea of a sovereign state was born. During the 17th and 18th centuries, both Peter the Great of Russia and Louis XIV of France, used their strategies towards mercantilism to not only advance their economic resources but also to justify their royal supervision of their colonies. In addition, they used these mercentalic goals to strengthening their central power through specific strategies in their interests at their home countries. Through passing domestic policies, they strived to assimilate national networks of powerful individuals who would work for the benefit of the state and would then be rewarded with privileges. Abroad, they both tried to expand their territories as means of enhancing their economic benefits, which would eventually add to their centralized political powers at home. During the seventeenth century, a development of great importance for the modern Western took place in central and eastern Europe, as three new powers made their appearance: Prussia, Austria, and Russia. This act of state building, also known as “absolutism,” was a process by which both kings tried to expand their powers, obviously through ways that best served their interests, without ever achieving absolute control over their people. In order to keep the colonies under full supervision, the French elected intendants...
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...Many historians describe Peter I as an outstanding politician, a bright mind, fair and democratic king, whose reign was so eventful and contradictory, that became the subject for the huge number of scientific works, popular science and fiction. At the time, even the cult of monarch was created. Personally, I think that Peter the Great was a very ambitious man and everything what he has done for his country just proves it. From the book by Foyanov; History of from ancient times to the beginning of XX century (История от древнейших времен до начала XX века): «…не впадая в преувеличения, надо видеть, что Петр был суровым, жестоким человеком. Характеристику Петра можно закончить его портретом, который донес до нас датский посланник: "Царь очень...
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...1. Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed a. the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes. b. the waning of monarchical power. c. the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states. d. "enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France. e. a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissezfaire types of government. 2. During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right a. remained a strong basis for government. b. was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government. c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments. d. was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria. e. disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715. 3. France in the eighteenth century a. thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI. b. suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century. c. was torn apart by a series of civil wars. d. lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt. e. brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV. 4. Louis XV's most famous mistress was a. Marie Antoinette. b. Madame de Pompadour. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Madame Guillotine. e. Comtesse de Boigne. 5. In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were a. appointed by the King. b. usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting. c. chosen in different ways in different districts. d. elected...
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...established a system of male democracy. | | c. | suffered a decline in economic prosperity. | | d. | permanently expelled the House of Orange. | | e. | continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century. | 1 points Question 2 The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her _______ accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten. 1 points Question 3 The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century | a. | occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors. | | b. | was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko. | | c. | showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period. | | d. | was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin. | | e. | resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors. | 1 points Question 4 In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a | a. | gerrymander. | | b. | tenured seat. | | c. | sinecure. | | d. | pocket borough. | | e. | good job. | 1 points Question 5 Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was | a. | Russia. | | b. | Prussia. | | c. | Great Britain. | | d. | Austria. | | e. | France. | 1 points Question 6 A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was | a. | the increased use of...
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...1. Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet (1627-1704) - He was a French bishop and theologian. He was a strong advocate of royal absolutism and the divine right of kings. He anticipated that the government was sacred and that kings expected their power from God. He is recognized for writing and preaching one of the most explicit and influential justifications for monarchical rights. 2. Louis XIV (1638-1715) - King Louis, who was known as the Sun King; he had more power than any other seventeenth century European Monarch. He took on reforming France to suit his own vision when he reigned over France from 1643-1715. 3. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) - Attended Cambridge University where he excelled in math and later taught at the University after he graduated. He hoped to harmonize his Christian beliefs with science. 4. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - He was a Fleming who lived in Italy. He wrote a textbook on the human anatomy and later was a personal physician to Emperor Charles V. 5. Catherine the Great (1762-1796) - Her family married at a young age to Peter III. She did not care for her husband and only wanted the crown. She conspired with a group of aristocratic army officers, who assassinated him and declare Catherine tsarina of Russia. 6. William Hogarth (1697-1764) - He was a British artist who produced many prints attacking British political and social life. In a controversial painting, he depicts a drunken voter who has been bribed and told how to vote, which at the time was...
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...Absolutism is a political theory in which all power should be gathered and under the personal control of one ruler. Louis XIV was taught from an early age the doctrine of the divine right of kings. Louis ruled his realm through several councils of state and insisted on taking a personal rule in many of their decisions. He selected councilors from the recently ennobled or the upper middle class to ensure his own absolute power. Louis never called a meeting of the Estates’ General, therfore depriving nobles of united expression or action. Louis also did not have a first minister. Despite his claims to absolute authority, Louis was obliged to rule in a manner consistent with virtue and benevolence according to his status as a divine ruler. He had to...
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...CHAPTER 24 TEST QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Luther’s initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying...
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...oppose religious toleration? What connection did he make between religious unity and political unity? (pg 188) On Page 188 it says the following about King Louis XIV’s views on religions and leading a nation’ “Believing a country could not be governed by one king and one law unless it was also under one religious system…,”. This quote is very important because prior to Louis’s rule the Edict of Nantes was put in place which stated that the French Protestants could practice whatever religion they wanted, so King Louis, being Catholic, wanted his nation to be all one religion. The quote also refers to the unity of the religion in France, which in turn, would unify France under King Louis XIV, according to Louis XIV. What value did Peter the Great of Russia place on military prowess? What does this tell us about his vision of the proper role of national ruler? (pg...
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...believed that human beings can comprehend the operation of physical nature and mold it to achieve material and moral improvement, economic growth, and administrative reform. Enlightenment intellectuals advocated agricultural improvement, commercial society, expanding consumption, and the application of innovative rational methods to traditional social and economic practices. The spirit of innovation and improvement came to characterize modern Europe and Western society. Politically, the Enlightenment had a direct impact on some rulers--in eastern and central Europe—whose policies came to be known as enlightened absolutism. Section One: Formative Influences of the Enlightenment Section Overview Chief factors that fostered the ideas of the Enlightenment The Newtonian worldview the political stability and commercial prosperity in Great Britain after 1688 the need for administrative and economic reform after the wars of Louis XIV the consolidation of what is known as a print culture Ideas of Newton and Locke Isaac Newton The achievements in science from Copernicus to Newton convinced European thinkers that both the ancient and medieval Christian worlds were incorrect and confused...
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...'PETERSON DESIR PROF: SMITH-PETER CLASS: HST- 275 Catherine the Great was and remains one of the most important figures in Russian history. During her thirty-four-year reign Russia has greatly prospered not only materially , but more importantly intellectually, which played a vital role in the modernization or the westernization of Russia a couple centuries later. Evidently, analyzing her long reign through the prism of what is considered as democracy today, one could depict its very faults and blemishes. However, we should view her reign as it was then , but not as it should have been nowadays. Whether somebody coined it as an enlightened absolutism, the real truth remained : Catherine the Great has brought Enlightenment to Russia, the European Enlightenment. What was it, Enlightenment?- It was a philosophical movement that greatly fostered rational thinking, the use of science over traditions and superstitions, and also promoted freedom ,security and equality before law for all people. Catherine was thrilled by such great ideas. She devoted herself to reading and established a great line of correspondence with the true leaders of the movement such as Voltaire, Diderot, Bossuet,etc..In her letters, she overtly expressed her intention of becoming an adept of the movement. She started in creating schools and reforming the educational system. She Turned to Voltaire for advice. As an Enlightenment's follower, she was deeply interested...
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...'PETERSON DESIR PROF: SMITH-PETER CLASS: HST- 275 Catherine the Great was and remains one of the most important figures in Russian history. During her thirty-four-year reign Russia has greatly prospered not only materially , but more importantly intellectually, which played a vital role in the modernization or the westernization of Russia a couple centuries later. Evidently, analyzing her long reign through the prism of what is considered as democracy today, one could depict its very faults and blemishes. However, we should view her reign as it was then , but not as it should have been nowadays. Whether somebody coined it as an enlightened absolutism, the real truth remained : Catherine the Great has brought Enlightenment to Russia, the European Enlightenment. What was it, Enlightenment?- It was a philosophical movement that greatly fostered rational thinking, the use of science over traditions and superstitions, and also promoted freedom ,security and equality before law for all people. Catherine was thrilled by such great ideas. She devoted herself to reading and established a great line of correspondence with the true leaders of the movement such as Voltaire, Diderot, Bossuet,etc..In her letters, she overtly expressed her intention of becoming an adept of the movement. She started in creating schools and reforming the educational system. She Turned to Voltaire for advice. As an Enlightenment's follower, she was deeply interested...
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...French Revolution AOS 1 Revs Revision Notes – Part I AOS 1 – French Revolution Index: 1. PRE REVOLUTION FRANCE a. France in the 18th Century b. Power and Limitations of the King c. Privilege and its Spread d. Frances Taxes (How and What) e. The Estates 2. IDEAS, INPUTS AND CAUSES a. Very Short List of Causes of the Revolution b. Shift to Sensibility c. American Revolution Input d. The Liberal Economic Theory (Physiocracy) e. The Philosophes 3. FINANCIAL CRISIS AND MANAGEMENT a. Frances Financial Crisis b. Frances Finance Ministers (Comptroller-General) c. Compte Rendu d. Parlements and Their Role e. Assembly of Notables and Their Role 4. EVENTS PRECEEDING AND DURING EXILE AND RECALL OF PARLEMENTS a. Ségur Ordinance b. Diamond Necklace Affair c. Eden Treaty d. Calling of the Assembly of Notables e. The Dutch Crisis (Spring 1787) f. Last Chance with the Notables g. Notables Dissolved h. Attempts to Pass Reforms at the Parlements i. Exile and Recall of the Parlements j. Society of Thirty 5. EVENTS PRECEEDING CALL OF ESTATES GENERAL a. The Reduction of Parlement’s Rights b. The Day of Tiles (Grenoble) c. The Famine of 1788 d. The Calling of the Estates-General 6. ESTATES-GENERAL ...
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