...Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to measure the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. The lab begins with adding solutions to multiple cuvettes, then adding either boiled chloroplasts, not boiled chloroplasts or no chloroplasts. After approximately 5 minute timed sessions in light, tubes are placed in spectrophotometer one at a time and the transmittance percentage is recorded for each test. Boiled chloroplasts are denatured, so photosynthesis cannot occur. Solutions in test tubes with not boiled chloroplasts become clear after light reaction. Light cannot reach to the not boiled chloroplasts in foil test so a very minimum change occurs. When the transmittance percentage increased, photosynthesis had occurred. Introduction: Photosynthesis converts solar energy from sunlight into the chemical energy that is used to fuel the organism’s activities. The process of photosynthesis can be summarized by the following equation: solar energy + H₂O + CO₂ ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂...
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...Photosynthesis Lab * Intro: Photosynthesis is a process in which plants use sunlight to create glucose and oxygen byproduct from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis involves a green pigment called chlorophyll. The formula for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2. Variables that can affect the process of photosynthesis include light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide levels. * Question: Do photosynthesis rates increase when more carbon dioxide is present? * Hypothesis: If more carbon dioxide is present, then the rate of photosynthesis will increase. * Variables: The dependent variable of this experiment is the rate of photosynthesis. The independent variable of this experiment is the level of CO2. The multiple control variables of this experiment include light intensity and temperature. * Materials: The materials required for this experiment are 50+ sample sized plants per group (to compare photosynthesis rates between plants with high levels of CO2 and normal levels of CO2), an O2 sensor (to measure how much oxygen byproduct the plant is producing), and a CO2 sensor (to measure CO2 levels). * Procedure: Put 50 plants in the control group and 50 in the independent group. Then add higher levels of CO2 to the independent group. Then add a CO2 sensor and an O2 sensor to measure the input and output of the photosynthesis process. Then add a lamp for light intensity and water as an input for the process. Graphs/...
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...Introduction: In this lab a series of experiments were done to gain a greater understanding of photosynthesis, plant pigments and light absorption and transmittance by/through plant chlorophyll and accessory pigments. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy from light (i.e. the sun, photons, electromagenetic energy), water, and carbon dioxide to produce ‘food’ for themselves, or some for of sugar, like glucose. Photosynthesis has two stages which take place within the chloroplasts of a plant cell, where the photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll reside. The first stage occurs in the thylakoid of the chloroplasts and is called ‘the light reactions’. During this stage water is split, the oxygen changes (or is evolved) and energy is harvested through photophosphorylation. Photophosphorylation transforms the light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, which aid in the next stage, the Calvin Cycle or light independent reactions. During the Calvin Cycle, carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose and oxygen is released as a by product, at which time the ADP and the NADP+ are returned to the light reactions to start the cycle over again, or regenerate. A simplified equation for photosynthesis is as follows: 6CO2 + 6H20 + Light Energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 Photosynthesis is basically a plants version of cellular respiration and is essential for their survival. During the first stage, light energy or electromagnetic energy/radiation...
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...Photosynthesis Design Lab: Aim: To measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in leaf discs. Background: Leaf disks float, naturally. When the air spaces are filled with a solution the overall mass of the leaf disks increase and they then sink. The solution used includes a small amount of Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). This Bicarbonate ion acts as a carbon source for photosynthesis. As photosynthesis continues, oxygen is then released into the inside of the leaf disk which changes its buoyancy, causing the disks to start to float. Since cellular respiration is taking place at the same time inside the disks, absorbing the oxygen created by photosynthesis, the rate of the disks rising is an indirect measurement of the net rate of photosynthesis. The overall...
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...Investigation 2 Paragraph 1 Based on the results of our photosynthesis experiment, we can state that each treatment of light, varying in intensity of the light source, were not significantly different from each other. The positive control at 2 feet away from the light source when compared to the treatment of higher intensity of light at 1 foot away from the light source had a p-value of 0.1778. The positive control when compared to the treatment of lower intensity of light at 3 feet away from the light source had a p-value of .7484. Finally, when comparing the treatment exposed to a higher intensity of light a 1 foot way from the light source to the treatment exposed to a lower intensity of light at 3 feet away from the light source had...
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...Laboratory Report: Photosynthesis Patrick McInerney Life Science Lab (sec. 801) 10:00-11:50 Mondays March 11, 2011 Contents Introduction Page 3 Procedure and Results Page 4 Data Results Page 6 Explanations and Conclusions Page 7 References Page 8 Photosynthesis Questions and Answers Page 9 I. Introduction Why do we care about photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is not only important to the survival of plants, but to the existence of most of life on Earth. Green plants are a vital part of the circle of life because they ultimately provide food for consumers (organisms that rely on eating other organisms, like plants) to survive. Photosynthesis is also important in the exchange of carbon dioxide to oxygen, 2 very important inorganic compounds needed for all life forms. Process of photosynthesis: Heterotrophs, like fungi and animals, must consume to survive, but autotrophs, like plants, algae, and cynobacteria, make their own food. In other words, plants do not grow from absorbing nutrients from the soil, but they also use the process of photosynthesis to make food. Plants “breath in” carbon dioxide (a raw material for photosynthesis) through small openings in their leaves, called stomata. Stomata are responsible delivering carbon dioxide to mesophyll cells. The roots of plants absorb water into a vascular tissue, which travels up to the plant’s leaves. Then the water and carbon...
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...Introduction: Photosynthesis is one of the most fundamental processes that take place in plants and some other organisms. Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy of a carbohydrate (Mader & Windelspecht, 2013).The whole process takes place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells containing the pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is one of the most important molecules in existence as all energy capture starts from there (Mader, 2010). If none of this pigment is in existence, plants would be able to absorb all spectrums of light including green light and thus would then appear black instead of green (Mader & Windelspecht, 2013). Light energy, Carbon dioxide and water is needed for the production of simple sugars and oxygen. Chemical...
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...survive every day. The oxygen that humans rely so heavily on is produced by plants in a process known as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis can be understood by simply looking at its equation. The equation for photosynthesis states that the reactants of carbon dioxide and water, with the use of solar energy, produce carbohydrates and oxygen. Photosynthesis is broken up into two types of reactions, the light reaction and the Calvin Cycle reaction. During the light reaction, pigments located inside plants absorb solar energy and convert that energy into chemical energy. The light reactions represent the portion of the photosynthesis equation where water converts...
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...Describe the changes that occur in the ovaries and in the uterus during each of these stages being sure to relate those changes to the hormonal levels shown on your graph. A. Menstrual Phase (Days 0-5) - estrogen and progesterone are at their lowest points. The uterine lining is then shed due to the low progesterone levels. The dominant gonadotropic hormone during this period is FSH, which stimulates the ovarian cycle to begin the follicular phase. B. Preovulatory Phase (Days 5-11) - phase during which the mature follicle develops within the ovary. Estrogen is the most dramatically rising sex hormone that is produced in the ovaries at this point. It works to build the uterine lining during this phase. The estrogen also causes the FSH to decrease through the negative feedback loop. When it reaches a critical concentration, the release of LH is stimulated. C. Ovulation (Days 14-16) - ovulation occurs on day 14, causing a sudden decline in estrogen to result. D. Early Postovulatory Phase (Days 15-24) - the corpus luteum forms form the follicle at the site of ovulation. Ovary production of progesterone spikes to become the dominant hormone during this period. Also occurring is the building of the endometrium during its secretory phase. The secretion of nutrients and glycogen to support the fetus is also stimulated by progesterone. E. Late Postovulatory Phase (25-28) - when no pregnancy has occurred the corpus luteum begins breaking down. As a result, progesterone and estrogen production...
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...Name _________________________________ Date _____________ Period ______ Lab: Investigating Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Background: All organisms are dependent on a healthy carbon dioxide-oxygen balance. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are key processes in maintaining this balance. Plants, through the process of photosynthesis, use energy absorbed from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce sugars and oxygen. Animals and plants, through the process of cellular respiration, use oxygen and sugars to produce carbon dioxide, water, and the energy needed to maintain life. Purpose: To determine how carbon dioxide cycles through a biological system by performing the “Carbon Transfer Through Snails and Elodea” lab activity. Procedure: 1. Read through the background information and purpose. Create your own question for what you are investigating in this experiment. a. Problem (in question form): How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? 2. Obtain 8 test tubes of equal size/volume and number the test tubes 1-8. Fill each test tube with approximately 30 mL of deionized water. 3. Add enough bromothymol blue (BTB) indicator to solution to each test tube to change the water to a green color (about 3 mL). 4. What is Bromothymol Blue? Why is the BTB in the test tube green (Hint: recall the teacher demonstration)? Bromothymol blue is an indicator that changes color when carbon dioxide is present. Green in...
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...The experimenters put on their protective goggles and started the experiment. The first step was for one participant to put approximately 10 mL of the .1 M HCl solution in the test tube with side arm. Getting the correct 10 mL was not important as long as it was close to it. Then the test tube was placed inside the Erlenmeyer flask to which kept the test tube up right. After this was done the lab participant put together the “Apparatus” which consisted of the test tube with side arm inside the flask, a stopper, and HCl solution inside the test tube. The second step was for one of the lab participants placed the gas-generation solid that the teacher provided on to a balance to be weighed. This gas-generation solid was ¼ part of an Alka-Seltzer tablet. The apparatus was also weighed, and the mass of the apparatus was combined together with the mass of the gas-generating solid. This created the starting mass before the reaction took place and was recorded into the lab notebook....
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... Motor Prostheses by Sarath Anchuri (004510557) Introduction: Prosthesis is a device designed to replace a missing part of the body or to make a part of the body work better. Motor Prostheses are the devices which support function of the Motor (Efferent) division of Nervous System. Motor Prosthesis is need for people having Brain injury, Spinal Cord Injury, Parkinson's disease, Paralysis etc. When the motor function of the body is lost, voluntary or involuntary action can’t be done. So to retain these functions we have several techniques like Electrical nerve Stimulation, Functional Electrical Stimulation, Cortical Control, Myoelectric Control are discussed here. Electrical nerve Stimulation: Electrical nerve stimulation is widely used for nerve localization during peripheral nerve blockade. An accurate constant current stimulator is necessary for reliable results. Electrical impulses excite nerves by inducing a flow of ions through the neuronal cell membrane, with subsequent action potential generation. The nerve membrane depolarization results in either muscle contraction, depending on the type of stimulated nerve fiber, which is consistent with the nerve’s distribution. When electric pulse is applied to nerve, depolarization occurs in that area which causes more influx of Na+2 ions into cell which...
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...Photosynthesis BIOS-135 Foundation of Biology & Chemistry with Lab Week V INTRODUCTION In this lab Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert energy from the light, the most common solar light into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. And this happen on plants. Photosynthesis can be represented using a chemical equation. The overall balanced equation is... 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight energy Where: CO2 = carbon dioxide H2O = water Light energy is required C6H12O6 = glucose O2 = oxygen As light energy (in the form of photons) reaches a plant, chlorophyll molecules forming a light harvesting complex absorb that energy, exciting electrons. These electrons move along an electron transport chain, eventually transferring their energy into the bonds of ATP and NADPH. ATP and NADPH act as highly charged energy carriers ready to provide energy to continue photosynthesis in the dark reactions. (University, 2014) In the photosynthesis we have to different processes the light dependent process and the light independent process.in the light dependent process, or photo reduction, is the first stage of photosynthesis, in this process plants capture and store energy from sunlight, In this process light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy carrying molecules ATP and NADPH. In the light-independent reactions, the formed NADPH and ATP drive the...
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...AP® Investigation #5 Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Table of Contents Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part 1: plant pigments and chromatography (Structured inquiry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Part 2: floating disc assay (Guided Inquiry) . . . . . . . . . 6 Part 3: design an experiment (OPEN inQUIRY) . . . . . . . . . 9 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 **AP® and the Advanced Placement Program are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. The activity and materials in this kit were developed and prepared by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, which bears sole responsibility for their contents. Copymaster. Permission granted to make unlimited copies for use in any one school building. For educational use only. Not for commercial use or resale. US: www.wardsci.com Canada: www.wardsci.ca ©2012, Ward’s Natural Science All Rights Reserved 250-7455 v.7/12 AP® Investigation #5: Cell Processes: Photosynthesis –STUDENT GUIDE Kit # 36W7405 Background OBJEcTIVES ‹ Design a plan for collecting data to show that all biological systems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions. ‹ Use models to predict and justify that changes in the subcomponents of a biological polymer affect...
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...Rate of Photosynthesis Tyler Marshall AIU Biology Lab (SCIE2017 -1602A-16) * Purpose * The purpose of this lab is to find out the rate of photosynthesis. By measuring the number of oxygen bubbles using different light bulb watts. * Introduction * Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment this much me we know. Even though they are the same thing the difference is that they happen in reverse. What happens is during photosynthesis; carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen. Also during respiration, glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water. As of a result of these two things the plants will give off oxygen. Which when in water you will be able to see the process happening through the release of bubbles. * Hypothesis or Predicted Outcome * The more light the plant is exposed to the higher the rate of photosynthesis. * Methods * In the lab we measure the rate of photosynthesis by exposing seaweed in a bowl of water to different light bulb watts. The watts where 0,25,50,100. The seaweed was exposed to each what for 1 hour, three different times. This was done in order to get an average of number of bubbles released to measure the rate of photosynthesis. Also in order to keep the experiment controlled for accrete results. * Results or Outcome * The experiment started out with exposing the seaweed to a light bulb with 0 watts. And after all three 1 hour trails...
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