...Sociologists have classified the different types of societies into six categories, each of which possess their own unique characteristics: 1. Hunting and gathering societies 2. Pastoral societies 3. Horticultural societies 4. Agricultural societies 5. Industrial societies 6. Post-industrial societies Hunting And Gathering Societies Hunting and gathering societies are the earliest form of society. The members survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants. A majority of the members' time is spent looking for and gathering food. A hunting and gathering society has five characteristics: 1. Family is the society's primary institution. Family determines the distribution of food and how to socialize children. 2. These societies are small compared to the others. They generally have less than 50 members. 3. Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic, which means that they move constantly in order to find food and water. 4. Members of hunting and gathering societies are mutually dependent upon each other. 5. Although there is equal division of labor among the members of hunting and gathering societies, there is division of labor based on sex. Men are responsible for hunting and women are gatherers. Pastoral Societies Pastoral societies began around 12,000 years ago. These societies rely on products obtained through the domestication and breeding of animals for transportation and food. Pastoral societies are...
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...Personally, I find Ritzer’s ideas on the velvet cage and iron cage concepts to be valid. No matter where we go today, we are faced with McDonaldization. So, to some extent, all of us are caged on a daily basis by the over-rationalization of society. The velvet cage is a reflection in my life because I literally grew up on McDonald’s assembly-line Happy Meals. As a result of becoming comfortable with McDonaldization, I have grown to depend on fast, predictable products and services in all areas of my life. For instance, I take my clothes to a 24-hour dry cleaners. I use JiffyLube to quickly change the oil in my car. Almost every day, I access an ATM machine instead of standing in line at the bank. And, I pay for and pump my own gas without ever seeing an attendant. Although, having said that, there are alternatives to some of these examples of McDonaldization. Therefore, I do not feel defenseless against this process because there is comfort in knowing that (for example) fast food restaurants are a steadfast viable choice for a quick meal when you do not have a lot of time to shop for healthier, better quality foods. Let’s face it. Realistically, we live in a contemporary society today that is on the move. We want what we want, at the exact time that we want it. And, for that convenience, there will be times when I am willing to compromise quality for quantity. On the other hand, Ritzer’s ideas on the iron cage are also a reflection in my life. Whenever...
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...Assignment One Sociology 321 Zahra Nazir Has Canada become a post-industrial society? * What does “post-industrialism” mean and what are the main characteristics of “industrial” and “postindustrial” societies? * Using the concepts of “industrial” and “postindustrial” societies: How has work changed in Canada over time? (pg20,24) Is “postindustrial” a proper description for Canadian society today? Bell argued that postindustrial societies would engage most workers in the production and dissemination of knowledge, rather than in goods produc- tion as in industrial capitalism. While industrialization had brought increased productivity and higher living standards, postindustrial society would usher in an era of reduced concentration of power Why the optimism in the early theories of postindustrial society? These explanations of social and economic change were developed in the decades following World War II, a time of significant economic growth in North America.16 White-collar occupational opportunities were increasing, edu- cational institutions were expanding, and the overall standard of living was rising. Hence the optimistic tone of the social theories being developed In fact, as Canada industrialized, the government heavily subsidized the construction of railways in order to promote economic development. Like other advanced capitalist societies, Canada has become a service-dominated economy. The informa- tion technology revolution is having a major...
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...profession for the economic benefits, whether or not they actually enjoy it. To be a productive worker in society, one must enjoy their profession, or whatever they may do. Fromm states that ever since the industrial revolution, people have worked simply for the money. In “Work in an Industrial Society,” Erich Fromm shows that people do not care about working, that they only work for the money, and that it leads to people becoming more lazy and apathetic. People do not have the same enjoyment of work as they did in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the eighteenth century. Back then, people worked to feel like they have accomplished something. In today’s world, people get up in the morning to go to work with one goal: to get out of there as early and as quickly as possible. Before, people worked to not just make a living but to obtain satisfaction with their job. No matter how basic the job was they felt that they made a difference. In “Work, Labor, Play,” W.H Auden states that Miss Hannah Arendt defines people as workers and laborers. Workers are interested in what they do as well as what society pays for their work while laborers are people who have a job for just the paycheck and to support the people that depend on them. Around the times of the Industrial Revolution, the type of worker shifted from workers to laborers. People became a part of a machine that produced whatever needed to be made in order to complete the product. People only worked for the paycheck...
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...The End of Men Casper Pedersen 2.a Men have always been the dominant force in western society both economically and politically. Most top jobs belong to men and the majority of the world’s influential politicians are male, such as Barack Obama, Vladimir Putin and the Chinese president Hu Jintao. Because of this male dominance, men have led the way of culture and society for ages. But all of this may be about to change in our postindustrial era. In her article, “The End of Men” from the magazine The Atlantic, July/August 2010, Hanna Rosin argues that woman are in fact well on the way of taking over the role as the dominant cultural force. But is she right when she proclaims “The End of Men”? Hanna Rosin builds up her article in order to convince her readers that women are playing an increasingly influential role in society and are ultimately replacing men’s status as the dominant sex. She does this by referring to developments in the job market, in education and politics and in the pop industry. In all these important fields she sees a tendency towards female power. Her argument is initially built on facts, “Earlier this year, women became the majority of the workforce for the first time in U.S. history. Most managers are women too. And for every two men who get a college degree this year, three women will do the same” (ll. 1-3). These facts speak to the reader’s intellect and builds up a trustworthiness, so that the reader feels that Rosin is right in pointing out...
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...Canada as a Post-Industrial Country Canada’s practices of work and work values have been evolving throughout history. From the early days when agriculture dominated the economy, to the gradual transition into manufacturing and processing, we can see that Canada’s economy is always changing. More recently, we are seeing a similar shift from manufacturing to the service sector of the economy. This paper provides an analysis of Canadian society and whether we can be considered a post-industrial country. A society tends to be classified according to the degree to which different groups within that society have unequal access to rewards such as resources, status, or power. Although humans have established many types of societies over time, I will focus on defining two main categories including industrial and post-industrial society. Industrial societies are driven by the use of machines and factories to enable mass production. They are generally characterized by the use of external energy sources to increase the rate and scale of production. Industrialization brought about changes in almost every aspect of society. As factories became the center of work, urbanization became desirable and large cities emerged. Wage work and job specialization allowed more efficient means to manufacture goods, but also lead to a more complex division of labour. Post-industrial societies are based on information, knowledge, and the selling of services. This society develops at a stage when the...
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...Industrial Relations in India Introduction The relationship between the employers, employees, trade unions and the government is called Industrial Relations. India is an emerging economy and the large informal sector poses a big challenge. 94% of our work force is in the informal sector where implementation of labour laws is difficult. Harmonious relationship is necessary for both the employers and employees to safeguard the interests of both the parties of production and all the other stakeholders. Evolution of IR in India The first phase (1947 to 1966): It was a time of import-substitution industrialization and national capitalism. Large employment-intensive public enterprises were forming and largely centralized bargaining with static real wages. The public sector unionism was growing and industrial relation was majorly Government controlled and regulated. The second phase (1967 to 1980): The employment growth was slowing down and real wages were declining. The IR system faced a major crisis during this phase. There were massive strikes, industrial conflicts, multiple unionism and decline in strength. The government was losing control over the IR system. The third phase (1981 to 1991): This was a period of ‘jobless growth’. The ‘independent’ enterprise unionism was rising and several city/ regional IR systems were operating. The government was slowly withdrawing from IR system. The post-reform decade (1992-2007): About 15% of the workforce (approximately 1.1 million) lost...
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...Situation Analysis of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations in Bangladesh: A Country Profile • Balasundaram Nimalathasan (Department of Accounting, University of Jaffna, Jaffna, Sri Lanka) • Abu Taher (Department of Management Studies, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh) Abstract Industrial Relations (IR) is an inter-disciplinary field that encompasses the study of all aspects of people at work. IR is a fascinating subject for the study understanding discussion and practice, as it covers the whole range of human relations within industry. IR is a combination of various social sciences, the cumulative effect of which is to grease the wheels of industry and society. Sound IR can only be based on human relations and good human relations dictate that human beings should be treated humanely, which includes respect for human dignity, fair sealing and concern for the human beings physical and social needs. The research is based on desk study. Moreover, the recommendation would be helpful to the practitioners, researchers, planners, policy makers and academicians, who are involved in the concerned area. Keywords: Situational Analysis; Trade Unions and Industrial Relations 1. Introduction Trade unionism is the core of industrial relations. Primarily it is also referred to as phenomenon of the capitalist society, where in trade unions seek to remove the power imbalance between the buyer (i.e., employer) and individual seller (i.e....
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...be to transform Germany’s government into a peaceful democracy. Through two distinct historiographical lenses, one can determine whether the collapse of the Weimar Republic (1919 to 1933) was genuinely inevitable. Historical View #1 proposes that Hitler was a product of Germany’s authoritarian culture, and the Germans failed to develop a democratic tradition because they preferred a stronger state led by a powerful individual. Historical View #5 suggests that German support of Nazism was an emotional response to the crisis-state; Germans were disoriented with the economic crisis, and similar to View #1, sought firmer leadership. The Treaty of Versailles doomed the Weimar Republic because the German administration was unable to fulfill the treaty’s unrealistic demands for reparations, which ruined their domestic economy and fostered a strong authoritative leadership that would defend Germany against the terms and impoverishing effects of the ill-advised treaty. The Treaty of Versailles was intended to guarantee the Allies (and neighboring countries) peace and safety; however, the Allies neglected to recognize that the harsh demands of reparations would drive Germany into the hands of a dictator. Virtually the whole nation repudiated the Treaty of Versailles; it was introduced to promote peace, but instead stripped Germany of her self-determination and potential prosperity, leading to a domestic rebuke of its onerous terms. Additionally, President Wilson’s following Fourteen Points...
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...Timeline of a Crisis Below, see key dates from the stock, bond and commodities markets as U.S. investment banks and the Federal Reserve struggled to contain the fallout of the mortgage meltdown. * * * June 2007 | July | August | September | October | November | December | 2008 | January | February | March 2007 June 8 -- Amid growing concern about the housing market's reliance on subprime loans -- those made to people with poor credit -- the Dow industrials plunge 198.94 points, or 1.5%, to 13266.73. Treasurys see some of their sharpest losses in years, pushing the yield on 10-year notes up to 5.10% amid simmering inflation jitters. June 13 -- U.S. bond yields hit a five-year high as investors continue to sell Treasurys, with the yield on the benchmark 10-year note rising to 5.249%. June 14 -- Bear Stearns reports a 10% decline in quarterly earnings as the mortgage market shows signs of cracking. Chief Financial Officer Sam Molinaro says, ``We are impacted in a weaker mortgage market until that industry turns around.'' June 18 -- Reports say Merrill Lynch seized collateral from a Bear Stearns hedge fund invested heavily in subprime loans. June 22 -- Bear Stearns commits $3.2 billion in secured loans to bail out its High-Grade Structured Credit Fund, says company's troubles are "relatively contained." June 22 -- Blackstone Group's initial public offering is priced at $31 a share, raising as much as $4.6 billion; the next day, on the first day of trading, the stock jumps...
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...Economic impact of industrial pollution in China Outline I. Introduction Brief overview why China is the target country II. Overview of the problem a. Large population are suffering from the pollution b. Industrial growth based on coal uses; serious air pollution in most cities in China III. Economic effects c. Reduction of the labor force: high death rate to workers due to the pollution, especially air pollution; high risk for children to grow up in such environment. d. Fewer foreign investments: Foreign companies’ policy or culture require good environment for their employee; high rate of employee turnover because of pollution IV. Possible solutions e. Solution 1: Increased oversight on industrial operations f. Solution 2: Restrictions on development of new industries g. Solution 3: Use of change leadership to overhaul current policies tax subsidy/ mandates /cap and trade invest in new technology V. Conclusion/Recommendation The Chinese government needs to create new laws, borrow a leaf from The Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Introduction In an economically competitive world, most countries around the globe constantly compete to attain the top position in the international market in order to reap the benefits that come with such progress. For this reason, most countries insist on industrialization with some showing more zeal as compared to others through political policies...
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...employee of this sector in this country is still unknown. Origin of the Report As students of BBA faculty of BUP one of the courses of this semester is “Leadership”. Like all the other courses, we were assigned with a term paper. Here we had to complete 100 copies of survey with“leader behavior description questionnaire”. We had to pick a business sector and then go to places accordingly to make the workers under the head of the sector tocomplete the survey. Statement of the problem The purpose of this study is to compare the different leadership behavior inHotel managers. Data was collected through a questionnaire during August and September, 2014, in different Hotels in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Objective of the report This study seeks whether the leadership behavior prevalent in Hotel managers in Dhaka city is considerate leadership behavior or initiating structure behavior. Justification Studying the different leadership behaviorin Hotel management is critical for many reasons. First, the behavior of Hotel managers as leaders is still uncharted. Second, findings on Hotel managers can provide the Hotel industry a better understanding of how to attract and retain a diverse workforce and improve productivity. And, last, these findings can Hotel managers of how they need to develop as leaders. Hypothesis The leadership behavior of theHotelmanagers in Dhaka follows...
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...Building leader the new Leadership challenges of the future revealed According to Hay Group’s Leadership 2030 research the leaders of the future will need a host of new skills and competencies if they are to succeed >> Contents Introduction 2 1 The global balance of power is shifting 5 2 Climate change and scarcity of resources is a mounting problem 6 3 The war for talent rages on 7 4 Accommodating growing individualization 8 5 Embracing the digital natives 9 6 Harnessing technology to innovate 10 Conclusion 12 2 Building the new leader | Leadership 2030 Introduction Leaders of the future will need to be adept conceptual and strategic thinkers, have deep integrity and intellectual openness, find new ways to create loyalty, lead increasingly diverse and independent teams over which they may not always have direct authority, and relinquish their own power in favor of collaborative approaches inside and outside the organization. Megatrends are long-term processes of transformation on a global scale with a broad scope and dramatic impact To successfully develop this combination of skills and qualities – and adopt what is, in effect, a ‘post-heroic’ leadership style – they may need to abandon much of the thinking and behavior that propelled them to the top of their organizations in the first place. But if they want their businesses to survive and thrive over the next two decades they have...
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...Chapter 1: The business systems of Asia Variety in the regional and general features Civilizational traditions • Confucianism • Taoism • Buddhism • Islam • Catholicism Historical external influences • Colonies • India establishing trading connections, mostly in South East Asia • Chinese who left China and settled as business people in the countries around the rim of the South China sea Periods: 1. 1945-1975 After the retreat of colonial powers, countries needed to reestablish their identity and political structures → hostility + Maoist experiments in China 2. 1975-1997 Relative calm period, stable growth, export to foreign countries, rise in FDI a. Mao’s death: collapse of communism → socialist market economy b. Japanese miracle c. Impressive growth of the South-Korean economy 3. Ersatz capitalism → Asian crisis in 1997: inefficient use of capital was covered up by the availability of easy money from governments, optimistic foreign investors lured by the emerging markets. The system could not keep up the pretence as it became sensitive to a downturn in the economic cycle which hit the region in 1997. → End of easy money and beginnings of reforms. 4. After 1997, reforms: • Improvements to accountability and disclosure in the financing of industry • Reduction of favoritism and corruption during control of licenses and capital • Opening of markets to foreign competition • Adoption of international standards in accounting, trading, IPR • General rise...
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...Using the Dunlop Theory as your based for explanation to discuss Malaysian Industrial Relation development to the current time. What is Industrial Relations? Industrial relations is a multidisciplinary field that studies the employment relationship. Industrial relations is increasingly being called employment relations or employee relations because of the importance of non-industrial employment relationships, this move is sometimes seen as further broadening of the human resource management as synonymous with employee relations. Industrial relations is used to devote the collective relationships between management and the workers. Traditionally, the term industrial relations is used to cover aspects of industrial life as trade unionism, collective bargaining, discipline and grievance handling, industrial disputes and interpretation of labor laws and rules and code of conduct. The History of Malaysian Industrial Relations Malaysian became incorporated into expanding European capitalism from the early sixteenth century. This inclusion evolved through mercantilism (1500-1850s) driven by Portuguese and the Dutch, colonialism driven by the British (a850s-1930s and 1945-1957) and the Japanese (1941-1945), post-colonial industrialisation (1960s) and ethnonationalist economic development (1971-present). A productive market economy was built during British colonialism with the establishment of capitalist plantation and mining export industries, based on immigrant Indian and...
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