...Income Inequality, Poverty and Development Policy in Malaysia By A.H.Roslan School of Economics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, MALAYSIA E-Mail: ahroslan@uum.edu.my Fax: (006)-04-9285751 Abstract This paper examines income inequality and poverty in Malaysia. It is argued that government intervention under the New Economic Policy has been successful in generating economic growth and development of the country in general, and in the development of the Malay ethnic group in particular. Government intervention that begins in the 1970s has significantly reduced poverty, particularly poverty amongst the Malay ethnic group. Furthermore, the overall income inequality as well as interethnic and rural-urban inequality has also decline since the middle of 1970 to 1990. Since 1990 however, even though poverty has decline further, income inequality has started to rise. Besides there emerge a new dimension of inequality, that is intraethnic inequality. This paper argues that the existence of intra-ethnic inequality, particularly intra-Malay inequality, pose the major challenge to Malaysian policymakers. The reason is that, government intervention under the New Economic Policy is articulated in the political rhetoric of ethnicity, and it appears to be coherent in addressing the problem of poverty amongst the Malays when majority of them were in poverty. The New Economic Policy has significantly reduced poverty amongst the Malay, and there...
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...before the laws peaked in the 1960’s. During the period of 1954-1965, many gains were made in the progress of desegregation. In 1954, the landmark case of Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas deemed that separate education facilities for the races were unconstitutional. Though the ruling was a significant victory in the movement, the process of overturning segregation was just beginning (Beacham, T. Gilmartin, B., Grobman, S, Ling, C., & Rhee, V. (Producers), Libretto, J. (Director), 2004). In 1964, the passing of The Civil Rights Act banned discrimination in employment practices and public accommodations. In 1965, The Voter Rights Act insured all citizens had the right to vote and eliminated discriminatory “tricks” often used in southern states to prevent African Americans from going to the polls (Bowles, 2011,Chapter 4:6). These momentous strides were not without the painful realities of violence and death for many who supported the movement. Though the movement centered on African Americans, other minorities wanted equality as well. Women, Mexican Americans, and American Indians sought out methods of equality during this time of change in the country. In the 1960’s the United Farm Workers of American (UFW), led by Cesar Chavez, started a strike and boycott of table grapes that gained nationwide support. Women, through voices like Gloria Steinem, called for aid to female workers and poverty stricken mothers (Steinem, 1970). Organizations, like the American...
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...Notes for Exam 5- Geography North America Tuesday, November 16, 2010 Physical Geography * Latitude is very important –broad range * Western climates- Mountains (change the climate of the region) * Example: Sierra Nevada and Rockies * Deserts and dryness- Because the mountains are so tall they absorb the precipitation * Further west- very wet * Louisiana- very close to the equator, nothing to stop the storms -2 of the largest countries in the world include (Population)- 1. Canada- 1/10th of the US- 33 million * Lots of empty land in this area 2. The US- 300 million pop * Highly urbanized (D): Megalopolis- Applies to the US and Canada, very big *PROS OF North America 1. -Farming and Ranching and Agriculture * Used to be dominate * 1790: employed 90% of the work force * 1880: dropped down to 50%- because of industrialization * Today: less than 2% * In the US only 1% of population are farmers * Farm populations fell by 2/3 in the beginning of the 20th century * Farms are consolidating * 20% drop in the number of farms * Agriculture has become more meganized (more industrial) More money to keep it going, more land and more machines * Farms are still critical in the US and Canadian economy * 2000: US Alone, $216 billion dollars in farming alone * Land use, agriculture remains dominant * Varies by region * Dairy farming in the east * Live Stock...
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...Fair issue to get much more attention for microfinance “The strategy that may save financial capital, will make new market) 15:30 Hezbollah Largest financial instituition in for microfinance Egypt Came to terms with wasington consesuss on poverty Egpyt is reliant of US: Fight “pollution of free Money” but still take much free money Egyptian social fund Enzar gull- lost both legs, left arm, and 2 fingers in 1996 Repaid loan in 4 months not 6 as gardener and produces plants successfully Afghanistan-uses microfinance as tool of social reconstruction (MISFA) (tries to reduce credit which would ruin economy in Afghanistan. Broken Country: run over by development NGO’s turned cabo into goldrush Felicia marks intersection of vectors too. Marks intersection of vectors (capital & development) and indicated militarization of both capital and development. Shadows of eachother. Third image: finding and saving of afghan woman as imperial of campaigns in Afghanistan Origin story Development practice Gramming bank 1970’s 4 mill borrowers, loan recovery rate=98% Earned them peace prize for their work Millenium Development Poverty Capital the conversion of poverty into capital Ananya Roy wrote the book “Poverty Capital: Microfinance and the Making of Development” with the idea of defining and expanding the idea of microfinance. To Amanda Roy...
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...How Confederation Influenced the Cultural Renaissance in the 1970's Introduction In the words of my Grandmother, "what defines a Newfoundlander has changed significantly over the past 50 years". There was a time when doors were left unlocked, culture was rich and in abundance as the community lived together like a family. Before confederation Newfoundlanders were very poor, the prospect of a better life and promises of baby bonuses, employment insurance and old age pensions were very appealing. Joey Smallwood, Newfoundland's premier for 23 years planned on modernizing the province and considered himself a revolutionary figure. As students in Memorial University started to notice the decrease in rural communities and appreciation for Newfoundland's...
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...Hip-hop is a music genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music. Stylized rhythmic music is music where the rhythm is altered to suit the genre. The culture of hip-hop evolved in the 1970’s and was a movement consisting of streetwise ingenuity. There are four elements of hip-hop; these include rapping, disc jockey (DJ), break dancing and graffiti writing/art. More specifically, rap can incorporate synthesizers (an electronic musical instrument), drum machines and live bands. Some subgenres of rap include alternative, gangsta, political, East Coast, West Coast, crunk and hyphy. The hip-hop movement originated in the 1970’s in South Bronx, New York. African American teenagers living in the South Bronx and Harlem could not afford admission...
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...witness the struggles, trials and tribulations a country might of went through to get to the point there at. Zambia is a prime example of perseverance and determination, during the 1960s and early 1970s Zambia had one of the fastest growing economies in Africa. Twenty years later it suffered major economic decline with appalling increases in the level of poverty. After its downfall Zambia has managed to emerge, the economic history of Zambia is divided into six stages during the pre colonization stage many of the people of Zambia were organized into chieftaincies and monarchies that developed a network of trading in copper, ivory, rhino horn and slaves. Before this stage took place economic decision making was confined to local communities, but as the economy began to flourish, the natural riches of the economy were exposed. The colonization era brought about the importance of copper; many were forced to work in the mines to pay for the high taxes on their homes with the creation of the hut tax. The Post Independence Boom encouraged the African Labor Force to form trade unions creating conglomerates like Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM). The Economic Decline in 1970’s and 1980’s stage showed the over dependence Zambia had on the copper mines and the growth of the 1960’s changed with the period between 1975 and 1990 the level of real GDP per capita declining by almost 30%. Change came with the Sustained Economic Reform of the 1990s three main goals were established...
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...country. Large efforts have been made for the past century to secure development. While these efforts have brought Chile closer to its goal, high inequality and a relative dependency on copper prices has made it difficult for any of these efforts to have a final impact allowing for the actual transition to developed status. This paper analyzes the timeline of Chile’s economy, focusing specifically on the period of high growth of 1985 to present day and any recessions that fell between these dates. It also aims to highlight the successes and failures of the policy reforms of the past as a way to determine what will be effective in the future for allowing Chile to achieve its goal of development. Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 1500’s, the Inca ruled the northern part of Chile while the Mapuche inhabited the central and southern parts. Although Chile declared its independence in 1810, victory over the Spanish was not successfully achieved until 1818. In the War of the Pacific, Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia. This victory won Chile its presence in the northern regions. It was not until the 1880s that the Mapuche and the Incas were brought under central government control. By the...
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...Book's Name | Author's Name | A Bend in the River | V. S. Naipaul | A Bend in the River | V.S.Naipaul | A Gift of Monotheists | Ram Mohan Roy | A House for Mr.Biswas | V.S.Naipaul | A Journey | Tony Blair | A Minister and his Responsibilities | Morarji Bhai Desai | A Nation is Making | Surendra Nath Bandhopadhye | A Pair of Blue Eyes | Thomash Hardy | A Passage to India | E. M. Foster | A Revenue Stamp (autobiography) | Amrita Pritam | A Strange and Sublime Address | Amit Choudhary | A Suitable Boy | Bikram Seth | A Tale of Two Cities | Charls Dikens | A Voice of Freedom | Nayantara Shehgal | A week with Gandhi | L. Fischer | Adventures of Sherlock Homes | Arther Canon Doel | All the Prime Minister's Men | Janardan Thakur | Allahabad Prasasti | Harisen | Amitabh- the Making of the Superstar | Susmita Das Gupta | Amukta Malyad | Krishna Deva Raya | An Unknown Indian | Nirod C. Choudhary | Anand Math | Bankim Chandra Chattopadhaye | Anna Karenina | Leo Tolstoy | Aparajito | Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay | Apple Cart | G. B. Shaw | Aranyak | Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay | Arogyaniketan | Tarashankar Bandopadhyay | Astyadhaye | Panini | Bakul Katha | Ashapurna Devi | Ban Palashir Padabali | Ramapada Chowdhury | Bandit Queen | Mala Sen | Bela Obela Kalbela | Jibanananda Das | Bengali Zamindar | Nilmoni Mukherjee | Bicramanchadev | Bilhon | Blind Beauty | Boris Pasternak | Buddhacharit | Asha Ghosh | Captive Lady...
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...With Reference To A Country You Have Studied, Discuss How Different Groups within Society Experience Poverty in Different Ways Botswana is a nation that has experience high rates of economic growth since 1966 when it gained independence. It’s a middle income country with a GDP $5,360, although over 45% of people who live there are below the absolute poverty line. This particular type of poverty is seen in rural areas and female headed households where there is significant differences income. Due to this, and many other reasons there are big differences in equality throughout Botswana, giving a large Gini coefficient of 0.54. Other reasons include developing wealth in Botswana, especially through the diamond trade. The country struggles to include the poor, remote communities into the mainstream economy. One example of this is that the poorest 20% of the population get 4% of the national income, whereas the richest get 60%. Botswana has the highest rate of HIV/AIDS prevalence in the world with 350,000 people affected and 39% of 15-49 year olds infected. HIV/AIDS rates are so extremely high due to the migration to South Africa for work and internal migration between rural and urban areas. Life expectancy rates have fallen from over 60 years in 1996 to just 35 in 2007. Many people are dying young and so the size of the work force is declining. It also means the number of widows and orphans is increasing. There are 69,000 AIDS orphans in Botswana. There are many government...
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...Through research I discovered that the biggest factor in high-crime rates seems to be high levels of poverty. The devastating history and poverty of communities in New York City such as Tremont in the South Bronx lead to more crime. Violent and nonviolent crimes occur more in low income communities. Tremont is a neighborhood in the Bronx struck with poverty leading to more problems exacerbated by the construction of the Cross Bronx Expressway between 1948 to 1972. On the other hand, the Lower East Side in Manhattan where many immigrants reside is going through the opposite. This community is going through gentrification which means higher income residents are moving into the community. History of East Tremont First recorded in 1609 by European settler Henry Hudson , the Bronx...
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...Suburban, Urban, and Rural life in America in the 1950s History 102: American History since 1877 Professor Brian Webber 10 July 2015 American Military University Suburban, Urban, and Rural life in America in the 1950s America has seen its fare shares of ups and downs throughout history. In the 1950's America was just getting back on its feet from the effect of World War II. The American economy benefited greatly by the ending of the war unlike Japan and the Europeans who were still picking up the pieces. The American economy began to sore in the 1950's from suburban build up, to the job market and financial stability. Some of the most life changing things that happened in American were the suburban, urban and rural living of Americans all across the United States. Suburban development happened to be one of the biggest economic changes America has every seen. It paved the way to many things such as the extensive roadways that were built throughout the nation and families branching out to a different type of living. Suburban living in the 1950's was defined as a “ good life emerged with exceptional distinctness a high value on consumption, a preference for suburban living, and a devotion to family and domesticity.”(Henretta, 798). Much of the suburban lifestyle was something that the working poor, elderly, and immigrants could not afford at that point in time and soon would suffer from. One of the first innovative moves that pushed American along into more of a suburban...
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...EDUCATIONAL PANDEMONIUM IN THE SCHOOLS OF NEWARK IN THE 1960’s It is assumed that the sixties marked the beginning of the metamorphosis of the American education system, however it was the contrary for Newark. The decline of the educational system in Newark was a direct result of economic and political decisions on the part of federal, state and local groups. In this decade, the confluence of social class and race determined the resources made available for a child’s schooling. Before we start with the education system we have to have an outside idea about the migration, relocation of the people who came and lived and made Newark their homes. There was a mass migration of the black rural agricultural workers to northern cities, a total about 161,000 blacks settling in Newark between 1940 and 1970. During the 1960’s over one quarter of the Newark’s census tracts changed from white majority to black majority. The 1970 U.S. Census showed that about 54% of Newark residents were African Americans, about 9% Puerto Ricans and about 36.6% of the population were whites. With 17,710 inhabitants per square mile Newark was the second most dense of all major cities. In Newark 23% of the population was living below the poverty level of 3000$ annual income and 38% had income of 5000$ or less. In 1961 The Newark Central Planning board came up with a report calling for the removal of estimated 31,400 families or about 25% of the population of Newark to make way for clearance of blighted areas...
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...Agriculture, growth and poverty reduction This paper was produced by the Agriculture and Natural Resources Team of the UK Department for International Development (DFID) in collaboration with Anne Thomson of Oxford Policy Management, Oxford. The authors are grateful to the UK Food Group for their additional contributions and comments. The paper reflects work in progress towards the development of new thinking on agricultural policy in DFID. It does not necessarily reflect the views and policy of DFID. This (working/supporting) paper is intended to stimulate public discussion. It is not necessarily DFID or UK Government policy. October 2004 Contents Executive Summary...................................................................................................... 3 1. What is the issue? .................................................................................................... 4 2. Agriculture, growth and poverty – what we know of the relationship ............................ 5 2.1 The context – the state of world poverty............................................................... 5 2.2 Agriculture’s recent performance – a picture of mixed progress............................... 7 2.3 Agricultural growth and poverty reduction – the evidence....................................... 9 2.4 Understanding how increased agricultural productivity reduces poverty ................. 10 3. Emerging issues and questions................................................
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...| Social characteristics of Poverty, Illiteracy and the Civil War in El Salvador: | EL Salvador | | BY: Yvette Rodriguez | | While El Salvador is the smallest nation in Latin America, it has been plagued with a myriad of issues that affect many third world countries. The social issues stem from a long history of violence and government mandated reforms. Civil unrest for decades led to a twelve year civil war, this being the most defining issue in El Salvador’s history. The affects of the war are still present today, such as high poverty rates, illiteracy, high crime rates, and public health concerns. Michael Ring, director of U.S. El Salvador Sister Cities is quoted saying; Since the January 1992 signing of the historic United Nations-sponsored Peace Accords, El Salvador has experienced a series of dramatic changes-some contributing to peace and development, other’s threatening the lives of El Salvador’s majority. The sociological perspective of El Salvador is formed by these effects, as that they are still prevalent today. Conflict and revolution are significant factors in shaping a national consciousness in third world countries; consequently the consciousness of the people of El Salvador is still divided. Externally, the large group of migration to the United States in the last two decades has added to the sometime rocky relationship between the U.S. and El Salvador. Aid from the United States influences current practices in the struggling nation and have...
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