...The Effectiveness of Explicit Instruction Abstract Much research and debate has taken place on the subject of effective classroom instruction. Whether we should be teach direct instruction-teacher centered; indirect instruction-student centered; interactive instruction-interactive student centered learning; independent instruction-individual paced student centered e.g. distant learning; explicit instruction- “structured, systematic, and effective methodology for teaching academic skills” (Archer 1). Reaching our students effectively so that they can achieve higher learning and retention of subjects taught. With the rise of standardized testing in the American Education System, it is necessary to address whether certain teaching methods of instruction are effective than others. This review seeks to outline the debatable topics covering the effectiveness of explicit instruction in classrooms that have been researched in the past as well as the results. The Effectiveness of Explicit Instruction A Review of the Literature Teacher’s effectiveness to help students perform well and the instruction they use has been discussed and analyzed over the years. Which type of instruction is best for student achievement and retention of information? Looking at the effectiveness of explicit instruction to understand if it is going to help teachers get the biggest bang for their buck. Rosenshine (1987) described this form of instruction as “a systematic method of teaching with...
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...skills through writing activities is an effective approach. Writing requires careful scrutiny of the sound and sequence in order to write words correctly and it is this cognitive process that enables the child to become proficient in the phonetic analysis skills that are the foundation of the reading process. This guide will include principles of effective instruction and some teaching strategies used to address the needs of students with EBD. At times it will refer to principles governing behavior that impact the outcomes of instruction. It will include some instructional lessons for teaching primary reading and writing, the steps to achieve the objectives and assessment procedures to insure the efficacy of interventions. Since there hasn’t been many scientifically based studies of EBD specific to these subjects (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, & Shriner, 2009), the guide will show how a task analysis can be used to design an effective lesson. Teaching children with EBD is compounded by the fact that their behavior problems are often caused by social and academic failure (Kauffman, 2005). Therefore, part of the instructional plan must be to eliminate the behavioral problems and substitute replacement behaviors while teaching the student the necessary academic skills. So the principles that guide effective instruction and strategies that support it must be considered. The 8 Principles that Guide Effective Instruction for EBD students...
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...Guided Play: Principles and Practices Review Several studies have been conducted to determine the most effective learning style for children. The article Guided Play: Principles and Practices explains the learning concept entitled guided play. According to the article, guided play is “learning experiences that combine the child-directed nature of free play with focus on learning outcomes and adult mentorship (Weisberg, Hirsh-Pasek, Golinkoff, Kittredge, & Klahr, 2016, p.177).” In other words, guided play is a style of learning where children learn through play accompanied with adult guidance. For example, children can learn about ecosystems by exploring the environment. While the children explore, the adult figure guides the children...
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...Explain how understanding specific English language learners' needs guided the choice of instructional strategies to support the content and language learning. It is essential to understand English language learners’ needs because ELL students face the combined challenge of learning all the academic content as other students, while also learning the language of instruction. With the rapid growth in the size of the ELL student population in the U.S., teachers who are effective recognizes ELL students unique academic needs, unique background experience, culture, language, personality, interests and attitudes toward learning for the purpose to adjust, or differentiate, their instruction to meet students’ needs. Explain how the differentiation of tasks or activities supported the English language learners' content learning and language development. Differentiating tasks or activities enables and supports ELL students in many ways. Using differentiated teaching strategies gives ELL students the leverage that is needed to be successful. In the case of the aspects of quantity and quality for example, the same reading task can be assigned to the whole class, but students do not have to do the same number of questions or exercises. The ELL students are given a choice and can choose to do one or more tasks; it is important for them to progress at their own pace and interest. Explain how the differentiation of assessments allowed the English language learners to demonstrate...
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...Introduction As America’s educational system continues to strengthen and develop, a focus on individualized instruction and intervention within the regular education classroom has been brought forth in an attempt to keep struggling students from falling behind. This specific additional instruction and intervention, known as Response to Intervention in most states (RtI), is not only viewed as a push towards the improvement of education for all students, but is also being used as the means by which decisions regarding a student’s special education eligibility is based upon. However, for such a program to ultimately be beneficial, it will be up to the schools to ensure that the education professionals are putting forth significant effort in using the most appropriate type of intervention for that specific student. It will be the RtI team’s duty to define the student’s problem, plan an intervention, implement the intervention, and regularly evaluate the student’s progress (Martinez & Young, 2011, p. 44). Various interventions should be attempted if the scheduled improvement is not initially apparent. Statement of the Problem The groundbreaking passage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975, the long overdue act which provided official protection of the rights and individual needs of those with disabilities within the educational system, sparked the remarkable increase of students being quickly diagnosed with a learning disability in whatever subject the...
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...Introduction As a new pedagogics in teaching the language of science to second speakers, the content-based instruction has gained great success all over the world. It aims at combining organically the systematic knowledge of a subject with the training of the second language skills. It is considered as an effective pedagogics as it helps improve students’ language skills and study in relevant subjects. The traditional pedagogics in foreign language teaching only lay stress on the training of language skills, lack of the integration with language content such as professional knowledge (Kasper, 2000). With a view to this, this essay gives a detailed elaboration to the teaching concepts, theories, teaching principles, and teaching mode of the content-based pedagogics in teaching the language of science to second speakers. The essay will firstly introduce the teaching concepts of content-based instruction (hereinafter referred as CBI). Then it will give a view of the theory basis of CBI. Following it will explain the teaching principles and the teaching mode of CBI. Altogether the essay will argue from different levels for the significance of the content-based instruction. The content-based instruction conduct the teaching the language of science to second speakers according to the communicative approach teaching principles. Studying second language in real situations not only accords with the language acquisition laws, but also help cultivate students’ competence of language...
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...Republic of the Philippines Cebu Normal University Osmeña Boulevard, Cebu City Philippines 6000 Subject: Social Science Major 11 – Economic Planning and Strategies Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Social Science Professor: Dr. Gary B. Lapiz THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS Management is defined in different ways. It is the process of designing or maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims, Weihrich, (1993). According to Mahony (1961), “It is the unifying and coordinating activity which combines the actions of individuals into meaningful and purposeful group endeavor”. Terry (1982) defined management as a “distinct process consisting of planning, or organizing, actuating, and controlling performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources”. For Massie (1964), it is a “process by which a cooperative group directs action toward common goals”. Drucker views management as a discipline and a field of study that denotes a social position and authority involving people and their functions. Koontz considers management “to accomplish desired objectives by establishing an environment favorable to performance by people operating in organized groups”. Other scholars define management as an act of handling, directing, or exercising control and supervision on the functions of the organization. It is in the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which...
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...Leading the School Cynthia Cole EDU 7820 Principles of Educational Administration 7875 Amethyst Drive Pensacola, Fl 32506 850-449-0975 cynthiacole1@bellsouth.net Instructor: Dr. Ted Ray Effective school leaders should ensure that vision, mission, and goals encompass awareness of school culture, instruction, organizational management, group process and consensus building, learning resources, school law and politics, and ethics. School leaders play a significant role in school culture. Organizations with a positive culture have cohesiveness and responsibility towards maintaining embedded attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors (Ali, Brownson, Kahlert, & Sobel, 2002). It is important for leaders to create cultures that have values, equity, and high expectations. Effective leaders accomplish positive cultures with the use of appropriate dialogue, actions, and symbolic gestures. The overall goal of positive school culture is effective student learning and achievement. Therefore, school leaders must establish a culture that meets the needs of diverse student populations and challenges of accountability-driven education systems. This also involves effective collaborative instruction that is designed to maintain a focus on improving student learning. School leaders are required to ensure that students are meeting performance standards in a collaborative process. The research in this paper offers several suggestions for school leaders to facilitate...
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...Elementary Education Standards (1999 ed-rev. 2003) - Summary DEVELOPMENT, LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 1. Development, Learning and Motivation--Candidates know, understand, and use the major concepts, principles, theories, and research related to development of children and young adolescents to construct learning opportunities that support individual students’ development, acquisition of knowledge, and motivation. CURRICULUM 2.1. English language arts—Candidates demonstrate a high level of competence in use of English language arts and they know, understand, and use concepts from reading, language and child development, to teach reading, writing, speaking, viewing, listening, and thinking skills and to help students successfully apply their developing skills to many different situations, materials, and ideas; 2.2. Science—Candidates know, understand, and use fundamental concepts in the subject matter of science—including physical, life, and earth and space sciences—as well as concepts in science and technology, science in personal and social perspectives, the history and nature of science, the unifying concepts of science, and the inquiry processes scientists use in discovery of new knowledge to build a base for scientific and technological literacy; 2.3. Mathematics—Candidates know, understand, and use the major concepts, procedures, and reasoning processes of mathematics that define number systems and number sense, geometry, measurement,...
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...Linking Assessment and Instruction for Students with Disabilities Final Exam Study Guide Information of each of these topics can be found in the notes, textbook, class handouts, and presentation handouts Introduction to Assessment and the Law – Chapter 1 Define and identify examples of formative and summative assessment * Formative assessment * On going evaluation * Less formal * Used to adjust and monitor progress * Summative assessment * Evaluation at the end of a unit/ year * More formal * Assess student competency with a unit Identify and apply the 6 principles of IDEA * Procedural Due Process * Zero Reject * To include all students * Nondiscriminatory * To determine whether a student has a disability * The nature of special education and related services * Appropriate Education * To provide benefit and progress toward outcomes by following the IDEA process * Least restrictive environment * To ensure IEP outcomes by ensuring access to general education curriculum, extracurricular, and other activities * Parent and Student Participation Identify the impact of ESEA/NCLB on schools * Accountablility fro results * School safety * Parental choice * Teacher quality * Scientific based methods of teaching evidence based practices * Local flexibility * Standards-based education * Current * performance ...
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...acquisition, and to describe the Bangalore Project which consisted of a small number of elementary and secondary English classes in India. This five-year project, which illustrates the importance of grounding practice in theory, is relevant for adult ESL programs like Literacy Volunteers of America (LVA) because of its transition from direct instruction to communicative competence through “meaning making” in real contexts. Prabhu’s book is full with provocative insight about second language acquisition (SLA) that practitioners and theorists would do well to explore whether or not they agree with all of Prabhu’s assumptions. One purpose of the Bangalore Project was to develop a methodology in a “sustained teaching” environment consistent with theory in part as a way of refining the theory, but also to shape practice according to a specific theoretical framework. This kind of interaction between theory and practice is a special concern among teacher researchers in the United States (Cochran- Smith and Lytle, 1993). If the theory comes out of a struggle to make sense of perplexing realities it can provide a pathway to more effective action because it satisfies the longing for coherence. In second language acquisition, the theory of communicative competence maintains that language learning takes place in an integrative manner through an emphasis on making meaning, in large...
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...I also agree to the fact that the teachers and students must collaborate to achieve an effective outcome. A question was raised about how a classroom might change or adapt when a computer is integrated into the curriculum and there were five stages about technology adaption in the classroom. Which are the Familiarization, Utilization, Integration, Reorientation, and Evolution. These stages are to measure how well the teachers have learned using technology and how they will apply what they have learned in the classroom setting. They will start to familiarize, utilize, integrate, reorient and evolve. The point here is that classroom learning environment should constantly change to meet the challenge and potential provided by new understandings of how people...
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...February 12, 2015 Overview in Effective Lesson Planning: Planning your lesson ahead can effectively reach goals and objectives. In education, the planning tool is the lesson plan, which is a detailed description of an instructor’s course of instruction for an individual lesson. Lesson plans communicate to learners what they will learn and how they will be assessed. They help instructors organize content, materials, time, instructional strategies, and assistance in the classroom. Lesson planning help instructors create a smooth instructional flow and relate instructions to learners. Adults participate in continuing professional development for a number of reasons. With most adults is the need to maintain and/or improve current skills and abilities that are relevant to ones job. The reasons for participation are generally external to traditional academic expectations, such as fulfilling degree requirements. As such, developing instructional materials for adults requires a deeper level of understanding of the motivations, needs, and reasons behind their participation in a learning environment. The purpose of this guide is to provide curriculum developers and teachers of adults with information leading to a more balanced understanding of how and why adults learn, the rationale behind course development methods and techniques for this audience, and information on the learning process itself. Fundamental principles of critical thinking essential to lesson plan...
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...Elaboration Theory of Instruction Tony L. Blair January 30, 2011 University of Texas as El Paso Nursing 5347 Effective Teaching Strategies Dr. Beeman This assignment brought forth questions as to what type of teaching philosophy most represented the way I wanted to teach. Pondering over these questions led me to look back and remember how I best learned a subject and what type of instruction was given that kept my interest and made me want to continue learning that subject. Then I realized that I learned best in a pro active teaching/learning environment where a subject or concept was introduced and then having it broken down into layers going from the concept of simple to complex until I gained an understanding of what was presented. This type of teaching motivated me to want to learn more on the subject and this style of teaching is what I want to bring to my students. I want to motivate students to be pro active in their learning, empowering them to apply learned experiences into practice and gain a greater understanding of nursing as an ever evolving and scholarly profession. Charles Reigeluth’s Elaboration Theory (1999), an instructional design, represents the teaching philosophy I want to employ. By its definition, it is a design theory that contends that concepts, principles or tasks to be learned should be organized and taught from simple to complex order, while maintaining the overall meanings and principles of the context presented...
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...Assignment 4 – Procedural Message Below you will find three documents: 1. The assignment itself – pages 2-3 2. A set of formatting guidelines for writing instructions – page 4 4. The criteria that will be used in grading the message – page 5 Please read all of these carefully and let me know if you have questions about any of them. Please save your assignment as a Word document using the file name “4yourlastname,” and post it in the Week 7 Writing Assignment 4 Dropbox by midnight Sunday. Please use the following basic formatting: • One-inch margins all around • Left-only justification • 12-point regular Times New Roman font. (Although 11-point Calibri is Word’s default font, serif fonts like Times New Roman are more reader friendly for longer texts because the serifs draw the eye forward, while sans-serif fonts like Calibri are more effective for very brief texts in which you want to hold the eye.) • Simple, visually crisp headings and bulleted or numbered lists. See the final bulleted point in the Formatting Guidelines on page 5 below. Please let me know if you have any questions at all the about the assignment or the procedures for submitting it! Writing Assignment 4 Procedural Message - Writing and Distributing a Set of Instructions Background You have just been promoted from staff assistant in the Human Resources Office at Easy to Be Green to the new position of director of training, and your...
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