...The Age of the Radio Radio has always been one of the most powerful media sources available. It goes without saying that it is popular due to the fact that the necessary equipment, radio transmitter and receiver. Radio was the start to worldwide communication. There were many inventors to thank for the radio. In 1860, James Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves (Bellis). James Maxwell formulated a set of equations, which explained light as one form of electromagnetic radiation and predicted that there should be many other forms, invisible to the human eye. Heinrich Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space (Bellis). Fortunately, other scientist and engineers saw the radio spectrum not as a curiosity but as a tool for a new kind of communication. Guglielmo Macroni proved the feasibility of radio communication. In 1895, Macroni sent the first radio signal. With further alterations, Macroni found a way for ships to talk to each other using Morse code. The next big step was finding a way to manipulate radio waves so they could carry more than dots and dashes. Switching from pulses to continuous waves provided the key. Reginald Fessenden invented a way to transmit voice by altering the intensity of waves, thus creating AM radio. Reginald Fessenden noticed that by varying wave frequency instead of amplitude, stations could avoid the interference that often corrupted AM transmissions. The result was frequency modulation...
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...Although both radio and television are geared more to entertaining than to informing, they have become increasingly concerned with the news. Certain radio stations are devoted entirely to news and opinion, with spot announcements, editorials, and in-depth reports. There is no national radio station in the United States, but every large city has dozens of independent stations, which range from twenty four hours a day news to rock and classical music. The first commercial radio station took to the airwaves in 1920. At the beginning of 1922 there were 30 stations in operation; by the following year, more than 500. The creation of the first two multi-station networks, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in 1926 and the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) the following year, turned broadcasting into a coherent medium. In 1930 more than 12 million US families had radios; 20 years later 40 million families — nearly 92 per cent of the American people — were avid listeners. The earliest entertainers performed free, grateful for the publicity; the manufacturers of radio equipment paid for most programming. Then the idea of financing programs with advertising began to emerge and soon proved profitable beyond the wildest dreams: by 1929 the Ford Motor Company was paying $1000 a minute for prime time (the popular evening hours), and the price was climbing. For better or for worse, Americans in every corner of the continent are simultaneously laughing at the same jokes, listening...
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...Invention of Radio Technology Radio technology began as wireless telegraphy. This invention didn’t happen all of a sudden. The discovery of radio waves actually set the platform for the invention of radio. It all started with the discovery of radio waves- electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures, and other data invisibly through the air. Radio wasn’t invented by any single person but instead was a combination of several scientists research each of whom pioneered a different area of electromagnetic radiation and radio waves during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Among these men are well known researchers that took part in the Invention of radio Technology such as Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, James Clerk Maxwell, David E. Hughes, Thomas Edison, and Nikola Tesha and much more others took a part in this invention. In 1800s, a physicist from Scotland had predicted radio waves then after this another physicist from Germany actually proved the existence of radio waves. He showed that waves are same as light or heat waves. Then, the invention of telegraphy with wireless technology took place. In 1860s James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to light and heat. In 1866 Mahlon Loomis an American dentist successfully demonstrated wireless telegraphy Loomis was able to make a meter connect to a kite...
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...Batangas State University College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts ECE/ ICE/ MexE Department ECE 551 ECE Laws, Ethics and Contracts Radio Stations and Licenses Endaya, Ron-Ron Godoy, Rose Ann E. Macutong, Jhon Carlo C. Nuguid, Karen Mae L. Vergara, Lyka M. Engr. Antonette V. Chua Instructor December 17, 2015 Karen Mae L. Nuguid ECE- 5201 Definition of Radio Stations and Services * Station – One or more transmitters or receivers or a combination of transmitters and receivers, including the accessory equipment, necessary at one location for carrying on a radio communication service. * Fixed Service – A service of radio-communication between specified fixed points. * Fixed Station – A station in the fixed service. * Aeronautical Fixed Service – A fixed service intended for the transmission of information relating to air navigation, preparation for and safety of flight. * Broadcasting Service – A radiocommunication service in which the transmissions are intended for direct reception by the general public. * Broadcasting Station – A station in the broadcasting service. * Mobile Service – A service of radiocommunication between mobile and land stations, or between mobile stations. * Land Station – A station in the mobile service not intended to be used while in motion. * Mobile Station – A station in the mobile service intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points. * Aeronautical...
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...telegraphs, of evening newspapers, of silent films, and of soap box corner announcements. In its place, radio communications would provide instant, long-distance wireless communication. In 2009, America celebrated the 40th anniversary of the creation of National Public Radio; thanks to deForest, 2010 marks the centennial of the true birth of the era of public broadcasting. Wireless telephony had been several decades in the making. European experimenters (including Heinrich Hertz, for whom the radio frequency unit hertz is named) had contributed to the field in the late 1800s by experimenting with electromagnetic waves. In the 1890s, Guglielmo Marconi invented the vertical antenna, transmitting signals of ever-increasing distance; by 1901, he could send messages from England across the Atlantic Ocean to Newfoundland. Thanks in part to these advances, in December 1906, Canadian inventor Reginald Fessenden was able to arrange a holiday broadcast to operators off the Atlantic seaboard. His singing, violin playing and biblical verse reading were heard on ships from New England to Virginia. In the decade after deForest’s broadcast, popular interest in radio technology grew. Amateur devotees became known as “fans,” rather than “listeners” or “listeners-in,” which were terms used derogatorily to indicate that a person was not actively engaged in both sides of radio broadcast. “Every radio at the time—or all the good ones—could both...
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...Research Article FM RADIO REVOLUTION IN PAKISTAN A case study - By Dr. Ahsan Akhtar Naz* Abstract Introduction Pakistani society is shifting towards change. Media is playing a vital role in this social change. In this regard, FM channels are being considered as more effective medium. These channels are running under the control of Pakistani Government. Now, these are spreading far and wide from metropolitans to towns. Due to this mass acceptance, these channels are acting as leverage of media revolution. The government regulatory authority PEMRA is regulating these channels. PEMRA has issued many licenses to cross media groups, businessmen, advertising agencies, public universities, etc. This analysis is about the popularity of these channels and examines the quality of different programs. This covers maximally the quality of different programs. Covering maximum aspects of FM radio channels in Pakistan as well as focusing on the freedom of information and public right to know. Some details of PEMRA's efficiency in four years have also been discussed. The relevant bodies can improve the role of these FM channels. A task is also added for previous, about FM channels in Lahore . Introduction Social scientists are feeling that Pakistani society is converting into information society, gradually. The majority of Pakistani population is economically poor .The governments have not paid proper attention towards education. As a result, they can't gain education properly. Despite...
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...the future of radio made in last weekend’s issue of your magazine. As a user of both, radio and television, I strongly believe that radio is not obsolete; therefore it will continue being used as a way of obtaining information and entertainment. In addition, radio has many positive aspects that might contribute to its preservation. First of all, the information given tends to be more instant when compared to television as some radio programs are live and allow radio listeners to call the station and inform about an important event. Local radios, for example Radio Bío-Bío, are constantly informing about incidents, such as accidents or traffic jams, that might affect other people’s daily lives. Secondly, the radio delivers information exempt from a visual context, concentrating on the message and its content. Consequently, it only matters whatever the presenter says and not his appearance or social status, so there is not stereotype promotion. Contrary to television, where the message is surrounded by stereotype. The presenter, man or woman, is usually beautiful (according to the standards that this same media has set), dresses fashionably and sometimes is not even a journalist. Take the example of any of the Chilean morning shows. The increasing importance of television has made an undeniable great impact on society; bear in mind the massification of cable TV, the LED and Plasma television sale success and the increasingly popular High Definition TV. The radio receiver has also...
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...Preface This document provides us an insight to the radio industry in in present form in India and compares two of the most renowned radio channels (one a privately held entity and another being run by the government). About Radio Industry in India There are a total of 232 FM channels, private and government owned in India. The Current size of the radio industry (2009-10) is estimated at over US$ 170.87 million. According to a PwC study, the radio industry is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18 per cent over 2009-13, reaching US$ 391.15 million. In terms of its share of the advertising pie, it is projected that the radio advertising industry will be able to increase its share from 3.8 per cent to 5.2 per cent between 2009 and 2013. The government earned US$ 11.05 million from private radio channels during 2008-09. Radio Mirchi, along with its alliances, is number one in the Indian private FM radio industry, with a 46.5million listenership according to Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2009. The Metro Market Phenomenon 18% of all private FM stations are in Metro markets. Metro markets contribute maximum revenue to the industry, however there is no room for expansion as these markets already have maximum number of permitted stations in operations and are witnessing fierce competition. Competitive analysis We look at two of the major players in this space; one a private network and the other a govt. held entity to understand the difference between their respective...
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...This is a brief history of radio development, starting from the early years to the time when radio manufacturing ended at Wolverhampton. Any description of the developments will inevitably be of a technical nature. Actual descriptions of some of the circuits have been included, but these are separate to the main text, so if you are not interested in the technicalities, they can be ignored. Beginnings James Clerk Maxwell, the Scottish physicist, was born on the 13th of June 1831, in Edinburgh. He was very interested in Michael Faraday’s work on electromagnetism. Faraday explained that electric and magnetic effects result from lines of force that surround conductors and magnets. Maxwell drew an analogy between the behaviour of the lines of force and the flow of a liquid, deriving equations that represent electric and magnetic effects. In 1855 he produced a paper which built on Faraday’s ideas, and in 1861 developed a model for a hypothetical medium, that consisted of a fluid which could carry electric and magnetic effects. He also considered what would happen if the fluid became elastic and a charge was applied to it. This would set up a disturbance in the fluid, which would produce waves that would travel through the medium. The German physicists Friedrich Kohlrausch and Wilhelm Weber calculated that these waves would travel at the speed of light. Maxwell finally published this work in his ‘Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism’ in 1873. In 1888 German physicist Heinrich...
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...Radio Advertising Advertisements come in many different shapes and sizes. They are seen on television as a person is watching their favorite show, on billboards as you drive into a major city, and online through social media and other websites. Another form of advertising that may not be thought about as much but is still a good way to promote would be through the radio. The radio is something that a variety of people use every day and they normally don’t have the option of skipping past the advertisements like they can on televisions. Also, there are many people that travel long distances in a car. Either for work, vacation, or just to visit old friends. These people will usually listen to the radio for their car ride and will listen through the ads as they go. For these reasons, radio ads are a good thing to consider. Radio Stations near Me I live in Castle Rock, Colorado. It is about 15 minutes away from the outskirts/suburbs of Denver, Colorado. For this reason, the only radio station that is actually in Castle Rock is a Spanish radio station. For this reason, I went ahead and looked at radio stations that were within listening range of Castle Rock instead. According to radio-locator (2015), there are 59 stations that are close enough to be listened to in my city. Most of the actual stations are located in Denver and Pueblo with a few random ones in each of the surrounding cities. The style of music ranges vastly. The formats for these different radio stations are Classical...
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...RADIO TRANSMITTER Contents • Transmitter Fundamentals • Transmitter Types • High-Level Amplitude Modulated (AM) Transmitter • Low-Level Frequency Modulated (FM) Transmitter • Single-Sideband (SSB) Transmitter • Carrier Generators • Crystal Oscillators • Frequency Synthesizers • Phase-Locked Loop Synthesizer Transmitter Fundamentals • A radio transmitter takes the information to be communicated and converts it into an electronic signal compatible with the communication medium. • This process involves carrier generation, modulation, and power amplification. • The signal is fed by wire, coaxial cable, or waveguide to an antenna that launches it into free space. • Typical transmitter circuits include oscillators, amplifiers, frequency multipliers, and impedance matching networks. • The transmitter is the electronic unit that accepts the information signal to be transmitted and converts it into an RF signal capable of being transmitted over long distances. • Every transmitter has four basic requirements: – It must generate a carrier signal of the correct frequency at a desired point in the spectrum. – It must provide some form of modulation that causes the information signal to modify the carrier signal. – It must provide sufficient power amplification to ensure that the signal level is high enough to carry over the desired distance. – It must provide circuits that match the impedance of the power amplifier to that of the antenna for...
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...varieties of promotion mediums which are television, newspapers, and magazines, radio ads are much more affordable than many people realize. While broadcasting in radio, a company is able to reach its target audience at the lowest cost. Being that the most affordable form of advertising means of publicity is through the airwaves, it is frequently the preferred kind of mainstream marketing medium of many businesses new and old. Although radio is the cheapest and most direct form of placing bulletins, there is a process in which companies must follow in order to successfully reach their target audience. Once a company has decided to use radio as the medium of choice for their advertisements, the company needs to first decide who their target audience is going to be by looking into factors such as gender, age, where they live, interests, hobbies and even personality traits. It may come to sound a bit stereotypical but many business owners instinctively know what type of music their target audience listens to. If a company is trying to market a new type of energy drink, they should invest their time in advertising on radio stations that would play rock or hip-hop music, rather than a station that plays classical music. As soon as an establishment has identified their demographic, the next step would be to consult with radio stations which cater to the type of audience they seek. While communicating with radio stations, businesses need to keep in mind a few things about each station they...
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...High Definition digital broadcasting is the new wave of broadcasting, overtaking the analog world. With the evolution of the digital world comes the evolution of advanced functionality within digital equipment. The progression of the newly developed HD Digital Radio is the base system for which I would like to see the advancements occur that have evolved for other digital equipment. High Definition TV’s hit the market like an earthquake. To watch a High Definition TV properly a person needs an HD digital cable receiver. As digital cable utilizing HD receivers came about the Digital Video Recorder (DVR) was born. The Digital Video Recorder (DVR) is a device that records video in a digital format to a disk drive or other memory medium within a device. The term includes stand-alone set-top boxes, portable media players (PMP) and software for personal computers which enables video capture and playback to and from disk. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder) The progression of the standard analog TV evolved into the High Definition digital and recordable TV. With the evolution of radio now following stride and developing the HD digital radio it is only a matter of time before the user can digitally radio record (DRR) the...
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...Rising from the ashes- FM Radio When all advertisers & media planners had written off radio, small change in government of India guidelines put it back into the picture. With latest songs and fresh radio presenters, it became the next big thing. One can say that FM Radio in India rose from its ashes. But soon this wave passed away & it became just another media available on the block. This article is written in the view to analyse what went wrong, and how radio companies can make a come-back in the world of advertising by focussing on its strengths and lastly tips for advertisers on how to use this medium to its fullest. Various inputs from primary & secondary research have been compiled to address the issues in detail. Because rural & semi-urban consumers are very different in India, we would like to focus on the FM radio in major metros in this article. Why are we talking about FM radio? * FM Radio in India has the highest reach ranging ~ 90% & outnumbers the no. of TV sets in the country by 3:1. But only account for a very small pie of the 9000cr market of advertising spends. It is only about 3% according to an Arthur Anderson’s survey. While globally, spends on radio ranges from 4% to 12%, with United States & Canada at high end of 12%. So it makes us believe that there is some merit in the medium that we are not utilizing to the best of its potential. * Also, it is to be noted that this vast reach is not just because vast rural...
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...Crowsourced Radio Several years back, when I was a lot younger, I used to marvel at the voices I heard on radio. It was so enchanting and so out of this world that the possibility of ever hearing myself over the air was something I was scared to even dare imagine. Secretly though, in my dream world, I knew I wanted it. It was like that little taboo that even though publicly abhorred, has its own irresistible attraction. Fast forward to the present and now the whole thing has flipped. It’s no longer surprising. It’s not even as attractive as it was. Somehow the shine has dulled through years of radio commercials, imaging voice and a myriad of other radio stuff. It’s however not un-common to come across the excitement of a listener who has heard their voice for the first time on radio. Birthday calls, discussion call ins, music requests, salaams and incident reports are just some of the ways in which radio fans dreams of being on air have come alive. Rarely do they get an opportunity to control what goes on air though. Imagine you are the listener and imagine it was possible for you to control what music is played and not just that. Even further, imagine that you could also say a few words concerning anything under the sun and all that is broadcast for everyone to hear. This is beyond radio as it is widely understood now. In fact, very few programming directors would let go the reigns on their station content in exchange for complete lack of control. However, this is not a...
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