...Can Your Body Tell the Time of Day? (NOTE: If you have thought of a statistics project that you would prefer to tackle instead of the one described below, contact me. I’ll try to make an equivalent project using your particular topic of interest.) Objective: You will measure how body temperature and reaction time vary throughout the course of a day, as well as related questions. In particular, you must address each of the questions below. Question 1: At what time of the day is the body temperature highest? When is it lowest? How much difference is there? Are body temperatures between midnight and noon significantly different than body temperatures between noon and midnight? Question 2: At what time of the day does reaction time peak? When is it the worst? How much difference is there? Are reaction times between midnight and noon significantly different than reaction times between noon and midnight? Questions 1 & 2 again: According to William Garrett, "Reaction time peaks in the early evening at the same time as the maximum body temperature. This is partially because the nerve conduction velocity increases 2.4 meters per second (m/s) for every 1°C increase in body temperature." (Garret, William E., Exercise and Sport Science. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, p. 354.) Do you agree or disagree with Garrett? Question 3: Is there a strong relationship between the reaction time measurements from the “Sheep Tranquilizer Game” and the “Hit the Baseball Test”? Question...
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...rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood glucose levels. In this assignment I will be explaining the concept of homeostasis with reference to the control of heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and bloody glucose levels. Firstly, I will start this assignment off by explaining what homeostasis is. Homeostasis is the tendency toward a relatively stable equipoise between symbiotic elements, especially as maintained by functional processes. http://www.google.co.uk/#hl=en&q=homeostasis&tbs=dfn:1&tbo=u&sa=X&ei=sIhIUfPzGeiW0QWa5oHACw&sqi=2&ved=0C CwQkQ4&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=4e753e884ed8bf36&biw=884&bih=537 A simple illustration of homeostasis is when we get really cold in winter, our body starts to shiver and by shivering the body maintains heat and warm us up. Another example may be that an individual may feel hot from doing an intense workout or simply walking in really hot heat, our bodies maintain homeostasis by sweating, this helps us to cool down and maintain body temperature. Negative feedback is the mechanism in which the body sustains conditions within specific perimeters. The body does this by conflicting an alteration that deviates from the norm. In other words, deviation produces negative responses to counteract the deviation. Metabolism is the amount of all the chemical reactions occurring in a specific order. When metabolism is broken down it is called biochemical reactions in which thousands of chemical reaction takes place, all in the...
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...the process by which body systems maintain and stabilize a relatively constant internal environment. Most homeostatic control systems adjust internal conditions by acting against changes caused by the external environment. The human body works best under certain conditions, our body temperature, blood pressure and water concentration are variables that need to be within specific ranges for us to function properly and if they fall outside of these ranges there can be dangerous consequences. The body uses homeostatic mechanisms to maintain variables close to a predetermined ‘set point’, which is the optimum, ideal value for a variable. Through homeostasis, the body is able to maintain a stable internal environment even despite...
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...P4- Explain the Physiology of Two Named Body Systems in Relation to Energy Metabolism in the Body M1-Discuss the Roles of Energy in the Body In this assignment I will be explaining the physiology of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Whilst explaining the two body systems I will be explaining energy production, process of cellular respiration, the role of enzymes within these body systems, the way that these systems absorb food and the products of digestion. The Cardiovascular System The heart pumps the blood around the body through the blood vessels which is made of mostly veins and capillaries. The blood carries the dissolved oxygen around the bodily cells, whilst carrying the dissolved oxygen the blood removes the waste and the other products from respiration. The body’s blood pressure has to be maintained. The blood distributes heat around the body along with hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea. The cardiovascular system transports simple molecules and materials to the liver and the body cells via the blood stream. This happens through the hearts pumping actions. The Respiratory System The respiratory system always refreshes oxygen within the lungs, it gets rid of the waste products like carbon dioxide and water, and this is done throughout actions like breathing. The dissolved oxygen passes through the alveolar walls into the bloodstream; this is then transported into the cells. Body cells are persistently being made into raw...
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...States. The most common allergic reactions to food are cough, runny nose, sneezing, dizziness, chest pain, rashes, itching, hives, swelling, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Factors that influence food allergies include exposure as a child and breast feeding. Allergic responses can arise from a number of proteins found within any given food. There are thought to be two types of allergic reactions, immune reactions and non-immune hypersensitivity reactions. Biosignaling plays a major part in the immune reaction response to food allergies. When cells receive and act on signals sent throughout the body, they are communicating through biosignaling. These are the signals that will bring about a response. Intolerance of certain foods creates a reaction within the cells of the body and there are many different kinds of biosignals that can result. They include ligand-gated ion channels, receptor enzymes, g-protein coupled receptors, and steroid receptors. In food allergy reactions the most common type of biosignaling reaction would be receptor enzymes. Within this process the enzymes demonstrate specificity, amplification, adaptation and integration. Enzymes and signal molecules will fit in a binding site on a complementary receptor; in food allergies certain responses will bind to the site and produce a reaction. The enzymes can also activate a large number of molecules, therefore demonstrating amplification. The feedback produced in this reaction can sometimes desensitize or...
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...many other types of substances. It affects people with an abnormal response in the immune system and it causes it to react to some usually harmless substances in the environment. An allergic reaction will indicate that a person has been exposed to some type of allergen either by inhaling it, swallowing it, or getting it on their skin. The most common symptoms of an allergy, whether it is inhaled or a skin allergen, are itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, itchy runny nose, rashes, feeling tired or ill, and hives which produce a rash with raised red patches. There are other exposures that create an allergy that include food and insects. Food allergies are capable of causing stomach cramps, vomiting, or diarrhea. While and insect bite from a bee or a different insect, may cause pain, redness, and swelling. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the severity of the allergic reaction. There are mild symptoms that are almost unnoticeable and make someone feel a bit off. The moderate indications can make a person feel sick as if they’ve got the flu or a cold. Then there are the most severe reactions that are very uncomfortable and could become incapacitating which is called anaphylaxis. When the whole body is affected with an anaphylaxis, its reaction will create hives and itching all over the body, not just in the exposed area, wheezing or shortness of breath, hoarseness or tightness in the throat, tingling in the hands, feet, lips, or scalp. It is very life-threatening and requires...
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...Metabolism: Transformations and Interactions I. Chemical Reactions in the Body Plants use the sun’s energy to make carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water. This is called photosynthesis. Humans and animals eat the plants and use the carbohydrate as fuel for their bodies. During digestion, the energy-yielding nutrients are broken down to monosaccharides, fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids. After absorption, enzymes and coenzymes can build more complex compounds. In metabolism they are broken down further into energy (ATP), water and carbon dioxide. A. Metabolic reactions take place inside of cells, especially liver cells. B. Anabolism is the building up of body compounds and requires energy. C. Catabolism is the breakdown of body compounds and releases energy. D. The Transfer of Energy in Reactions—ATP 1. A high-energy compound called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is made. 2. Coupled reactions are chemical reactions that occur simultaneously. E. Enzymes and coenzymes are helpers in reactions. 1. Enzymes are protein catalysts that cause chemical reactions. 2. Coenzymes are organic molecules that function as enzyme helpers. 3. Cofactors are organic or inorganic substances that facilitate enzyme action. II. Breaking Down Nutrients for Energy The breakdown of glucose to energy starts with glycolysis to pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to lactic acid anaerobically (without oxygen) and acetyl...
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...for Health and Social Care Task 4- P4 Energy within the human body can be associated with the function of different body systems, this comprises of respiratory, cardiovascular and the digestive system. The different body systems that I will be talking about are the cardiovascular and respiratory system. There are many different phrases and words used when describing and explaining how the body systems are linked to energy metabolism. The meaning of metabolism is the chemical process or reaction that takes place within a living organism in order to maintain life. Some of the chemical reactions require breaking down molecules while at the same time releasing energy- this is the definition of the catabolic reactions. Instead of breaking down molecules the process of anabolism is to build intricate molecules from simple substances by using energy which again acts as a catalyst. There are many different activities involved in supplying energy to the variety of cells in the body. The first system that I will be talking about is the respiratory system. The main job that constantly takes place is the system refreshing the lung oxygen and the disposal of waste substances and products, this often includes water and carbon dioxide. The removal of these waste products and the refreshing of the lungs happen during the process of what we call breathing. The oxygen that has been dissolved is transported to cells around the body; the transportation method is through the slim alveolar walls and...
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...RATIONALE Childhood food allergies The purpose for my presentation is to inform elementary school staff of the signs and dangers with child food allergies. My presentation will provide education around the signs and symptoms of an allergic food reaction that could occur in the school. At the end of my presentation, the audience should be able to identify signs of an allergic reaction to food in order to have treatment begin in a timely/ effective manner for the child. Child care providers should be aware of the physical signs and symptoms of allergic reactions to food including anaphylaxis which is a life threatening condition. My intended audience is all staff, at all levels, working in the elementary school setting Knowledge will promote increased safety of elementary school children who suffer from food allergies. This is significant as nearly 8% of children have food allergies, with younger children affected most. Within this group, more than 15% of school aged children with food allergies have had a reaction while in school (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010) Approximately 20-25% of epinephrine administrations in schools involve individuals whose allergy was unknown at the time of the reaction. (Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Conover-Walker MK, 2001) Presentation Failure to promptly treat food anaphylaxis with epinephrine within minutes is a risk factor for fatalities, This potentially deadly disease affects 1 in every 13 children (under 18 years of age) in the U.S. That’s...
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...outermost energy level? 2. What is the following type of decomposition reaction called? A–B–C–D + H2O → A–B–C–H + HO–D 3. The subatomic particle with the least mass (a) carries a negative charge, (b) carries a positive charge, (c) plays no part in the atom’s chemical reactions, (d) is found only in the nucleus. 4. Isotopes of an element differ from each other in the number of (a) protons in the nucleus, (b) neutrons in the nucleus, (c) electrons in the outer shells, (d) a, b, and c are all correct. 5. The number and arrangement of electrons in an atom’s outer energy level determines the atom’s (a) atomic weight, (b) atomic number, (c) molecular weight, (d) chemical properties. 6. All organic compounds in the human body contain all of the following elements except (a) hydrogen, (b) oxygen, (c) carbon, (d) calcium, (e) both a and d. 7. A substance containing atoms of different elements that are bonded together is called a(n) (a) molecule, (b) compound, (c) mixture, (d) isotope, (e) solution. 8. All the chemical reactions that occur in the human body are collectively referred to as (a) anabolism, (b) catabolism, (c) metabolism, (d) homeostasis. 9. Which of the following chemical equations illustrates a typical decomposition reaction? * (a) A + B → AB * (b) AB + CD → AD + CB * (c) 2A2 + B2 → 2A2B * (d) AB → A + B 10. The speed, or rate, of a chemical reaction is influenced by (a) the presence of catalysts, (b) the temperature, (c) the...
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...What is the function of enzymes in a living system? Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions necessary for life. Without them certain vital processes would not take place and the body would be unable to function. Difference enzymes work better under different conditions. Where in a human body might it be beneficial to have enzymes work in very acidic environments? In areas, like the stomach, that have a pH of two would benefit by having enzymes that function well in acidic environments. An example of such an enzyme is pepsin. There is a large amount of catalase found in a human liver. Does the liver break down more hydrogen peroxide in the summer or winter? Explain your answer. More hydrogen peroxide will be broken down in the summer compared to the winter because higher body temperatures equals more enzyme activity. Many enzymes end with “ase”. Come up with your own enzyme, then name and explain what this enzyme does. Draw the enzyme and the substrate in the space provided below along with the enzyme-substrate complex. My enzyme would be olestrase. It would break down the lipid olestra and make it usable for the human body. Recent advances have allowed humans to mass-produce certain enzymes. Research one such enzyme and explain how this enzyme has been used to benefit society. Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring substance which has properties potentially beneficial for preventing cellular damage during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. It plays...
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...M1: This report will explain the role of energy in the body. It will include the different forms of energy in the body, the two laws of energy, anabolism and catabolism and the role of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system in energy metabolism. Energy is defined in the capacity to do work. Energy is needed for all of the functions of the body, we need it for all the different activities that we do, and for chemical reactions within our body. Some of the things that energy is essential for are; tissue growth; tissue repair; chemical reactions inside the cells, storing nutrients and digestion. The forms of energy comes in three; kinetic energy, chemical energy and potential energy. Chemical energy is the main source of energy for our body. Chemical energy is the bond which unites atoms or molecules with each other. When a new bond is produced between two atoms, energy is needed for its formation and this is mainly in the form of heat but can be light or electrical energy. When a bond is broken and the atoms are free, the energy in the bond is released. Potential energy is stored energy, which is then converted into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. There are a few types of different energy and these are: chemical, heat, sound, light, electrical and mechanical. There are ‘two laws’ of energy, the first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, this is the conservation law. The second law states that energy can be transformed...
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...questions and theories about everyday life. Using physiology & chemistry, those questions have been able to be answered. From the mixture of gases in the air we breathe to the organic substance of plastic or paper, chemistry can be seen everywhere. However, most people mistook the power of chemistry in our own bodies. How is it that a simple slice of bread, once consumed, can turn into fuel for the human body? Using the digestive system and its many organs through the process of digestion and metabolism is how our bodies receive the energy it needs to continue on throughout the day and the rest of our lives. Chemistry then kicks in as food starts its process from entering to leaving the body, through the rate of our metabolism, and also by the transfer of energy. The chemistry in the digestive system is a very important process, because without it there would be no human life. Compared to all other systems in the body, the digestive system is one of the most diverse and important. According to Robert Sullivan the digestive system is a set group of organs whose function is based on the process of turning food, absorbing nutrients for energy and getting rid of the bodies waste (Sullivan, 2008, p.33). The organs that are in the digestive system are the following: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, colon or large intestine, rectum and anus (Ballard, 2003). Imagine eating a nice dinner with delicious smelling food. Now, imagine eating the food. Have...
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...Analyse how system of the body use energy Introduction In this task I will be examining how the different body systems use energy and why the body needs energy. I will also be analysing cellular respiration which is the process in which energy is made, along with the by-products and anabolism and catabolism. Later on in this task I will be analysing how ATP is used in muscle action, protein production and how we as mammals use the energy released as heat. * Fight infections * Movement * Organ function * Cell function * Muscle contractions * Brain to function and * Circulating blood * Fight infections * Movement * Organ function * Cell function * Muscle contractions * Brain to function and * Circulating blood The body needs energy for a number of things such as; * Digesting * Eating * Warmth * Respiration * Chemical reactions * Growth and repair * Digesting * Eating * Warmth * Respiration * Chemical reactions * Growth and repair Most of the total energy the body uses each day goes to basal metabolism, this is the minimum amount of energy needed to maintain bodily functions while at rest. This includes how much energy the body burns to keep breathing, keep blood circulating and maintain the many vital cellular activities that keep us alive. These factors mentioned above are quite simple and not very complex, however; all the cells in our body require energy to carry...
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...subsequent ecosystems are of great importance in understanding human impact on our planet. Ecotoxicology is a type of environmental toxicology that deals with the effects of environmental toxins on ecosystems, habitats and the organisms that live in those ecosystems. The wide range of organisms and environmental factors requires detailed analysis from multiple scientific disciplines. Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics Toxicokinetics is a branch of toxicology that can be viewed as the study of how the body deals with toxicants at different stages after exposure. These stages are absorption, distribution, and elimination. Toxicokinetics studies the ever changing processes that occur within the body during and after absorption of a toxicant. This includes where and how absorption takes place, how the body distributes the toxicant, the effects of metabolism, the toxic effects rendered and the excretion of the toxicant. “In other words, toxicokinetics is a reflection of how the body handles toxicants as indicated by the plasma concentration of that xenobiotic at various time points.” (Michael A. Trush, 2008, p. 1) Toxicodynamics describes what occurs when a toxicant interacts with a specific entity and the biological effects that take place as a result. These “biological targets” can include DNA, proteins, and a variety of receptors. Toxicants interact with these targets and receptors that lead to alterations that may impact the function of their targets as well as structural...
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