...complex hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the human body. When blood volume is low, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys activate prorenin, which secretes renin directly into the blood stream circulation. Subsequently, a drop in blood volume additionally releases angiotensinogen from liver, in which renin converts into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II through the enzyme angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) found in the lung. Angiotensin II is a potent biological compound that causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in an increase in blood pressure. Additionally, angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Furthermore, thirst or antidiuretic hormone can effectively stimulates the pituitary gland, which could release corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulating the adrenal cortex and thereby releasing aldosterone. Aldosterone contributes to the RAAS system by causing the tubules of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water back into the blood stream. Thus, an increase in the reabsorption of water, increases the volume of fluid in the body, which increases the blood pressure. Once the blood volume and blood pressure stabilizes, these collective effects triggers a negative feedback which essentially shutdown the production of renin, effectively decreasing the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. High potassium leftover in the bloodstream...
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...Fatigue, depression, and anxiety are also symptoms of Adrenal Fatigue Syndrome (AFS), where the adrenal glands have become dysregulated and their cortisol output is either too high (during the earlier stages) or too low (during the more advanced stages). In the larger picture, the adrenal glands are only one part of one of the six circuits involved in the NeuroEndoMetabolic (NEM) Stress Response, which is the body’s global response to stress. These six circuits are: the hormone, the metabolism, the cardionomic, the neuroaffect, the inflammation, and the detoxification responses. Chronic stress can cause imbalances in all six circuits, with the adrenal glands bearing most of the brunt and then negatively affecting the rest of the hormonal and...
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...Blood Pressure Homeostasis Homeostasis in the ability of the body to keep an internal environment that is constant, regardless of outside influences. Blood pressure remains within normal limits through the utilization of both rapid and slow mechanisms. Working together, the mechanisms strive to maintain an approximate blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg. The baroreceptor reflex is one of the most important fast acting homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating blood pressure. This contains receptors, sensory nerves, and the medulla oblongata and motor nerves, all working together. Another rapid acting mechanism in the regulation of blood pressure is the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal gland. Baroreceptors, are found in certain places in the walls of the heart where they are able to sense any change in blood pressure. After the baroreceptor sence a change the sensory nerves are activated and send a message to the medulla oblongata, which is located in the brain. Depending on the signal received the medulla oblongata then decides whether to increase or decrease blood pressure. The motor nerves of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are activated to carry out the adjustments needed to maintain blood pressure. Sympathetic nervous system kicks in if the blood pressure is low and needs to increase. The nerves in the sympathetic nervous system supply an electrical system to the heart, and will increase the heart...
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...Tanisha Foster Unit 1 Assignment 1 Homeostatic Imbalances March 26, 2015 What is hypertension (HTN)? Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure (tension) becomes elevated (hyper) in the arteries causing the heart to have to work harder. You can think of it like blowing up a balloon using a tube attached from your mouth to the balloon. The tubing represents your arteries, the balloon your heart, and you the risks factors that changes air flow (blood flow) to the balloon that inflates and deflates it. Normal blood pressure is within a range below 120/80. The first number (systolic) shows the pressure for when the heart beats and the second number (diastolic) measures pressure between heartbeats, at a time at which the heart is refilling with blood, considered being at a brief rest. When you have a poor diet high in salt and processed foods, overweight, unhealthy habits such as smoking or high alcohol usage, and lack regular exercise you can almost double your risks of having hypertension. Let’s now take those risks and begin to blow through the tube (arteries). With these risks factors you have to blow hard to push that air (blood) through the tubes. This causes high pressure (tension) within the tube (arteries) and this force of air (blood) against the tube walls weakens them. It also causes the balloon (heart) to have to work harder to inflate then deflate. This entire process can wreak havoc on your cardiovascular...
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...1 Dehydration Mike Martin SCI/241 01/21/2012 Mike Esposito 2 Water is important for creating and sustaining life. In humans, the body is made up of about sixty percent water. Every part of our body including muscle, bone, and blood consists of some percentage of water. About a third of our total body water is extracellular fluid, which is fluid outside and between cells and water in our blood. This is the most important as the blood in our bodies delivers the oxygen and nutrients to all cells. Without the proper amount of water everyday there is a risk of dehydration. Severe dehydration can cause nerve damage, seizures, abnormal blood pressure, brain damage, arrhythmia, and even death. Water is essential to everyday health maintenance as it helps in the balance of our body fluids, such as absorption, digestion, circulation, and distribution of nutrients. The muscles, which are about seventy-five percent water, need that balance of fluids to perform properly. This is especially true when exercising, or running. Body temperature is also regulated with the help of water, since water changes temperature slowly. Water also helps the body get rid of toxins through the kidneys. Without enough fluids the kidneys will keep extra fluids instead of passing them through urine. Water also helps pass food through the intestines, which in turn prevents constipation. 3 Every function in our bodies runs smoothly and works properly with an adequate supply of water. This could...
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...This rhythm defines the fluctuation of the glucocorticoid levels in the blood reaching a peak through the active phase of the day. This process is regulated by the circadian clock, which is a biological time keeper that is responsible for alerting the organism about the various variations in the environment. The circadian production of the glucocorticoid is thought to be through a central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and circadian clock in the adrenal gland. Therefore, the regulation of this rhythm is accomplished by the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. On the other hand, the regulation of the gland’s sensitivity to the ACTH is mediated by the circadian clock of the adrenal gland. The normally existing glucocorticoid in humans is cortisol (van der velden., 1998). Cortisol is derived from inactive cortisone through 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozyme type1 (11βHSD1). Glucocorticoid is regulated through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) whereas, mineralocorticoid is regulated through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). These two receptors are similar in structure and are expressed in many tissues. MR has high affinity to cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone. In the majority of the tissues at the basil levels glucocorticoid stimulate MR, whereas GR is activated by glucocorticoid when at stress...
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...Biochemistry Task 5 Brooke Storms ID # 000531395 January 24th, 2016 Triglycerides are made up of three fatty acids and one glyceride. The oxidation of these leads to ATP production, which will be explained in the following paragraphs. There are three main sources of fatty acids, the adipose tissue, the liver (in the form of VDL), and from the intestine (the food we eat). From these sources, it enters the blood stream and is distributed to the tissues. Once in the tissue, β Oxidation occurs. The long chain of fatty acid has a carboxylic group at one end. It is first broken down into two carbon subunits and then it generates Acetyl Co-A, which can then enter the Citric Acid Cycle. The electrons and the hydrogen are removed and carried by NADH and FADH2 to the Electron Transport Chain (O’Malley, 2014). The Citric Acid Cycle is also at work creating NADH and FADH2. The electrons and hydrogens released during this process from both β Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle move on to the Electron Transport Chain. Within this, the hydrogens are moving from a negative to a positive pressure and H20 is created. As it passes through the Electron Transport Chain ADP + organic Phosphate combine to create ATP, the cell’s energy (O’Malley, 2014). A proton gradient is used to make ATP in the mitochondria during aerobic metabolism. The products of the Citric Acid Cycle, namely NADH and FADH2, are on the matrix side of the Electron Transport Chain. They each donate one electron to the proteins Complex...
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...exists. These are chemical, kinetic, electrical, elastic and thermal .Energy can be found in several forms and chemical energy is the most common. The energy that is in the chemical bond unites atoms or molecules with each other. When a new bond is made between two atoms, energy is needed for its formation and this is usually in the form of heat, light an electrical energy could be used. If the bond is broken and the atoms are released, the energy in the bond is released. Elastic energy is found with the arteries. The middle layer of the tissue (tunica media) which is within the artery wall lining has elastic tissues in. The elastic tissue lets the artery walls to be able to stretch and recoil which helps prevents damage from the high pressure blood flowing through them. By allowing the stretch of the artery this is causing the elastic energy. This kind of energy is known as the ‘potential energy’. Thermal energy is one of the five forms of energy which is found within our body. Thermal energy helps us maintain the right body temperature and keep it at the amount. However our body can generate too much thermal energy and this could occur whilst doing exercise as the body is developing in ways of how to lose heat to maintain a constant core temperature. Furthermore our body has found a way to adapt to thermal...
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...IB Biology Topic 6 Human Health and Physiology Introduction – The human body is composed of cells organize into tissues, tissues organized into organs and organs organized into an organ system. This chapter will cover some of the major organ systems of the boy and how those organ systems interact with each other = physiology. 6.1 Digestion Why do we digest food? – Here is the series of the events in order: ~Ingestion: You eat the food. ~Digestion: A series of chemical reactions, whereby you convert the ingested foot to smaller and smaller molecular forms. ~Absorption: Small molecular forms are absorbed through cells of your digestive system and pass into nearby blood or lymphatic vessels ~Transport: Your circulatory system delivers the small molecular nutrients to your body cells. Digestion solves a problem of molecular size. – Many of the foods we ingest have very large molecules –to large to pass across any cell membrane. – In order to get into our bloodstream, molecules must pass through the cell membranes of our intestines and then through the cell membrane of the capillary. Therefore any food we eat must be chemically digested to a suitable size. (Page 165) Digestion allows you to turn molecules into ‘your own’ – Plant cells characteristically store excess carbohydrates in the form of starch whereas animals store excess carbohydrates as glycogen. – Each type of living organism has its...
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...increase their risk of developing a heart disease. During the beginning stages of kidney diseases heart disease may also be present; even those that suffer from the smallest diminishment in kidney function should be encouraged to protect their heart. The heart and kidneys are viewed as one interlinked system inside the body by Doctors, instead of two separate organs. Is there a link between the two? Why does one organ affect the other when diagnosed with either disease? As you read on you will read about both organs and their functions, risk factors of diseases, and preventions for both diseases. While people sleep both your heart and kidney never sleep. Beating at an average of 75 times a minute, the muscular organ that works to pump blood is the heart. Located on the left side of the chest, the heart divides into two sections. The right atrium and the right ventricle can be found on the right side of the heart. These components...
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...role in how our bodies function. A. Our diet and nutritional make up has vastly changed from our great ancestors. i. Once relying on living off the land, hunting and gathering and fishing as ways for our nutrition and sustenance, to fast food being available on every corner. (Danaei, 2009) ("Why We Need Omega-3s?") ii. Regular consumption of natural fruits, veggies, nuts, seeds, lean meats to cereals, grains and high processed sugary carbohydrates. ( Danaei, 2009) ("Why We Need Omega-3s?") iii. A diet low in total and saturated fat but contained a powerful amount of essential fatty acids to a diet high in trans and saturated fats that leaves us often times feeling sick. (Danaei, 2009) ("Why We Need Omega-3s?") B. Every human body is exposed to problems when we have an unbalance of Essential Omega fatty acids. Research over time has shown us that regular consumption of omega 3 fatty acids is essential for our bodies’ normal physiology. (Danaei, 2009) ("Why We Need Omega-3s?") i. Oxygen transport from our red blood cells to tissues throughout our body. (Micronutrient...
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...enough to make any woman feel irritable if not overwhelmed. The onset of postpartum depression, on the other hand, is believed to be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain; specifically shifts in hormone levels. According to postpartum Support International (PSI), the theory to date suggests that a sharp drop in estrogen and progesterone following delivery is the culprit.1 Ovarian steroids play an important regulatory role in a women’s general sense of wellbeing. Studies have found significant positive correlations between the onset of PPD and postpartum withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone levels.2 Aside from estrogen’s many roles in our developmental health, it is also known to be a neuro-stimulant with anti-depressive effects. High levels of estrogen produce an imbalance in the system that aggravates symptoms of anxiety. On the other hand, low levels of estrogen can lead to episodes of depression.3 A...
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...Osmosis Experiment Diana Arrowood Grand Canyon University BIO-100L Biology Concepts September 16, 2011 Osmosis Experiment Directions Use the information below to complete the Osmosis Experiment. Materials 1 fresh baking potato Water Salt Four small containers (i.e., drinking cups or clear glasses) A metric ruler Methods and Procedure 1) Place 1 cup (236 ml) of water in each of the 4 containers. In 2 of the containers, add 1 tablespoon (14.8 ml) of table salt and mix well until dissolved. Label which containers have salt. Cut a fresh baking potato into 5 mm slices. Cut four rectangles 2.5 cm x 1 cm from the slices as close to the same size as possible. Measure the length and width of each rectangle in metric units and place one in each of the containers, keeping track of which measured slice went in which container. There will be two slices (duplicates) for fresh water and two for salt water. After 1 hour, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato and return it to the appropriate container. Note any physical changes. After 24 hours, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato. Note any physical changes in the potatoes and describe their appearance. Written Lab Report Introduction 1) Address the following questions: A) Define osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations...
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...as high blood pressure. The history of the disease from the first discoveries of Stephen Hale to the implementation of high blood pressure testing as a standard in routine health care by Samuel Karl Ritter Von Basch are among the topics discussed. In addition to past and current treatments of this condition like angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and diuretics, etc., new approaches are reviewed (removal of the carotid body to the use of radio waves). Hypertension in Older Adults – Past, Current and New Treatments Something often attributed to old age, being overweight, etcetera, hypertension has become a common place medical condition in adults. This paper will look at the efficacy of past and current treatments, and new approaches to treat this medical condition. With the phrase older adults, it’s referring to those over 60 and in some of the journal articles the mean age of those in the studies average 80/83 years old. Hypertension is a medical condition that occurs when you have a continually high systemic arterial blood pressure. It is defined when the systolic pressure is constantly bigger than 140 mmHg or when the diastolic pressure is constantly bigger than 90 mmHg or more. But for people over the age of 60, hypertension is bigger than 150/90. Hypertension is dangerous to have because it can change into strokes, heart attacks, heart failure of kidney disease. Credit for the first perception of high blood pressure...
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...is used in over 300 biochemical functions, such as maintaining healthy muscle and nerve function; regulating heartbeat rhythms, helping neurotransmitter functions, as well as metabolism of food, synthesis of fatty acids and proteins, and blood pressure regulation. 50 to 60 percent of magnesium is stored in the skeletal system; it is important for bone density and bone crystal formation, and helps assimilate calcium into the bone. The rest is present in muscle, soft tissues, and bodily fluids. It plays a role in activating vitamin D in the kidneys and production of the antioxidant glutathione. It helps regulate blood glucose levels,...
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