...It is important for physical education teachers to manage and discipline their class effectively and acceptably. One of my favorite positive reinforcement strategies is implementing activity reinforcers. Activity reinforcers are activities that the children enjoy that are awarded because of good behavior. Examples would include free time, playing a game, student of the day, being a teacher’s aide, extra time in physical education class, etc. (Pangrazi, 2016). I prefer this strategy because it incorporates physical activity as a reward. A good method I learned in PED-415 for resolve conflicts between students is rock-paper-scissors. This can be used in disagreements between students for just about anything. It is especially good when students...
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...Reinforcement Strategies University of Phoenix Organizational Administration and Behavior AJS/512 March 19, 2013 Reinforcement strategies are utilized to motivate employees and are essential to the success of an organization. The elements they provide to the chain of command within and organization includes productivity, retention and moral. The type of business conducted at the organization determines the strategies used. In the criminal justice system, reinforcement strategies are especially crucial because it helps keep the officers and other personnel focused on achieving goals set by the department. It is important that reinforcement strategies are continuously conceptualized and implemented to sustain employee’s disposition toward work. It is important to understand how the implementation of both positive and negative reinforcement strategies and affect an organization. Examining the strengths and shortcomings of reinforcement strategies allows managers to determine what is most effective with staff. Also, determining whether a strategy is continuous, positive, or negative can allow supervisor to understand the tools available to work with and implement them more successfully. Employee Recognition Employee recognition is a vital part of any organization as it positively promotes and influences organizational behavior. Employee motivation is an essential aspect of the working environment as well as a basic need for individuals. Rewarding employees for hard work...
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...Managerial Practices Executive Summary Brendan Moaratty CJA/484 June 15, 2015 Gina Craft Managerial Practices Executive Summary Organizational effectiveness is the ability of a particular organization to run as a well-oiled machine that meets goals set in place for success throughout an organization. An organization must work efficiently; therefore obtainable goals must be set within achievable timeframes in order to meet all expectations of the organizations main purpose. This allows an organization to produce productive work with a desired effect throughout the organization without wasteful use of valued assets (Charrier, K. 2007). Organizational effectiveness is imperative when managing each area of criminal justice personnel in a law enforcement capacity, courts, or correctional facility personnel. Each of the settings is different, but the behavior concepts for each department of a law enforcement function must be the same when it comes to managing a department properly and professionally. Organizational effectiveness is where each member of the organization works as a team efficiently and effectively to the best of their ability for mission success. The desired outcome of organizational effectiveness is to utilize all the resources necessary to complete the mission, but at little cost of man hours, allotted time, necessary materials, and energy to the organization as a whole. This entails a productive team to obtain all goals without having an adverse effect on...
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...Impact of Positive Reinforcement Sara Nino Dallas Baptist University Abstract I chose to research the Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports approach to positive reinforcement. I wanted to find out if this approach taught temporary or long-term (positive) behavioral changes. I researched this approach and compared it to the Responsive Classroom approach. In order to determine its effectiveness, I looked at referral data at Nimitz High School provided around this time this last year, and compared it to its current numbers. While it showed beneficial changes last year, I found an increase in behavioral problems this year. I also attempted to look at the reasoning behind the increase in referral numbers. Keywords: P.B.I.S., Responsive Classroom, positive, behavior, reinforcement, Skinner’s theory Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports (P.B.I.S.) is framework utilized within the school system in order to create a positive atmosphere. It is an approach which is implemented through reinforcement of student’s positive behavior. This approach is similar to one known known as the Responsive Classroom approach. The expectation of positive behavior reinforcement is to reduce discipline problems and increase student productivity and learning. These types of reinforcement fall in line with Skinner’s Theory. P.B.I.S. follows a three-tiered framework in order to prevent and correct problem behaviors. * Primary Prevention Strategies are implemented school...
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...productivity and morale he needed to use more positive reinforcement. The previous manager was very hard on his staff, this simple change would make the staff to respond positively towards Cliff, therefore productivity would increased. 2.Why did cliffs predecessor's strategy of punishing undesirable behavior not work very well? Cliff’s predecessor strategy of punishing undesirable behavior did not work very well because putting someone down over and over again does not boost confidence. They probably want to do better,but it is harder to want to get the job done because they are so used to the demeaning behavior and not knowing how the boss will react to a job well done. They probably think he will find something wrong anyways. That’s why positive reinforcement works better in most situations Even if punishment and reinforcement strategies were equally effective at controlling behavior, why would reinforcement remain preferable? It didn’t work because it was not what he was used to doing or what he was known for; he was more at ease with reinforcements over punishment because there were positive connotations to this method. Reinforcement works best because it bring about the positive and show how and why it is rewarded, while punishment only focuses on the negative and therefore results in demoralization. 3. How did cliff make use of partial reinforcement schedules? Partial or intermittent reinforcement schedule is when the behavior is reinforced some...
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...Implement the Positive Behavioural Support Model 1.1 Explain how Positive Behavioural Support has been influenced by: • Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) • Social Role Valorisation (SRV) ABA is a scientific process of examining what causes and maintains behaviour, in order to bring about positive change. SRV promotes valued social roles for individuals who are socially disadvantaged, to help them get some of the good things in life. 1.2 Summarise current legislation and policy guidance relating to Positive Behavioural Support The current legislation relating to Positive Behavioural Support is titled - the Positive Behaviour Support Policy – Safe management of challenging behaviour in children and young people with learning disabilities and autism. The broad aims of the policy are: • the prevention of challenging behaviours; • that, where used, restrictive physical interventions promote the best interests of children and young people; • that all risks associated with the use of restrictive physical interventions are continuously assessed; • to maintain the safety and dignity of children, young people and staff; • that managers and employers discharge their responsibilities effectively; • to highlight the training needs of staff in the use of restrictive physical interventions. 2.1 Define the term ‘challenging behaviour’ Behaviour of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy or...
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...1. Identification of Critical Bhaviour : In order too appy OB Mod, it is necessary that critical behaviours which have significant impact on the performance outcome of the employees should be identified. Employees may be engaged in deveral behaviours in the organization. Out of these, some behavours may be critical like absenteeism or attendance, tardiness or promotness, complaints or constructive criticism and doing or not doing a particular task or procedure and some behaviours may not be critical like bad discussion with the particular employee and his immediate superior as both are closely intimated with the job behaviours. A systematic behaviour audit can also be carried on to identify such behaviour. The audit would systematically analyse each job in question on the pattern of job analysis. 2. Measurement of Behaviour : After the critical behaviours are identified these are measured in terms of the rate at which these are occurring. If the rate of occurrence is within the acceptable limit (for example, rate of absenteeism at the rate of one percent), no action may be required. However, if it is more, it is required to be changed. Measurement of behaviours can be if it is more, it is required to be changed. Measurement of behaviours can be through either by observing and counting or by extracting from existing records. 3. Functuional Analysis of Behaviour: Functional analysis involves a detailed examination of present behaviours of the employees to determine what...
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...What causes addiction, and what is the best approach to counteract it? One contemporary view on the main causes of addiction is positive reinforcement. While there are many factors that contribute to both chemical and physical addiction, including psychosis, a disruptive childhood, or cognitive impairment, positive reinforcement is the major underlying characteristic that envelops an individual’s substance addiction (Osher, 1989). Though the reasons for compulsive drug self-administration varies widely, most, if not all users of drugs do so to avoid negative feelings including anxiety, depression, angst and fear (Goldsmith, Holzer & Manderscheid, 1998). Positive reinforcement is a concept first described by psychologist B. F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning. Skinner introduced reinforcement to the law of effect (Thorndike, 1905) in psychology, stating that behaviour that is reinforced is likely to be repeated and strengthened, while behaviour that is not reinforced will likely be extinguished (McLeod, 2007). Positive reinforcement refers to the rewarding and confident emotions that drug users experience when self-administering drugs or other substances. This theory highlights that the common denominator of a wide range of addictive substances is their ability to cause psychomotor activation (Wise & Bozarth, 1987). This view is related to the belief that all positive reinforcers activate a common biological mechanism, with one of the most common components...
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...Management[edit] The Theory Skinner believed that the goal of psychology should be practical (Lieberman, 2000). As it relates to education, Skinner believed the goal of psychology should be to find ways to make education enjoyable and effective for all students. His learning theory relied on the assumption that the best way to modify behavior was to modify the environment. Skinner was a proponent for many instructional strategies that modern day “progressive” educational reformers advocate for: scaffold instruction, small units, repetition and review of instructions, and immediate feedback. Skinner did not approve of the use of punishments in school, or as a behavioral modification technique in general, and based these opinions on his own empirical research that found punishments to be ineffective (Lieberman, 2000). Skinner himself advocated for the frequent use of reinforcement (i.e. rewards) to modify and influence student behavior. Skinner’s primary contribution to behavioral management philosophy has been from his research on operant conditioning and reinforcement schedules. An operant is a behavior that acts on the surrounding environment to produce a consequence. As a result of the consequence, the operant’s likelihood of reoccurring is affected. The operant is said to be reinforced if the consequence increases the likelihood of the behavior's occurrence. For example, an example of an operant in a typical classroom is staying in one’s seat. A teacher may seek to reinforce...
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...encouragement and motivation if they are doing a good job achieving this goal. It is also important to give feedback if an employee is having a hard time achieving their goal because that way the manager can help get them back on track and give them ideas on what they could do differently. 6.) Reinforcement is a strategy to help create a behavior by either giving positive consequences or withholding negative ones. The schedules of reinforcement in organizations are continuous, intermittent, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval. A continuous reinforcement is when an employee gets rewarded every time they do something. This could be when the employees finish a certain goal or project, the manager does something nice for them such as having a party. Fixed interval would be when an employee is rewarded on a fixed time schedule. An example of this would be every time the manager gives the employees their paychecks. Variable interval would depend on time span. This would be if an employee has been working at a company for a while and has been doing a great job. Due to their success the manager could offer them a promotion. A fixed ratio would be reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors. An example...
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...occurs through rewards and punishments. Knowing that there may be a reward at the end of a task will help motivate someone to stay focused and complete the task to the best of their ability. There are two different kinds of reinforcements that play a huge role in this operant conditioning, which are positive and negative reinforcements. In both cases, the behavior increases. Punishment on the other hand is completely opposite where the outcome causes a decrease in the behavior when following a response. There are also two kinds of punishment which is punishment by application and punishment by removal. It's important to use both forms of punishment wisely so you won't cause any abuse to a child physically or emotionally. Positive Reinforcements There are multiple ways to use positive reinforcements when either correcting or strengthening a behavior. However, not all positive reinforcements are the best ones to use. There are cases when parents will reward there children with food. They might say things such as, “If you are good, I will give you a cookie.” This can be a dangerous approach when adding such a pleasurable outcome because it could lead to obesity or other health issues if it is consistent. I have found that the positive reinforcements that work best are using other rewards such as praises and loving words. While I don't have children, I have used this technique on my five year old niece. Being a five year old, she can get out of line but providing small...
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...Behaviour Management Introduction: * first port of call should be school code of discipline * aim of most successful behaviour management strategies is to emphasise the positive and reduce incidents of negative behaviour Emotional Development: * teachers can play a vital role in the emotional development of pupils * by focusing on creating emotional competence in pupils, a lot of behavioural issues can be prevented * modelling pro-social behaviour such as appropriate facial expressions and tone of voice can be effective in doing this, the opposite is also true * by over reacting to an undesirable behaviour, the teacher is reinforcing that behaviour Self-Esteem * A lot of bad behaviour is rooted in low self-esteem * pupils with repeated experience of rejection/failure respond by attention seeking and disruptive behaviours * self-esteem linked to gap between an individual’s self image and their ideal self * self-esteem is an evaluation of out traits and characteristics * Laurence (1996) indicates correlation between teacher and student self-esteem * teachers in powerful position to influence academic and emotional development of pupils * creating warm positive and caring classroom environment is important * talking to pupils about their interests/families/hobbies can help to gain an insight into the pupil and deal with self-esteem issues * use emotional vocabulary in the classroom * encourage the vocalisation...
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...Development is a description of cognitive development as four distinct stages in children. These stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal. The term operant conditioning was coined by B. F. Skinner. His approach was to “focus on the external, visible causes of behavior, rather than try to unpack the internal thoughts and motivations” (Skinner, 1958, p. 48). Skinner understood that reinforcements come in two forms such as negative and positive forms. The negative reinforcements typically are characterized by the removal of an “undesired or unpleasant outcome after the desired conduct” (Alexander, 1996, p. 119). Skinner hypothesized that the response is strengthened as something considered negative is removed. On the other hand, the positive reinforcements are favorable outcomes or events that are given to the person after the desired behavior such as in the form of rewards or praises. Skinner suggested that, to reach these goals, the “reinforcement is for the person’s behavior to increase” (Casas, 2002, p. 133). On the other hand, there are positive and negative reinforcement. The two forms of punishment are Punishment I and Punishment II. In contrast, punishment is when the increase of something unwanted attempts to cause a decrease in the behavior that may follow. The negative punishment is characterized by when a “favorable outcome or event is removed after an undesirable behavior occurs” (Matson, 2012, p. 9). Differently, the positive punishment is when unfavorable...
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... Chapter 6 Conditioning and Learning In the text book Introduction of Psychology the chapter that I will be writing about would be on chapter 6 Conditioning and Learning. Conditioning and learning in the world of psychology has many interested theories about behaviors. Learning is a permanent change in behavior due to experience and it starts from our childhood stage in our lives. There are two types of learning, which is associative and cognitive behavior. Associative learning is a simple type of learning that affects many aspects of daily life. Cognitive learning involves making use of information rich higher mental process. In associative learning there are many practices and theories of associative learning such as reinforcements which is any events that will increase a response. Classical conditioning is an antecedent stimulus that doesn’t produce a response is linked with one that does. Another one would be operant learning is based on the consequences of responding. These are part of associative learning and have happened in many times in a human being life, including mine. At first this theory was experimented by a scientist from Russia Ivan Pavlov. He began with animals and observing there behaviors. What he has discovered for example if he is studying a dog, he rings a bell being a neutral stimulus the dog would not response. Immediately after, he placed meat powder on the dog’s tongue, which causes a reflex salivation. This process was repeated numerous...
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...appropriately request desired items, activities, information and/or attention (Albert et al, 2012). Mand training consists of two main categories: antecedent and consequence strategies (Albert et al, 2012). Antecedent strategies are teaching procedure that manipulates some part of the environment (physical or social) to increase a target response (Mayer, Sulzer-Azaroff & Wallace, 2014). There are three types of antecedent strategies: "assessing MO's, manipulating MO's and prompting" (Albert et al, 2012). Assessing MO's is one type of antecedent strategy. MO's can quickly change; therefore it is important to ensure that motivating antecedents (naturally occurring or contrived) are in place during mand training (Mayer, Sulzer-Azaroff & Wallace, 2014). Motivating operants (MO's) have a "value altering effect" and are defined as an antecedent that alters the value or strength of a consequence, which in turn may result in some sort of behavior change (Mayer et al., 2014). A few strategies that can be used to identify MO's are to conduct a stimulus preference assessment (paired-stimulus, multiple stimuli and/or multiple stimuli without replacement), conduct an informal preference interviews with learner, parents and/or caregivers or observe the learner in a free operant observation (Albert et al, 2012). Another antecedent strategy is manipulating the MO's. Contriving or sustaining a reinforcer for a predetermined amount of time prior to mand training is one way to manipulate MO's (Albert et...
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