...1.What were the main causes, elements, and impact of the different approaches to colonies followed by the English, French, and Spanish? By Columbus’s discovery, Spain got a religious justification fro conquest and an army of seasoned soldiers, named conquistadores. Also, rulers in Spain developed efficient techniques for controlling new colonies. The conquistadores left a trail of destruction by attacking native villages and killed or captured the inhabitant since they preferred seeking gold and slaves to creating permanent settlements. In 1519, some Spanish soldiers landed on the coast of Mexico. Three years later, these Spanish soldier conquered Aztec empire. The three factors of Spanish victory were technological advantages, division within the Aztec empire, and disease. Later, some other Spanish soldiers conquered a richer empire, Inca empire. By 1550, Spain’s New World empire, which stretched from the Caribbean through Mexico to Peru, was administered from Spain by the Council of the Indies. The council enacted laws for the empire and supervised an elaborate bureaucracy to maintain political control and extract wealth from the land and its people. Then, two expedition went to north America to find gold and silver but they did not find any gold and silver. So Spain stopped to extend its empire and just maintained two precarious footholds in north of Mexico. By a large number of gold and silver flowing into Spain, it became the richest and most powerful state in Europe. However...
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...look, live and behave like an English country gentlemen, and wanted to be accepted as a transatlantic member of the British elite. The wealthy colonist’s aspirations testified important developments in the 18th century. Prosperity and growing population tied the English colonies to London and the flow of goods between Britain and America fueled the desires for acceptance by the British elite. They wanted America to be more like London with their wealth and overflowing production of goods. The Great Awakening was a huge religious revival in colonial America striking first in the Middle colonies and New England in the 1740’s and then spreading to the southern colonies. The Great Awakening affected everyone. Whitefield, an Anglican minister came to the colonies and revivals and mass conversions often followed his appearance. Crowds gathered to listen to his sermons and many converted and despaired salvation. Disputes between individuals and more extreme revivals split individuals into two separate churches, New Lights and Old Lights. These Revivals created tension between these two groups. However, The Great Awakening not only brought religious revival between groups it also fostered greater political awareness and participation among colonist. Chapter 5 As the war was drawing to a close conflict between the Cherokee Indians on the southern frontier flared into violence. The Cherokees loss of Virginia and the Carolinas to the colonist created problems, as the British Amherst...
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...The Great Awakening: A wave of revivals During the 18th century, the life of the colonists had improved a lot. They had a choice between multitudes of religions, had a growing economy, and were inspired by the movement of Enlightenment in Europe. But with this revival happening in the American colonies, the true Christians got concerned. According to many historians, this wave of revivals was entitled ‘The Great Awakening’. This event revealed many social and economical trends in the colonies. Joseph Tracy, past minister and historian also saw this event as one of the precursor of the American Revolution. With the newly choice of religions, the colonists became little by little less affected by being part of one. In fact, a large number of them were either indifferent about it, deist, or not concerned by being religious. In the leading colonial cities, only 10 to 15% of eligible adults were members of a church (American Promise, p.134). When more religious people realized how few they were, they started to preach people to reconvert them to a more religious lifestyle. This was called the Great Awakening. Ministers were using different ways to lead the revival. The fact that ministers had to make the population go to Church shows an expanding social trend of the population refusing to attend church probably to express their recent ability to be free of choosing and make their own decision concerning religious views. But after many well-known ministers such as Jonathan Edwards...
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...With the development of a civilized society in America during the 1700s and 1800s, the role religion played in an everyday person's life was becoming more and more diminished. To combat this, a series of religious revivals were set in motion: The Great Awakenings. These were a series of large, sweeping religious, social, and political changes that sought to use the basis of religion to revive faith in a neglected belief, bring about numerous social reforms, and use political factions to great effect upon society's mentality. Although most view the First Great Awakening as the first' and greatest' religious, social, and political influence to American society, the second Great Awakening can be considered far more influential in its religious, social, and political aspects of influence. Even though the First and Second Great Awakenings focused its attention on other matters of life later on, religion was the theme upon which they were built. The First Great Awakening started among the American colonial Protestants during the early 1700s, mainly due to the weakening of the strict Puritan tradition of religious doctrine, and in part, the religious decline caused by negative publicity from the Salem witch trials and the Enlightenment (www.wikipedia.org). The movement to correct these problems began with Jonathan Edwards, a strictly Puritan, orthodox theologian from Massachusetts who dedicated his time to bringing the people back to the strict Calvinist roots, and to reawaken the...
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...With the development of a civilized society in America during the 1700s and 1800s, the role religion played in an everyday person's life was becoming more and more diminished. To combat this, a series of religious revivals were set in motion: The Great Awakenings. These were a series of large, sweeping religious, social, and political changes that sought to use the basis of religion to revive faith in a neglected belief, bring about numerous social reforms, and use political factions to great effect upon society's mentality. Although most view the First Great Awakening as the first' and greatest' religious, social, and political influence to American society, the second Great Awakening can be considered far more influential in its religious, social, and political aspects of influence. Even though the First and Second Great Awakenings focused its attention on other matters of life later on, religion was the theme upon which they were built. The First Great Awakening started among the American colonial Protestants during the early 1700s, mainly due to the weakening of the strict Puritan tradition of religious doctrine, and in part, the religious decline caused by negative publicity from the Salem witch trials and the Enlightenment (www.wikipedia.org). The movement to correct these problems began with Jonathan Edwards, a strictly Puritan, orthodox theologian from Massachusetts who dedicated his time to bringing the people back to the strict Calvinist roots, and to reawaken the...
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...Georgia’s, and the oldest city in the United States. It was founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe, who arrived to the States from England with one hundred and fourteen settlers and constitute it the first British colonial capital of the province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia. Savannah is not only the oldest and one of the most historic cities of Georgia, but it is “the location of one of the largest National Historic Landmark districts in the country. This eccentric Southern city beguiles with Old World glamour and romance, culture, [architecture] and entertainment. Savannah's stunning architecture, 21 historic squares and Low Country landscape make the city a top travel and an [irresistible] destination.”...
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...on the digital history (see course home page) **You will be tested on all of this material on the respective quizzes Native Americans (Read this for quiz 1) “ The First Americans” (Not a link…go to the assigned website) European Society (Read this for quiz 1) Colonial Era/Exploration and Discovery The Significance of 1492 European Commercial and Financial Expansion Slavery and Spanish Colonization The Meaning of America The Black Legend Colonial Era/17th Century (Read below for quiz 1) European Colonization North of Mexico Spanish Colonization English Settlement Colonial Era/17 century (Read below for quiz 2) English Colonization Begins Life in Early Virginia Slavery Takes Root in Colonial Virginia Founding New England The Puritans The Puritan Idea of the Covenant Regional Contrasts Dimensions of Change in Colonial New England The Salem Witch Scare Slavery in the Colonial North Struggles for Power in Colonial America Diversity in Colonial America The Middle Colonies: New York Fear of Slave Revolts The Middle Colonies: William Penn’s Holy Commonwealth The Southernmost Colonies: The Carolinas and Georgia Colonial Administration (Read below for quiz 2) No readings th Road to Revolution (Read for quiz 3) Colonial America/18th Century The The The The The The Emergence of New Ideas about Personal Liberties and Constitutional Rights Great Awakening Seven Years’ War Rise of Antislavery Sentiment Fate of Native Americans Road to Revolution American Revolution (Read for quiz 3) Entire...
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...Religious Interactions between the Africans, Amerindians and Europeans in British Colonial America Christopher J. Reed HIS 379 Pamela Huckins October 22, 2012 Religious Interactions between Africans, Amerindians and Europeans in British Colonial America Christianity played an important role in each of the British Colonies, and religious practice was strictly enforced. All colonists that were of adult age had to attend religious services and pay the taxes that paid the ministers. People who attempted to practice a non-Christian belief were often times persecuted. In Europe there was a split in the Protestant Anglican Church and it branched into the traditional Anglicans and the reforming Protestants. These differences continued and led to the colonization of America. “Puritans journeyed to New England for more than reformation of the Church of England, but religious purity was certainably a matter of considerable importance in establishing a city” (Benjamin p. 66). Puritans came to the new world and established themselves as the dominant denomination in the colonies. This gave birth to new movements in the Colonies, such as the Quakers, Methodists and Baptists. It was this religious freedom that allowed Europeans to come to the new world to practice their form of Christianity. Despite the attempts to rule the colonies based firmly on religious grounds, in the beginning there were irregular practices because of the lack of settlers. The lack of women...
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...territory The Jamestown colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. Jamestown island was far enough from the coast to hide from the Spanish and they were surrounded by rivers and grasslands to protect them from the Natives. Virginia company was a joint stock where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Shareholders are a group of wealthy investors. An indentured servant was someone who paid for their passage to the new world by working for an employer for a certain number of years A slave was someone legally owned by another and having no freedom of action or right to property. A Dutch ship brought 20 Africans ashore at the british colony of Jamestown in 1619. Colonists used them because many could not handle the necessary work and some were too busy searching for gold or planting crops. Massachusetts Bay Colony was formed in 1628 Puritans believed they were chosen by God to form a moral society and were intolerant wit people who disagreed. Pilgrims were separatists who wanted to break away from the church of England. Mercantilism is is where a nation can increase wealth and power by obtaining gold/silver and buy a favorable trade balance (country sold more goods than bought) Navigation act was where no countries could trade with the colonies unless they were shipped in English ships. All vessels had to be operated by colonial or English. Self determination is a desire of a country to form its own government. Triangular...
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...in British North America. The most important fact about eighteenth-century colonial America is its remarkable population growth. New England's population increased six fold during the eighteenth century and Natural increase was most responsible for the growth of New England's population during the eighteenth century. Immigrants came to the middle colonies for the perceived economic opportunities. Key Words: Scots-Irish They were a group of restless people who fled their homes in Scotland in the 1600’s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors. Olaudah Equiano(1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out-kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times-he served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean-from there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery-he went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery.Stono RebellionThe most serious slave rebellion in the colonial period which occurred...
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...The boys were also used get some reading or writing from their father. There was a gender inequality at the time. People used to grow a variety of crops at their fields like wheat, potato, corn, rice, barley and oats. There are many important facts about daily life on the farm in colonial time like during the time the farmer family lived in one or two room house with their children. Their house used to be dirty. The horse were the best means of transportation. They were expensive and only a high and medium classes people used to afford it. However, it cost half of the year wages to buy for the high and medium people. The only one day that the colonial family didn't work was Sunday. Because on Sunday, they used to go for praying to god in the church. They weren't much educated during the colonial time and because of that reason they were not aware of family planning. So they used to have seven and eight children in their family. They wore same old clothes all days and wearing the same clothes most of the time they hardly take...
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...from Pre-emancipation to the Present Day by Roswith Gerloff Caribbean history of Christianity can be divided, with overlaps, into four main periods: the rather monolithic form of Spanish Catholicism from 1492, and of the Church of England from 1620; the arrival of the Evangelicals or nonconformist missionaries, Moravians, Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians from the mid-eighteenth century; consolidation and growth of various European denominations in the region in uneasy tension with the proliferation of independent black Christian groups and African religions in the post-emancipation era from 1833; the contest for political, economic and religious independence after 1870, including the shift from British Imperial intervention and influence to those from North America, and national independence after 1962. Contemporary studies in anthropology and sociology of religion speak of 'religions on the move', or the process of transmigration and transculturation, as it refers to dynamic, reciprocal, transitory and multidimensional creations in shaping a 'poly-contextual world'. This implies that religions have to be regarded as cultural and spiritual phenomena whose 'taken-for granted' essence1 has resulted from transcultural and transnational processes of mutual 1 Klaus Hock, University of Rostock, abstract for an essay on the African Christian Diaspora in Europe, January 2002 (unpublished); R. Stephen Warner, and Judith G. Wittner...
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...Perfection Era Angela Hearn HIS/115 September 25, 2011 Rona Gunter Perfection Era During the period of the 18th century the colonial expansion sent colonist to the west and south. This resulted in many of the people settling in the country side where there were no churches to attend meetings and no congregations unless they wanted to travel to the nearest town which could be miles away. Ideas coming from the Enlightenment began causing questions of religious truths that were long held. Because of this American clergymen started schools that were for preachers and that initiated revivals (Davidson, Gienapp, Heyrman, Lytle, & Stoff, 2005). The Great Awakening was a revitalization of religious piety that flowed through each colony like a river, though this was not unanimous. The Great Awakening movement was made up of people who had a democratic ideal; some believed that a valuable quality in a person was spiritual conversion. Perfectionism is what this was known as, it was the want to have a society that was equal and perfect. The position of women and African Americans who were second rate citizens, started to be questioned because of this belief. They were even able to, in some churches, gain the right to speak, preach, and vote on matters of the church (Davidson, et al., 2005). Though some of them were gaining rights within the church during this period not all the churches agreed with this change. Even though some of them gained their rights in the church, they...
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...began building houses on the land. The British dominated the Native Americans. They spread diseases which the Native Americans did not have immunity for so they either left or died. 3) The evolution of the socio-political milieu during the colonial period, including Protestant Christianity’s impact on colonial social life. 1600-1700s After the Puritans lefts it attracted more people with different cultures and religions to America. The Protestant Reformation society saw itself as a whole that consisted of different pieces that worked together. Within this structure the Protestants saw individualism in religion. Religion impacted politics as well as socialization. 4) The effects of the Seven Years’ War. 1756-1763 William Pitt, the king’s new chief minister, viewed America as a place where England and Europe were to be fought for. In 1759 British forces sailed up river and attacked Quebec for three months and defeated the French forces. Montreal also surrendered to the British a year later ending the fighting in America. Eventually lead to the Revolutionary War and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. After the Treaty was signed, Britain had all of the French land in Canada except for two small islands (Overview of the Colonial Era, 2013). 5) The...
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...The Great Awakening The Great Awakening was the evangelical revival in America during the 18th Century that lasted for thirty years. The Awakening combined unsophisticated mass evangelism with the Enlightenment. In 1842, Joseph Tracey came up with the term “Great Awakening.” This widespread social movement grew because of dissatisfaction in the White American community. The community had a deterministic and formalistic Protestantism style, which denied a lot of people salvation. Basing on the fact that America was a Protestant nation; the Anglican Church purged emotional Christian Faith. Christianity at that time in America was ceremonial. The Great Awakening, following a new commitment that dictated religion in the heart- a personal and emotional Christianity, united the American people. John Edwards, a Congregationalist in western Massachusetts, began a participatory and emotional ministry that purposed to bring more followers to the church. This ministry began in early 1730s. Edwards became a remarkable intellectual personality in America whose main message was love. He believed love was fundamental for any religious experience. Remembered through his encouraging wisdom; one should do Good, live a Godly life and at the same time assist others in attaining the same. Later in the same decade, an Englishman George Whitefield together with John Wesley, carried the evangelical Christianity style to the colonies in the mainland and founded the Methodist Church. Whitefield’s sermons...
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